各种语言都有静态和动态的表述方法.doc

2.3 Techniques Used in E-C Word TranslationEnglish and Chinese differ from each other greatly. What is perfectly natural in English may turn out to be awkward if directly translated into Chinese. Thus, this chapter will focus on techniques which help the translator make proper adjustment in translating words. Well learn techniques used in E-C word translation first, and with an understanding of the basic terms, well learn techniques used in C-E translation more easily. Conversion By conversion we mean that in translation practice, a word in the source language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily turned into the same part of speech in the target langue. A word has often to be converted into a different part of speech so as to conform to the usage of target language. Conversion is one of the important techniques and is needed primarily by the differences in syntactic structure and idiomatic ways of expression in the two languages. Conversion occurs on many occasions. The most commonly seen are as follows. Conversion into Verbs各种语言都有静态和动态的表述方法，区别在于静态或动态表述方法在某种语言中使用的频率不同。英语中名词的使用频率要高于动词，这使英语句子常常表现为静态。英语广泛使用名词便带来了介词的频繁出现，这是英语侧重静态的又一原因。同时英语还通过派生等手段，用非动词的形式和名词外的其他词类表示动作意义，这些表达方式使英语的静态特点更为突出。汉语动词没有形态上的变化，也不存在主谓一致的问题，动词的使用很灵活，动词的使用频率也很高，与英语比较而言，体现出的特点是汉语表述以动态为主，所以英译汉时英语的名词、介词往往转换为汉语的动词，有时形容词和副词也可转换为汉语动词。A. From Nouns to Verbs(1) His drawings of children are exceptionally good. 他画孩子画地特别好。(2) He declared his countrys firm support for the African peoples resistance to foreign aggressor troops. 他宣布他的国家坚决支持非洲人民抵抗外国侵略军。(3) Some of my classmates are good singers. (Zhou Jielun is a good singer.)我的一些同学唱歌唱的很好。（周杰仑是个很好的歌手。）(4) I took it for granted that mothers were the sandwich-makers, the finger-painting appreciators and the homework monitors我觉得母亲给孩子做三明治，欣赏他们的指画，检查家庭作业，都是理所当然的事。The nouns in English that are derived from verbs or that express certain actions can be converted into Chinese verbs, such as sentences (1) and (2). And some nouns with the suffix er can be converted into verbs when they are not used to show the profession but are used to express action, such as sentences (3) and (4) .B. From Prepositions to Verbs Prepositions are frequently used in English, and many of them actually express the meaning of certain actions, which are converted into Chinese verbs to make the translation smooth.(5) Are you for or against the proposal? 你赞成还是反对这一提议？(6) “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “来啦！”她飞快地穿过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。 C. From Adjectives to VerbsSome adjectives in English which are used after link verbs express feelings, or desires. When translated into Chinese, they are very often converted into verbs. Such adjectives include “grateful”, “afraid”, “eager”, “anxious”, “careful”, “ignorant”, “aware” and so on.(7) Please let us know if our terms are acceptable. 请告知是否接受我方条款。(8) A socially mature person gets along well with all types of people in all types of situation. He does not necessarily like or respect all people, but he is tolerant and understanding and does not intentionally hurt anyones feelings. 在社交方面成熟的人能在各个场合之下，与各种人相处得很好。他不一定要喜欢或尊敬所有人，但是他能容忍、谅解他们，而且不会故意去伤害他人。 D. From Adverb to Verb(9) When he rushed our, he forgot to have his shoes on. 他冲出去时，忘了穿鞋。(10) The dog was barking so that someone would let him in. 这条狗狂吠着要人放它进去。 Conversion into Nouns Some English words need to be converted into Chinese nouns, though it is not as frequent as converting into Chinese verbs. A. From Verbs to NounsAlthough there are more verbs in Chinese than in English, when translated into Chinese, sometimes some verbs need to be converted into nouns, because if they are translated into corresponding Chinese verbs, the translation will be very awkward. In this case, they are converted into nouns. (11) The camel is characterized by an ability to go for many days without water. 骆驼的特点是不喝水能行走多日。(12) What impressed me most was his heroic deed.他的英雄壮举给我留下了深刻的印象。B. From Adjectives to Nouns (13) If the newspapers want to have a large circulation number, they must be informative, instructive and entertaining如果报纸想得以大量发行，必须具有知识性、思想性和趣味性。(14) She is different from some of her friends in that she works hard to make her dream come true while they are still dreaming. 她和她的一些朋友的区别在于当她们还沉湎于梦想的时候，她则努力实现自己的梦想。 Conversion into AdjectivesSome English nouns that are derived from adjectives need to be converted into Chinese adjectives in translation and some English adverbs should be converted into adjectives.A. From Noun to Adjective(15) Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。(16) The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她当时的感受。 B. From Adverbs to AdjectivesWhen the English verbs are converted into nouns in the translation, the adverbs that are used to modify the verbs should be converted into adjectives.(17) The communication system is chiefly characterized by its ease with which it can be maintained.这种通讯装置的主要特点是便于维修。 Conversion into Adverbs Some nouns or adjectives are converted into adverbs in translation.A. From Noun to Adverb(18) It is our great pleasure to note that our shipbuilding industry is developing rapidly. 我们很高兴地看到，我国的造船工业正在快速发展。 B. From Adjectives to Adverbs When the noun is converted into verb, the adjective that modifies it will in turn be converted into the adverb.(19) We should make a systematic and comprehensive study of the theory on art and literature.我们应当系统而全面地研究文艺理论。2.3.2 AmplificationBy amplification, we mean supplying necessary words in translation so as to make the expression and grammatical structure better conform to the target language. According to the criteria of translation, a translator is not supposed to add or subtract any meaning from the source text. However, English and Chinese vary from each other in every aspect from phonology to text, and each has its own historical and cultural background, so many ideas and idiomatic expressions that are well understood by the source language readers can hardly make sense to the target language readers. Therefore, the translator should not be refrained from adding necessary words to make the translation conform to the idiomatic use of the target language and at the same time faithful to the meaning of the original text. Amplification helps make the translation correct and clear, but words thus supplied must be indispensable either syntactically or semantically. Amplification for Semantic Completeness Due to different ways of expression, what is complete in English may appear otherwise when it is translated into Chinese, so some elements need to be added to make the translation complete in meaning.A. Supplying Verbs(20) They had been through it all at his sidethe bruising battles, the humiliations of the defeatthrough empty mid-1960suntil at last, in 1968, they were able to savor the sweet taste of triumph. 他们始终站在他的一边，经历过残酷的厮杀，饱尝了失败的耻辱，熬过了一事无成的六十年代中期，好不容易挨到1986年，他们才终于尝到了胜利的甜头。(21) Some had beautiful eyes, others a beautiful nose, others a beautiful mouth and figure: few, if any, had all. 她们有的长着漂亮的眼睛，有的生着俏丽的鼻子，有的有着妩媚的嘴巴、婀娜的身段；但是，这样样都美的，虽然不能说一个没有，却也是寥寥无几。 In the translation of sentence (20), Chinese verbs are supplied, because if not, the meaning seems incomplete. In sentence (21), “had” is omitted to make the sentence terse and coherent, but it doesnt conform to Chinese collocation without the verbs, so the translator needs to add the verbs. B. Supplying Nouns Firstly, nouns may be added after intransitive verbs.(22) She never drinks at a banquet. 她在宴会上从不喝酒。(23) Some people read simply for pleasure. 有些人读书只是为了消遣。Secondly, category nouns (范畴词) are supplied after some abstract nouns (especially those derived from verbs or adjectives) to express the concrete actions or nature of people or objects. persuasion 说服工作 preparation准备工作 tension紧张局势 necessity 必要性 readability 可读性(24) Unemployment is very serious in that country. 该国失业现象非常严重。Thirdly, if some adjectives, which are used as the predicative, are translated separately, the meaning is not very clear and the expression does not conform to Chinese habit. Its necessary to supply a noun before the adjective.(25) He was weak and old. 他年老体衰。(26) These commodities are cheap and fine. 这些商品物美价廉。C. Supplying AdverbsSome modifiers are always used in Chinese to strengthen or relax the tone of speech, so in English-Chinese translation, its necessary to add some adverbs showing degree.(27) I find that the teacher is nervous today. 我发现老师今天很（有点）紧张。(28) Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 有些书需浅尝，有些需生吞，一部分则需要细细品味，慢慢消化。Besides, some verbs in English include the meaning of adverbs. When they are translated into Chinese, the adverbs should be supplied to make the meaning clear.(29) The old man was sipping the brandy. 老人一口一口（慢慢）地呷着白兰地。(30) The hungry boy devoured his supper. 这个饥饿的孩子狼吞虎咽地吃完了晚饭。D. Supplying Summarizing Words In Chinese after several coordinated terms, a summarizing term （概括词） is always used to summarize.(31) you and I 你我两人militarily, politically and economically 军事、政治、经济等各方面 (32) The husband and wife agreed to give another try. 夫妻俩同意再试试。 Amplification for Syntactic Construction The two languages have much disparity syntactically or grammatically, so in translation the translator always needs to supply some words to make up for such differences.A. Supplying Plural Form of NounsEnglish nouns have the inflection to show the plural form, but Chinese nouns dont. In E-C translation the plural meaning in Chinese is usually expressed by using reduplicated words or numerals, such as “繁星点点”， “密密麻麻”， “ 零零散散” “一群群”. Sometimes Chinese words “们”，“诸位”，“大家”，“大伙” are used to express the plural form of English nouns. Even uncountable nouns can also be expressed in Chinese reduplicated words or numerals as the Chinese language has a lot of idioms partly composed of numerals. (33) The very earth trembled as if with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。(34) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山开始在山谷里投下蔚蓝色的长影。B. Supplying Quantifiersa car 一辆车 a chair一把椅子 three horses三匹马 several birds 几只鸟 C. Supplying Auxiliary Words Different tenses are us