英语定语从句专题2.doc

3eud教育网 百万教学资源，完全免费，无须注册，天天更新！语法-定语从句专题解读一、知识扫描：在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词，用做定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语高考资源网从句两种。定语从句是高考的热点之一，一般放在单选题和短文改错中。考试的重点在关系词的选择、非限制性定语从句、介词家关系代词等方面，并且常常是几个知识点放在一起考查。阅读理解中定语从句的理解也很关键。二、高考热点：w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m1、关系代词who(m)、which、that的选用和省略。2、先行词是表示时间或地点的名词时，用关系副词when，where还是用关系副词which ，that。3、介词+关系代词which, whom等，不能用that, who。4、先行词是整个句子或句子的一部分时，用as或which引导的非限制性定语从句。5、用Whose或of which引导的定语从句。6、先行词是the way 或the reason时，关系词的选择。7、先行词前有So ，such， as ，same等时，用 as引导定语从句。三、核心解读核心解读一：1、1关系代词的省略情况That , which, who, whom做宾语、表语时可省略。He isnt the man (that) he was.The man (man) I spoke to is my brother.The book (that/which) I borrowed yesterday is very interesting.关系代词在从句中做介词宾语，而介词不在关系代词前时可省略。This is the very book (that/ which) I have been looking for.That可做关系副词，往往省略，先行词多为 way, day, time, moment等。I dont like the way (that=in which) he talks.This is the third time (that) he has been late this week.2关系代词的选用情况。用于指代先行的名词或名词同等语并兼具连词功能引导从句与先行词之间关系的词叫关系代词. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m如果一个句子中缺成分（一个简单的英语句子至少要有主语和谓语，谓语动词若是及物动词时则必须要有宾语），就要选择关系代词(that, which, as, who, whom, whose)。不缺成分就只能缺句子的壮语,所以就应选择关系副词(when, where, why)。I walked in the yard，_Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.A. which B. when C. where D. that点拨：答案C。选空后的句子，主语是Tom and Jim。谓语是were tying。宾语是a big sign。句子中不缺成分，所以要选关系副词when或 where 。Tom and Jim两人的动作发生的场所是yard，所以只有选表示地点的副词C. where。2、that, who, which做主语时，从句中谓语动词的数必须和先行词一致。He is the only one of the teachers who is respected and loved by all the students.他是唯一一位受所有学生尊敬和爱戴的老师。（受尊敬和爱戴的只有一位老师）。3、只能that用做关系代词的情况（共9种类型）。1.当先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little, none, one等不定代词时(something除外)，只用that。歌诀助记：不定代词这路货，全用that准没错。Pay attention to everything that I do.2.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。歌诀助记：先行词前被限定，千万不要用which.This is the best novel (that) have read.3.如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用that。歌诀助记：两项并列人与物，引导定从用that.They were talking about the person and things that they remembered in school.4.当先行词被the only, the last, the way, the same等等修饰时。This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m5.在疑问词who, which, what开头的特殊疑问句中,为了避免重复只用that。Which of the students that knows something about history.6.当定语从句为there be 句型时，关系代词只能用that,也可以省略。This is the fastest train (that) there is to Beijing.7.当指人或物的关系代词在定语从句中做表语时，关系代词只能用that,也可以省略。如：China is not the country (that) it was.8. 当先行词被All, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，只用that。He has little time that he can spare.9.当被修饰的成分是数词时，（被修饰成分是代名词one，指人时除外）只用that.Ive got one that you might be interested in.4.指物只能用which 不用that的情况 1).在非限制性定语从句中 2).在介词后面5.指人时只能用who不用 that的情况 1). 先行词为one, ones或anyone. 2). 先行词为those. 3). 在there be开头的句子中。 There is a man who called himself Mr. Wu at the gate. 4). 在非限制性定语从句中。6.“the same .as”, “such.as” 中的as 可以指人或物，作从句的主语、宾语、表语或介词的宾语。如：Such money as he earned was spent on spirits and tobacco. Is this the same mosquito as bit you just now?He was not half such a coward as we took him for. 7.why引导表示原因的定语从句，其先行词一般是reason。当主句主语是reason时，作主句表语的成分不能有because和because of 。其结构一般为the reason whyis that，或者 the reason that is that，如：w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mHe did not tell us the reason why he was late again.The reason why （that）he didnt come is that he was ill.核心解读二：在“介词+which / whom”的结构中，介词的选择取决于三种情况：1.定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配 This is the college in which I am studying.He is the man about whom we are talking.2.先行词与介词的习惯搭配 当先行词表示“领域、方面”时，如：aspect, respect, area, field等，用 in which；当先行词表示“价格、利率、速度”时，如：rate, price, speed 等，用 at which；当先行词表示“程度”时，如：degree, extent等，用 to which；当先行词表示“根据、依据、基础”时，如：grounds, foundation, basis等，用 on which； The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. It is useful to be able to predict the extent to which a price change will affect supply and demand. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m3.当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which，否则用其他介词I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK. 4非限制性定语从句与并列句主句的比较，主要区别在于主句后面的标点符号。. some of them ; some of them 1) I pick up the apples and / but some of them were bad.Most of them;some of them,most of whom2) I have some students and most of them are from Beijing. 注意：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前，如put up with；有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配，此时需要根据上下文来确定。如：be familiar with / to ； compare with / to.核心解读三：当先行词为表示时间的名词（如：time, day, year, week, month, occasion）或地点的名词（如：place, room, city, country）时，一般用关系副词 when 或 where. 分别相当于in which, at which, on which。但是当这些表示时间或地点的名词作从句的宾语时，则要用关系代词that 或which。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mI cant forget the days when (in which) I lived with you.Can you tell me the day when (on which) the first satellite was sent into space?China is the only country where (in which) wild pandas can be found.Ill never forget the village where I spent my childhood.I will never forget the days that (which) I spent in Peking University. (点拨：本句days 作spend 的宾语，故用关系代词that / which )I have never been to Beijing, which but I hear about .核心解读四：非限定性定语从句不能用that引导, 一般用引导词which / as或who（指人），非限定性定语从句既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，并且指代前面提到的事情，也可指代将要发生的事情；但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句句首。As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects peoples life greatly.His speech, which bored us to death, was over at last.Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.关于非限制性定语从句，应该注意：1非限制性定语从句和单句的比较 I am reading Harry Porter, which is an interesting book. （非限制性定语从句）He failed in the exam. That made his parents angry. （单句）w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mHe failed in the exam, which made his parents angry. （非限制性定语从句） He has two sons. Both of them are teachers. He has two sons, both of whom are teachers.2as 引导的非限制性定语从句与it引导的句子。The earth is round, and it is known to all. The earth is round, which is known to all. As is known to all, the earth is round. It is known to all that the earth is round. as 具有“正如”之意，搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：as you know/ as you see/ as we planned/ as we expected/ as is reported.3. as 引导的限制性定语从句与其他从句的比较 This is the same book as I lost.这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。(定语从句) This is the same book that I lost.这本书就是我丢的那本。(定语从句) This is such an interesting book as we all like./ This is so interesting a book as we all like. 这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句)This is such an interesting book that we all like it. / This is so interesting a book that we all like it. 这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句) w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m核心解读五：英语中常见的几类特殊定语从句1. 分词式定语从句（即先行词与关系代副词之间被介词短语，同位语，谓语等分隔开来） I was the only person in my office who was invited to the important ball. The professor is sleeping who has just comeback from abroad after a journey. The world people, especially the people, who re friendly to us dont like war.2. 插入式定语从句（亦称为混杂式定语从句，即在关系代词与从句中插入一个句子）I suggest you choose someone who you think is kind and friendly. He made another great discovery, which I think is very important to science.3. 省略式定语从句（即介词+关系代词+不定式；可以与介词+关系代词+定语从句结构转换）She has a lot of thing with which to deal (=with which she should deal)4. 多重定语从句（即两个以上的定语从句同时修饰一个先行词）He said he would never forget the moment when he first met Tom and which he regarded as the happiest in his life.5. 介词from+ where引导的定语从句（此句中的where可与which换用，但用法已陈旧）We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the procession.6. 关系代词than引导的定语从句You spend more money than was intended to be spent(超过预定数额). 7. No/ never/ not+先行词+but（关系代词）=thatnot= whonot没有不的 There was no man but admired him (=no man who didnt admire him.) There is no difficulty but may be smoothed away (=no difficulty that may not be smoothed away.) w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m四、定语从句常见错误分析：1、不能区别定语从句与别的从句或结构。例1. It was about 600 years ago _the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.A. that B. until C. before D. when点拨 此题学生极易选D. when，而答案为A. that，选D恰恰是把定语从句与强调句型结构弄混了。这两种结构十分相似，稍不注意便会出错，而且这类题目刚好是最近几年高考考查的热点。判断是否是强调结构的正确方法是删除法，即将“it is (was)-that - ”部分去掉，若整个句子结构和意义不受其影响的话，则只能看作强调结构。此题去掉此部分后结构完整正确，故应看作是强调结构。2.不能透彻地理解“关系代词”具有的三种功能1）、在从句开头引导一个定语从句；2）、指代或替代先行词且先行词不可省，引导词有时可省；3）、在定语从句中作适当成分。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m例2、Put the book _ it should be when you have finished reading it. A. where B. in which C. at the which D. the place where点拨此题答案是A. where，但where并非引导定语从句，而是一个地点状语从句。学生极易选B或C。选项B错在in which 若引导定语从句，其前的先行词不可省，而the book不能做表地点的先行词；选项C若看成一个定语从句，倒是有个先行词the place ，但定语从句引导词在从句中要做标语，此时引导词不能省略；但从句中做宾语时引导词则可省。经典真题回放：1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the day, _, of course, made the others unhappy. A. who B. which C. this D. what 2. A computer can only do _ you have instructed it to do. A. how B. after C. what D. when3. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where 4. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What 5. The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. A. who B. when C. how D. what 6. John shut everybody out of the kitchen _ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m A. which B. when C. so that D. as if 7. Dont be afraid of asking for help _ it is needed. A. unless B. since C. although D. when8. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which 9. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _I disagree. A. why B. where C. what D. how10. Mary wrote an article on _the team had failed to win the game. A. why B. what C. who D. that11. I have many friends, _some are businessmen. A. of them B. from which C. who of D of whom12See the flags on the top of the building！ That was _we did in the morning. A. when B. which C. where D. what点拨：1. B最佳 分析: 该题考查引导定语从句的关系代词的用法。该句的空白之后为一非限制性定语从句，应用关系代词引导，排除C、D。who和which都能引导非限制性定语从句。但who引导的非限制性定语从句用来修饰表示人的先行词；which引导的非限制性定语从句可修饰前面整个句子，并代表主句所表达的内容，故答案选B。又如：Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light.竹子是空心的，这使它很轻。2C 最佳 分析: 该题考查引导宾语从句的连接词的用法。how和when可作连接副词引导宾语从句，并在从句中作状语。what为连接代词，意思是“的”,既引导宾语从句，又在该宾语从句中作及物动词do的宾语，最佳答案为C。又例如： Show me what you have written.把你写的给我看看。Ive told you what I knew.我已经把我知道的告诉你了。 3. C最佳 分析: 该题考查定语从句的关联词的用法。先行词hours表示的是时间。限制性定语从句可用来修饰一个表示时间的词,如果关联词在定语从句中做状语,通常用关系副词when;如果在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语,通常用关系代词that或which。此空应填关系副词when,在定语从句中做状语,故答案为C。又如:This is the hour when the place is full of children 这是这地方挤满孩子的时刻。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m4. B最佳 分析: 该题考查引导定语从句的关系代词的用法。根据句意和结构可以确定，空白处应填关系代词as，引导非限制性定语从句。在这种用法中，as的先行词不是主句中的某个名词而是整个主句所表达的内容。as的意思是“正如”、“正像”、“像 那样”，定语从句则表达了说话人对某事的态度和看法。关系代词as可在从句中做主语或宾语，此空填as在从句中做主语。as在从句中的位置比较灵活，可以置于句首、句中或句末，从句通常与主句由逗号隔开，答案为B。又如：Abraham Lincoln, as is well known, was one of the greatest of all American presidents.正如大家所知道的，亚伯拉罕• 林肯是最伟大的美国总统之一。 5. A最佳 分析:know后接疑问词+to do sth.作宾语。blame是及物动词，who表示人，作宾语。妈妈不知道对她碰巧外出时玻璃被打破这件事该责备谁。6. C最佳 分析:so that引导目的状语从句，表示John把大家都关在厨房外面的目的是能够为聚会准备一个使人大吃一惊的事。7. D最佳 分析:根据句意可确定应选when。当需要时不要害怕寻求帮助。unless除非；since因为；although虽然。8. C最佳 分析: 检查考生对定语从句的掌握和运用能力。主句部分应是The English play at the New Years party was a great success.从句补全为独立句子应是my students acted in the play.所以应选in which，其余介词不妥。9. B最佳 分析: 检查考生对名词性从句的掌握和运用能力。where 在表语从句里充当状语，有“在地方”的含义。译文：你说人人应该平等，在这一点上我不敢苟同。10. A最佳 分析: 检查考生对名词性从句的掌握和运用能力。通过对本句句型结构的分析可以判断出介词on 后面带宾语从句，在宾语从句中why充当状语。比较：A modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago. 在10年前是一片荒土的地方建起了一个现代化城市。通过对本句句型结构的分析可以判断出介词in 后面带宾语从句，在宾语从句中what 充当主语。11. D最佳 分析: 检查考生对定语从句的掌握和运用能力。 本题属于“of+关系代词+部分（指物用which；指人用whom）”引导定语从句。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m12D最佳 分析：检查学生对what在句子中做成分的用法。Where, when是副词。Which具有选择性。六、2007全国高考定语从句真题集锦：1. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _ wanted to buy it. (2007安徽卷)A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom【解析】D。由于前面提到的是两个人，故后面只能用表两者的both或neither，据此可排除A和C。由于空格前用的是逗号，且没有连词，故只不能选B，而要选D，因为neither of whom为非限制性定语从句，用以修饰two people。2. We shouldnt spent our money testing so many people, most of _ are healthy. (2007北京卷)A. that B. which C. what D. whom【解析】D。由于先行词为so many people，故关系代词只能用whom，而不能用其他三个。3. The village has developed a lot _ we learned farming two years ago. (2007福建卷)A. when B. which C. that D. where【解析】D。where在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词the village。注意，题中的定语从句与先行词之间被has developed a lot所分开。4. By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, _B_ can be very eye-opening and rewarding. (2007湖南卷)A. who B. which C. what D. that【解析】B。which在此引导非限制性定语从句，which在定语从句中用作主语，表示前面所提到的情况。5. He was educated at the local high school, _ he went on to Beijing University. (2007江苏卷)A. after which B. after that C. in which D. in that【解析】A。after which中的which指“他在当地一所高中接受教育”，after which的意思就是“在当地一所高中接受完教育之后（即高中毕业之后）”。6. After graduation she reached a point in her career _ she had to decide what to do. (2007江西卷) w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mA. that B. what C. which D. where【解析】D。where在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词point（不是career），又如：We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。7. Some pre-school children go to a day-care center, _ they learn simple games and songs. (2007全国I)A. then B. there C. while D. where 【解析】D。where在此引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a day-care center。8. Where did you get to know her? It was on the farm _ we worked. (2007山东卷)A. that B. there C. which D. where 【解析】D。where在此引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the farm。注意不要认为这是强调句而误选that。9. The book was written in 1946, _ the education system has witnessed great charges. (2007山东卷)A. when B. during which C. since then D. since when【解析】D。since when中的when指1946，since when指的是since 1946，即指“自1946年起”。注意不要误选C，如果将C改为and since then，则可选C。10. Today, well discuss a number of cases _ beginners of English fail to use the language properly. (2007陕西卷)A. which B. as C. why D. where【解析】D。where在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词cases，where的意思相当于in which。类例：There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。11. It is reported that two schools, _ are being built in my hometown, will open next year. (2007四川卷) w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mA. they both B. which both C. both of them D. both of which【解析】D。both of which are being built in my hometown为非限制性定语从句，其中的which指代前面的two schools。12. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing. (2007天津卷)A. when B. whose C. which D. where 【解析】D。where引导定语从句，修饰先行词activity。句意为：那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为，舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。(from )13. Chans restaurant on Baker Street, _ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. (2007浙江卷)A. that B. which C. who D. where 【解析】B。which used to be poorly run为非限制性定语从句，其中的which指代前面的Chinas restaurant。14. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _ they can be controlled on purpose. (2007重庆卷)A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which 【解析】B。to which中的which指代前面提到的degree，由于表示“在程度上”时，degree前面习惯上要搭配介词to，故要选B。又如：To what degree are you interested in Japanese? 你对日语的兴趣达到了什么程度? At that time politicians were not known to the degree that they are today. 那时政治家们并不像今天这样为人所知晓。题干的意思是：人类与动物面部表情的不同之处在于，人类可以在一定程度上有意识地控制其表情。15. Eric received training in computer for one year, _ he found a job in a big company. 2007 辽宁卷A. after that B. after which C. after it D. after this【解析】B。这是一个非限制性定语从句的考查，which引导非限制性定语从句表示前面提到过的整件事。八、2008全国高考定语从句真题集锦：1. By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon. （2008福建）w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mA. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which2. The man pulled out a gold watch, _ were made of small diamonds. (2008陕西卷)A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mC. which the hands of D. the hands of which3. They will fly to Washington, _ they plan to stay for two or three days.（2008重庆）A. where B. there C. which D. when4. The Science Museum, _ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of Londons tourist attractions. （2008江苏卷）A. which B. what C. that D. where5. It was along the Mississippi River _ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood. （2008天津卷）A. how B. which C. that D. where6. Occasions are quite rare _ I have the time to spend a day with the kids. （2008山东）A. who B. which C. why D. when7. The road conditions there turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. （全国卷II）A. it B. what C. which D. that8. It was in New Zealand _ Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith. （全国卷II）A. that B. how C. which D. when w.w.w