(高考非谓语动词用法总结).doc

非谓语动词用法总结非谓语动词是历年高考英语的重要考点之一，也是较难掌握的难点之一。它贯穿于英语学习和考试过程的始终。但是，只要认真分析、透彻理解、看透本质、准确把握，就一定能在高考中运筹帷幄，游刃有余。一非谓语动词区别简表 类别区别to dodoingdone含义主动被动同位或将来主动或（正在）进行被动或完成成分（名词）主语、宾语、表语（不定式）定语、状语、补语（动名词）主语、宾语、表语、定语（表用途）(现在分词)定语、状语、补语（过去分词）作定语、状语、补语、表语（多表状态）否定（not）to do(not)doing(not)done时态一般：to do进行：to be doing完成：to have done完成进行:to have been doing一般:doing进行:本身完成:having done（只作状语）完成进行:无一般：done进行：无完成：本身 语态一般被动：to be done 进行被动：无完成被动：to have been done完成进行被动:无一般被动:being done 进行被动:本身完成被动:having been done完成进行被动:无本身作用作目的状语、条件状语、原因状语、结果状语 作时间状语、条件状语、原因状语、结果状语、方式状语、伴随状语、让步状语作时间状语、条件状语、原因状语、方式状语、伴随状语、让步状语二不定式的用法 不定式不可作谓语，但它可以有自己的宾语、状语，构成不定式短语，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语（表用途）、状语或补足语。高考对不定式的考查主要有不定式的时态、语态、作用、否定、省略、连词不定式等。1.作主语不定式作主语表示具体的动作，通常指一件已知的事或目的。不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 eg:To say is a thing,to do is another.(说是一回事，做是另外一回事。)（2）不定式短语较长时，通常放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。eg:It is important to learn English well.(学好英语是重要的。)It is necessary for us to do the job well.(我们做好这项工作是必要的。)It is a great honor to be invited to give a speech here.(被邀请在这儿发表演讲是一个极大的荣幸。)2.作宾语（1）常只用不定式作宾语的动词有：want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。 eg:He refused to help me.(他拒绝帮助我.)She has agreed to come tomorrow.(他已同意明天来.)(2) 不定式较长时，作宾语，也可用it代替，放在后面。 eg;I find it difficult to do the job well.(3) “特殊疑问词不定式to do结构”具有名词特征，可作宾语。eg:She didnt know whether to go or not. They havent decided when and where to build the school.（4）不定式可作介but,except,besides“除之外”的宾语，介词前有实义动词do的任何一种形式，后边的不定式就无to,否则必带to。eg:I want to do nothing but play the computer games。 I have no choice but to wait。3.动词不定式作表语（1）不定式作表语放在be和其他系动词后，说明主语的内容。同样，“特殊疑问词不定式”具有名词特征，也可作表语。eg:My job is to sweep the floor. His goal was to enter the key university of Beijing.The first question is how to find a better way to learn English well. (2)不定式作主语时，表语也必须为不定式，结构必须保持一致。eg:To see is to believe.(3)如果主语部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词是实义动词do的某种形式，那么作表语的不定式可以省去to.eg:The first thing to do is find her. The only thing he could do was tell the truth.4.不定式作定语不定式作定语常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。eg:I have something important to tell you.(不定式与被修饰名词构成被动关系。) His wish to be an artist has never come true.( 不定式与被修饰名词构成同位关系。) He is the right man to do the job. ( 不定式与被修饰名词构成主动关系。) The little girl was unhappy because she had no friends to play with. ( 不定式与被修饰名词构成主动关系。)（注：若不定式为不及物动词，其后须加上相应的介词。)5.不定式作状语不定式作状语主要是表示目的、条件、原因和结果，可位于句首或句末，但句首时通常用逗号隔开。eg:We set off early that morning to catch the first bus.（目的） To get a good result,she worked very hard.（目的） I feel it an honor to be invited to the party.(条件) She was very happy to get the first prize.(原因) He worked hard only to fail.(结果)(注：1.不定式常用在so as 或in order后,与它们一起作谓语，表示目的，但so as引起的不定式不可置于句首。eg: In order to avoid mistakes,check your homework. 2.不定式表目的常和only连用，往往表示出乎意料的意想不到的不愿得到的结果。eg:He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.)3“形容词enough不定式”和“too形容词或副词（不表情感）不定式” 也可作结果状语。 eg:He is old enough to go to school. He is too weak to raise the stone.但“too表情感形容词（pleased,ready,glad,willing,anxious等）to do”表示肯定意义，too前面可用only,but等词修饰。eg:They were (only) too anxious to leave.(他们只是太急于离开了。) She is (only) too pleased to go home.(她非常高兴可以回家了。)6.不定式作补语不定式作补语表示动作的完成。宾语与作补语的不定式之间是主动关系。（1）后接动词不定式作宾补的常见动词有：want,wish,expect,prefer,like,hate,ask,beg,request,require,beg,get,advise,persuade,invite,order,remind,permit,allow,send,callon,wouldlike/love,arrange for,depend on等。eg: She wanted me to arrive there early. Our headmaster call on us to work hard.（2）动词不定式可作感官动词（五看二听一感觉即：see,look at,watch,observe,notice，hear,listen to，feel）和使让动词（let,make,have等）后面的宾补时，不定式符号to要省略，但如果句子变被动结构，必须带to.表示动作的完成。eg: He made them climb the hill. They were made to climb the hill.(3)动词不定式可作形容词的补足语动词不定式可作形容词的补足语，句型为：(一)主语系动词表语（adj为convenient/easy/expensive/difficult/hard/impossible/pleasent等）to do.(注：to do常用主动表被动，其中do为vt,主语为to do的宾语。)（二）主语find/think/consider/believe/make等宾语adjto do.(注：其中to do常用主动表被动，其中do为vt,主语为to do的宾语。)eg: He is easy to fool. The woman is easy to work with. He found the job difficult to work out.（）“特殊疑问词不定式to do”具有名词特征，可作宾补。(谓语动词多为show,know,teach,tell等。)eg:Ill tell you how to get there7不定式作评注性状语或插入语不定式可以作评注性状语或插入语,放在句子前面、中间或末尾。常见的有to be frank, to be honest, to tell the truth, to begin with，to start with, to be short等。eg:To begin with,I think you are wrong.三动名词用法动名词具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完成式，有主动式和被动式，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语.否定形式在其前面加not.（1）动名词作主语动名词作主语表示抽象动作，指一件已知的事或经验。eg:Driving a car on the crowded road is boring. Reading is my hobby.（2）常只用动名词作宾语的动词有：admit,avoid,appreciate,consider,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,suggest等。eg:I cant imagine marrying her.She managed to escape being punished.以下动词词组后面只接动名词作宾语：give up,belong to,look forward to,keep on,insist on,be busy,get down to,be devoted to,have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful time (in)等。eg:Im looking forward to hearing from you soon. He gave up smoking three years.(3)动名词可作表语动名词可作表语，一般为主语的内容.表示一般性或习惯性的动作。在概念上可以和主语划等号。把主语和表语倒过来，句子的基本含义不变。eg:His hobby is painting.(4)动名词可作定语动名词可作定语，表示所修饰事物的功能或用途。eg:He often studies in the reading room.四现在分词现在分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中作定语、状语、补语和表语。1作定语现在分词作定语，单个v-ing放在被修饰的名词前；如果短语作定语，则放在所修饰词的后面。v-ing作定语和被修饰词之间为主动关系，表示动作正在同时进行或经常性发生。eg:the falling leavesthe leaves which are falling the rising sunthe sun which is rising I saw him go into the house facing south.2作状语动词-ing或其短语作状语时，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、方式、伴随等。表示时间关系的动词-ing短语可由连词while或when引出。eg:Hearing the news,they got excited.(时间)Having finished his homework,she was playing on the playground.(原因)Studying hard,you are sure to get the first prize.(条件)3作补语现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行，宾语与作补语的现在分词之间是主动关系。后面常接现在分词作宾补的动词有感官动词（五看二听一感觉see,look at,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen to,feel）使让动词（have,get）以及其他类动词leave,keep,catch,set等。表示动作正在进行。eg:I saw them playing games on the playground yesterday. Dont leave him waiting outside the room.作表语现在分词作表语相当于形容词，常表示主语所具有的特征，含有主动意味。大多数使动词的现在分词通常可作表语，常见的有：interesting,amusing,boring,tiring,pleasing,exciting,moving,disappointing,surpring,encouraging等。eg:His story was very moving. The speech is really boring.作评注性状语或插入语可以作评注性状语或插入语,放在句子前面、中间或末尾。注：“连词+doing短语”一般情况下，分词作状语时，只能根据逻辑关系而不能根据语法特征来判定它是时间状语、条件状语或让步状语等。因此，有时会遇到很难判断其归属的情形。但如果在其前加上when,if,once,since等连词，就会很清楚地表明状语的性质。对于这种结构，也可作另外的解释，即在连词与现在分词之间省略了主语和be动词。五过去分词过去分词既有副词的特征又有动词的特征，在句中可作定语、状语、补语、表语等成分。（1）作定语过去分词作定语，它和被修饰词之间是被动、完成关系，单个过去分词作定语放在前，过去分词短语作定语放在后。其中及物动词的过去分词表示完成或被动概念，不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成概念，没有被动的意味。eg:the risen sun the sun which has risen fallen leavesleaves which has fallen This is the house built several years ago.This is the house which was built sveral years ago.(2)作状语过去分词在句中作状语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中可以作时间、条件、原因、方式、让步和伴随状语。eg:Tired out, they stopped to have a rest.(原因) Taken around the city, we were impressed by the citys new look. Though warned of the danger ,he still went skating on the thin ice. (3)作补语及物动词的过去分词作补语，和宾语之间构成被动关系。不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表状态和完成。(1)可以带过去分词作宾补的动词有感官动词（五看二听一感觉），使役动词have,get,make等，以及其他类动keep,leave,like,want,wish等。eg:I cant get the car going. I had my leg broken last week. （4）作表语过去分词作表语表示被动意义，主语常是人，一般用来表示感受和状态，可以用作表语的常见的过去分词有：astonished,delighted,disappointed,excited,experienced,exhausted,frightened,interested,puzzled,qualitied,satisfied,upset等,有些过去分词作表语实际上已经构成固定短语。如：be interested in,be satisfied with,be covered with,be dressed in,be seated,be locked等。能用这些分词作表语的系动词有be,get,remain,stay等。eg:The door remained locked. We were greatly encouraged when we heard the speech.六非谓语动词的独立结构非谓语动词的独立结构为“名词或代词非谓语动词” 或“with名词/代词非谓语动词”。在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子（即：非谓语动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，须保留之后所构成的结构）。可放在句首或句尾。(一) 名词或代词非谓语动词（1）名词/代词不定式名词或代词通常为动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，可位于句首或句末。eg:He will send me 100 first,the rest to follow in a year.(2) 名词/代词现在分词名词或代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。eg:Time permiting,we finish the work.(表条件) Spring coming on,the trees turns green.(表时间)（3）名词/代词过去分词名词或代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者。与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。eg: The sigal given,the bus started. Their strength exhausted,they sank down one by one.(表原因)（二）with名词/代词非谓语动词（1）with名词/代词不定式不定式和宾语之间是被动关系，表示动作尚未发生。eg:With nothing to do,they went out for a walk.（表原因） (2)with名词/代词现在分词宾语和动词-ing之间是主动关系，表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生。eg:The boy slept with the light burning.（表伴随）(3) with名词/代词过去分词不定式和宾语之间是被动关系，表示动作已经完成。eg:They stayed inside with the door locked.（表伴随）七非谓语动词的区别问题（一）动词后接to do不定式还是doing动名词的情况：（1）只能接to do不定式的动词有：want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。（2）常只用动名词作宾语的动词有：admit,avoid,appreciate,consider（考虑）dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,suggest等。（3）动词后二者都可跟，意义不同的有：remember to do sth 记起要做某事remember doing sth 记起做过某事forget to do sth 忘记要做某事forget doing sth 忘记做过某事regret to do sth 后悔要做某事regret doing sth 后悔做过某事go on to do sth 接着做另外一件事go on doing sth 接着做同一件事stop to do sth 停下来开始做另外一件某事stop doing sth 停止做正在做的某事try to do sth 尽力做某事try doing sth 试着做某事mean to do sth 打算（意欲，企图）做某事mean doing sth 意味着做某事cant help （to） do sth 不能帮忙做某事cant help doing sth 情不自禁地做某事 （4）动词后二者都可跟，意义相同的有：begin,start,like,love,prefer,hate等。但是区别在于：后接动名词时表示经常性的动作，后接不定式时表示的是具体的特定的动作。eg:I like playing football,but I dont like play now.重点提示：在下列情况下begin和start后只接不定式：.主语是物不是人。eg:Spring came on and the snow began to melt.二者用于进行时 eg:Its beginning to rain.二者后接表示心理活动或状态的动词。 eg:I began to realize how stupid I was.二者后接不定式的被动式。 eg:The new type of computer began to be developed in the 1980s.（二）“感官动词宾语宾补（to do sth/doing sth）”的区别感官动词宾语宾补（to do sth）表示事实或全过程感官动词宾语宾补（doing sth）表示片段或进行eg:The missing boys were last seen playing near the river. Did you see a pencil-box lying on the ground just now.(三)个别“使让动词宾语宾补”的特别词的用法1）have宾语宾补 have宾语do“让做某事”，不定式作宾补可以指现在、将来或可能发生的动作。eg:They had me repeat the message. I wont have you say such things. I wont have you blame it on me.have宾语doing “让一直做某事”，现在分词作宾补可以表示主语有意让别人去做或无意引起某人可能去做或表示遭遇。eg:Tom tried to have her talking.But no use. I wont have you speaking to your parents like that. (注：have宾语doing 用于否定句，have有容忍之意。) Why should we have the boy standing in the corner the whole morning.have宾语done “使被做”过去分词作宾补可表示主语有意识的行为或表示“遭遇”、“经历”（动作违背主语的意愿）eg:We ought to have her examined by a doctor. The old woman had her handbag stolen.2）get宾语宾补get宾语to do(have宾语do) “让做某事”有时则是“说服/劝说某人做某事”eg:I will get the publisher to illustrate(加上插图) the book. get宾语doing“使（静的物体）动起来”，具有进行含义。eg:I shall soon get the machine working.3）get宾语done“让被做”用法与have宾语done基本相同。eg:He got his wrist broken.习题练习：(2011全国卷I) 27. The next thing he saw was smoke _ from behind the house. A. rose B.rising C. to rise D. risen（2011全国卷II）15. The island, _ to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to. A. joining B. to join C.joined D. having joined（2011全国卷II）18Sarah pretended to be cheerful, _nothing about the argument. A. says B: said C. to say D.saying（2011北京卷）25. Its important for the figures _ regularly. A. to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updated（2011北京卷）33. Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, _ on your feet.A. to keep B. keeping C. having kept D. to have kept(2011上海卷) 27. Its no use _ without taking action.A. complainB. complaining C. being complainedD. to be complained(2011上海卷) 32. The rare fish, _ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.A. savedB. savingC. to be saved D. having saved(2011上海卷) 33. At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, _ that he could do nothing to help.A. to realizeB. realized C. realizingD. being realized(2011上海卷) 40. Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing but we seem _ the art of communicating face-to-face.A. losingB. to be losingC. to be lost D. having lost（2011山东卷）27. Look over theretheres a very long, winding path_ up to the house. A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead（2011江西卷）32. On receiving a phone call from his wife _ she had a fall, Mr Gordon immediately rushed home from office.A. saysB. said C. sayingD. to say（2011江苏卷）31. Recently a survey _ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. A. compared B. comparing C. compares D. being compared（2011安徽卷）30. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _ into small pieces.A. break B. breaking C. broken D. to break（2011浙江卷）14. Even the best writers sometimes find themselves _ for words. A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost（2011浙江卷）19. If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city _ by their enthusiastic supporters. A. being cheeredB. be cheeredC. to be cheered D. were cheered（2011福建卷）23. Tsinghua University, _ in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.A. found B. founding C. founded D. to be founded（2011福建卷）27.The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable _. A.held B. holding C.be held D.to hold（2011四川卷）2. Lydia doesnt feel like_ abroad. Her parents are old. A. study B. studying C. studied D. to study（2011四川卷）11. Simon made a big bamboo box _ the little sick bird till it could fly. A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep（2011四川卷）16. _ an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous. A. Offer B. Offering C. Offered D. To offer（2011辽宁卷）30. _ around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people. A. Gather B. To gather C. Gathering D. To be gathering（2011天津卷）7.Passengers are permitted _ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. A.to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried（2011天津卷）12._ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated（2011陕西卷）14.Claire had luggage _ an hour before her plane left. A.check B. checking C. to check D. checked（2011陕西卷）20.More highways have been built in China, _it much easier for people to travel form one place to another. A. making B. made C. to make D. having made（2011重庆卷）29.More TV programs, according to government to officials, will be produced _peoples concern over food safety.A.to raise B.raising C.to have raised D. having raised（2011重庆卷）33. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself _ of his own dreams.A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. renmind(2011湖南卷)21 . The ability _an idea is as important as the idea itself. A. expressing B. expressed C. to express D. to be expressed(2011湖南卷)23.The players_from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game .A. selecting B. to select C. selected D. having selected(2011湖南卷)29 .Do you wake up every morning _ energetic and ready to start a new day? A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt25. （10福建）Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.高考资源网A. sendingB. to send C. having sent D. to have sent 25. 34. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. A. stickingB. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck 33. （10上海）Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues with her stories. A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused35. the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached40. Thai is the only way we can imagine the overuse of water in students bathrooms. A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce30. （10安徽） He had a wonderful childhood, _with his mother to all corners of the world A. travel B. to travelC. traveled D. traveling21. （10湖南） Listen! Do you hear someone for help?A. calling B. call C. to call D. called 26. Dina, for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle30. So far nobody has claimed the money in the library. A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered24 （10江西）The lady walked around the shops, _ an eye out for bargains.A keep B kept C keeping