初中语法动词分类和时态.docx

初中语法复习大全教学内容：动词分类（行为动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词）、时态教学重点：系动词、时态教学难点：不规则动词的过去式和过去分词、现在完成时跟一段时间连用时瞬时性动词如何变为持续性动词教学过程：一、 考点突破（动词分类）考点1：(说明：本考点为动词的基本知识，虽不会直接出题，但也要了解，对掌握和理解其他考点有帮助。) 1.动词的基本形式 (1)动词原形 原形是动词最基本的形式，没作任何变化。如like，come，watch，play，run，wash等(2)第三人称单数形式 在一般现在时态中，当句子的主语是第三人称单数时，句中的谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。动词的第三人称单数形式一般在动词原形后面加s或-es构成。详细规则如下: 不规则变化:a.动词be在一般现在时态中有三种形式:am，is和are。b.have的第三人称单数形式是has。 am，is和are的使用 “我I”，用am,“你/you”用are, is用于“他/he”“她/she”“它/it”。遇到复数都用are。 (3)现在分词 在进行时态中，动词原形要改为现在分词。现在分词一般在动词原形末尾加-ing。详细规则如下: 情 况 变化方法 例 词 一般情况 在动词末尾加-ing work-working, go-going 以不发音的e结尾的动词 去掉e，再加-ing come-coming, make-making 以ie结尾的动词(初中共3个) 改ie为y,再加-ing die-dying, lie-lying, tie-tying 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词 先双写这一辅音字母，再加-ing get-getting，run-running, plan-planning，chat-chatting (4)过去式 在一般过去时态中，动词原形要改为过去式。过去式一般在动词原形末尾加-ed。详细规则如下: 情 况 变化方法 例 词 一般情况 在动词末尾加-ed work-worked, want-wanted 以e结尾的动词 直接加-d dance-danced, hope-hoped 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 改y为i，再加-ed carry-carried, try-tried 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词 先双写这一辅音字母，再加-ed stop-stopped, chat-chatted (5)过去分词 在完成时态和被动语态中，动词原形要改为过去分词。规则动词的过去分词同过去式。 2.及物动词和不及物动词 ( 统称：实义动词或行为动词)动词根据能否接宾语可分为及物动词和不及物动词。如下表: 及物动词 及物动词本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。 如:love, need, ask, want ,have 主要用于下列三种句型中:动词+宾语;动词+宾语+补;动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 Would you please open the window? 请你打开窗户好吗？ We call him Bill.我们叫他比尔。 May I ask you a question?我可以问你一个问题吗？ 不及物动词 不及物动词自身意思完整，无需接宾语。 如:happen, come, go, run, work Horses run fast.马跑得快。They work in a factory.他们在一家工厂工作。 不规则动词变化表：( 原形 过去式 过去分词)be(am,is) wasbeenloselostlostbe(are) werebeenmakemademadebeat beatbeatenmaymightbecome becamebecomemeanmeantmeantbegin beganbegunmeetmetmetblowblewblownmistakemistookmistakenbreakbrokebrokenmustmustbringbroughtbroughtpaypaidpaidbuildbuiltbuiltputputputbuyboughtboughtreadreadReadcancouldrideroderiddencatchcaughtcaughtringrangrungchoosechosechosenriseroserisencomecamecomerunranruncostcostcostsaysaidsaidcutcutcutseesawseendigdugdugsellsoldsolddodiddonesendsentsentdrawdrewdrawnsetsetsetdrinkdrankdrunkshallshoulddrivedrovedrivenshineshoneshoneeatateeatenshowshowedshownfallfellfallenshutshutshutfeelfeltfeltsingsangsungfindfoundfoundsinksank/sunksunk/sunkenflyflewflownsitsetsetforgetforgotforgot/forgottensleepsleptsleptfreezefrozefrozensmellsmeltsmeltgetgotgotspeakspokespokengivegavegivenspendspentspentgowentgonespillspiltspiltgrowgrewgrownspoilspoiltspoilthanghung/hangedhung/hangedstandstoodstoodhave(has)hadhadsweepsweptswepthearheardheardswimswamswumhidehidhiddentaketooktakenhithithitteachtaughttaughtholdheldheldtelltoldtoldhurthurthurtthinkthoughtthoughtkeepkeptkeptthrowthrewthrownknowknewknownunderstandunderstoodunderstoodlaylaidlaidwakewoke/wakedwoken/wakedlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedwearworewornleaveleftleftwillwouldlendlentlentwinwonwonletletletwritewrotewittenlielaylain考点2: 系动词、助动词分 类 定 义 例 词 例 词 系动词 本身有意义，但不能单独作谓语，须和表语构成谓语。这些词没有被动语态形式，也不用于进行时态。 常见的系动词有:be，become(变得)， get(成为，变得)， look(看上去)， seem(似乎，好像)，turn(变得)， sound(听起来)， smell(闻起来)， taste(尝起来)， feel(感觉)，keep(保持)。 He is strong. 他很强壮。 It sounds great! 听起来很棒！ 助动词 动词本身无词义或意义不完整，不能单独用作谓语。它必须和别的动词连用，帮助构成各种时态、语态、否定句和疑问句等结构。 常用的助动词有:be，have，do，will和shall等。 I dont want to go there today. 课堂小测：( )1. (2011广东)This silk dress so smooth.Its made in China. A.feels B.smells C.sounds D.tastes ( )2. (2010广东)You cool!Are these your new sunglasses? A.taste B.look C.smell D.sound ( )1. (2014潍坊)What will a science museum be like if you are asked to build one? I hope it will like a book. A.taste B.sound C.look D.smell ( )2. (2014河北)Mom is cooking dinner.It so nice. A.smells B.tastes C.feels D.sounds ( )3. (2014昆明)The medicine awful.I cant stand it. I know, Jimmy.But its helpful for you. A.tastes B.eats C.drinks D.takes ( )4. (2014湖州)Listen, the country music so sweet. A.smells B.sounds C.feels D.looks 考点3：情态动词1.情态动词的类型 只作情态动词的有:must；can(could)；may(might)； 可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有:need； 可作情态动词也可作助动词的有:will(would)；shall (should)； 具有情态动词的某些特征的有:have to；ought to。 二、考点突破（时态）考点1：现在进行时1.现在进行时的构成 现在进行时的构成为：主语+be(amisare)+动词的现在分词。动词的现在分词和动名词的变化规则如下表： 构成方法 例词 一般在词尾加ing work-working；study-studying 以不发音的e结尾的动词，需要去掉e后再加ing come-coming；take-taking 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母时，要双写这个辅音字母，再加ing stop-stopping；swim-swimming 少数几个以ie结尾的单音节动词，须变ie为y后，再加ing die-dying；tie-tying；lie-lying 2.现在进行时的用法 (1)表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。如： What are you doing? 你在干什么? Im reading English. 我在读英语。 (2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。如：They are studying hard this term. 他们这个学期学习一直很努力。 (3)come,go，leave，arrive，start等动词用现在进行时表示将来。如：The bus is coming soon. 车不久就会来了。 (4)在由while(当时候)引导的状语从句中，动词通常要用进行时。如： While you are sitting on the grass，Ill read you the novel. 当你坐在草地上时，我会给你读小说。 （ ）1. (2011广东)Alan,its late.Why not go to bed? Jenny hasnt come back yet.I for her. A.waited B.have waited C.am waiting D.was waiting .（ ） (2008广东)Jackson,I havent seen you these days. I for the coming English test. A.am preparing B.will prepare C.prepare D.have prepared 考点2：一般现在时1.一般现在时的构成 一般现在时主要用动词原形表示，如果主语是第三人称单数则在动词原形后加s或es。动词第三人称单数的构成方式如下： 构成方法 例词 一般在词尾加s work-works；spend-spends 在以s，z，ch，sh，x等字母结尾的动词之后加es pass-passes；wash-washes; teach-teaches；mix-mixes 不发音e结尾的动词只在e后加s write-writes; ride-rides 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加es study-studies；try-tries 以o结尾的动词，在词尾加es do-does；go-goes (1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态，常与often，always，usually，sometimes，once a week，every day等表示频率的副词或时间状语连用。如：I often go to school by bike. 我经常骑车去上学。 (2)表示客观事实或普遍真理。如： The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 (3)在时间、条件等状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。 如： If it rains tomorrow，we wont go to the park. 如果明天下雨，我们将不去公园When I grow up，I will go to America. 当我长大后，我将去美国。 （ ）1. (2013广东) If Nancy the exam,she will go to Australia for English study. A.pass B.passed C.passes D.will pass （ ）2. (2010广东)The Greens will visit Hainan as soon as they to China. A.comes B.come C.came D.will come考点3：一般过去时1.一般过去时的构成 一般过去时用动词的过去式表示，即：主语+动词的过去式。动词过去式和过去分词的变化分为规则和不规则两种。下表是动词的过去式和过去分词的变化规则：构成方法 例词 一般动词后加ed work-worked；walk-walked 词尾为e的单词，直接加d arrive-arrived；love-loved 辅音字母+y结尾的词，变y为i，再加ed study-studied；worry-worried 重读闭音节，且只有一个辅音字母结尾的单词，双写辅音字母再加ed stop-stopped；drop-dropped (1)表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与last night，yesterday，last week，some years ago，in 1995，in the past，the other day，at that time,just now等表示过去的时间状语连用。如： I got up at six this morning. 今天早上我6点起床。 (2)表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作。如： When I was in the countryside，I often swam in the river. 我在乡下时，常常在河里游泳。 (3)用于since引导的从句。主句的谓语动词如果用现在完成时，since引导的从句要用一般过去时。如： He has worked in the factory since it opened in 1990.自从1990年这家工厂开办以来，他就在这里工作。 You havent changed much since we last met. 自从我上一次见到你以来，你没有大的变化。 （ ）.(2011广东)Our math teacher in our school for 20 years and he_ here when he was 23 years old. A.has taught;has come B.taught;comes C.taught;came D.has taught;came 考点4：一般将来时1.一般将来时的构成 一般将来时通常用“主语+willbe going to+动词原形”来表示，有些动词可以用“主语+be doing”形式来表示。 (1)表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow，next week，in a few days，next Sunday等表示将来的时间状语连用。如：Will you be back in two days? 你将在两天后回来吗? (2)当主语是I或we时，问句中一般使用shall表示征求对方意见。如：Where shall we meet tomorrow? 明天我们在哪里会面? (3)be going to+动词原形，表示计划、打算做某事，常指已经决定的、很可能发生的事或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。如：What are you going to do next Sunday? 下周日你打算干什么? (4)be doing有时表示即将发生或安排好要做的事情。常用这种结构的动词有：go，come，leave，arrive，start，begin等。如：She is going there tomorrow. 她明天要去那里。 ( )1. (2011广东)Lets go fishing if it this weekend. But nobody knows if it . A.is fine;will rain B.will be fine;rains C.will be fine;will rain D.is fine;rains 考点5：过去进行时1过去进行时的构成 过去进行时的构成为：主语+be(waswere)+动词的现在分词。 2过去进行时的用法 (1)表示在过去的某个时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作或存在的状态，常与this time yesterday，at that time，then，at 9：00 last Sunday morning，all night等表示过去的时间状语连用。如： What were you doing this time yesterday? 昨天的这个时候你在做什么? I was watching TV 我在看电视。 (2)表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生之后，另一个过去的动作正在进行。过去进行时也可用来表示过去一段时间内持续发生的动作。如：When I was watering the garden，it began to rain 当我在花园浇水时，突然下雨了 While we were having a party，the lights went out 当我们正举行聚会时，灯突然灭了。 (3)表示两个过去的动作同时进行，这时可用连接词while连接。如： I was writing while my mother was cooking 我在写作时，我妈妈在煮饭George was reading while his wife was listening to the radio 乔治在读书，而他妻子在听收音机。 (4)“was going+动词不定式”表示过去打算做某事。如： He was going to be our team leader 他原打算当我们的队长。 ( )1. （2014广东）I didnt see you at the beginning of the party last night. I on my biology report at that time. A.worked B.work C.was working D.am working( )2. (2012广东)Jenny in the kitchen when you called her at 5 oclock this afternoon. A.is cooking B.was cooking C.cooks D.cooked ( )3. (2010广东)Louis computer games when her brother phoned her. A.plays B.is playing C.has played D.was playing 考点6：现在完成时1.现在完成时的构成 现在完成时的构成为：主语+havehas+动词的过去分词。否定句应在havehas后加not变为haventhasnt；疑问句应将havehas放到句子主语之前。 2.现在完成时的用法 (1)表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常用的时间状语有：already，yet，ever，never，just等。其中already用于肯定句，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可放在句末；yet常放在句末，在疑问句中表示“已经”，在否定句中表示“还”。如：I have already watched the TV play. 我已经看过这部电视剧了。 Have you found your lost pen yet? 你找到丢失的笔了吗? No，I havent found it yet. 不，我还没有找到。 (2)表示动作或状态在过去已经开始，持续到现在，也许还要持续下去，常与for或since短语连用，表示持续的动作或状态必须要用延续性动词。短 暂 性 动 词 come/ go arrive/ reach begin borrow buy close die 延 续 性 动 词 be at/in be be on keep have be closed be dead 短 暂 性 动 词 get up join leave lose open ; put onput on 延 续 性 动 词 be up be(in) be away from not have be open ; wearwear 如：We have lived here since 2000. 从2000年开始我们一直住在这里。(说明一直住在这里，也许还会住下去) I have learnt English for three years. 我学英语3年了。 注意：for后接时间段，since后接表示过去的时间点或时间状语从句。对时间状语提问时，用how long。如： Ive known Li Lei for five years.=Ive known Li Lei since five years ago( )1. (2014广东)What do you think of the new foreign teacher Thomson? Pretty good.I think he a great job so far. A.does B.did C.has done D.was done ( )2. (2013广东) Your shoes are so old.Why dont you buy a new pair? Because I all my money on an MP5. A.spend B.have spent C.am spendin g D.was spending 课堂小测：( )1. (2014广州) Be quiet! The students a physics test in the next room. A.had B.have had C.were having D.are having ( )2. (2014河北)Someone at the door.Can you open it? A.knocks B.knocked C.is knocking D.was knocking ( )3. (2014重庆市A)Where is your father? He the World Cup in the living room. A.is watching B.watches C.watched D .will watch ( )4. (2014北京)What do you often do at weekends? I often my grandparents. A.visit B.visited C.have visited D.will visit ( )5. (2014重庆市A)In Chongqing, you can often see many people dance outside together if it in the evening. A.rains B.doesnt rain C.will rain D.wont rain ( )6. (2014温州)Alice likes doing housework.She her room every afternoon. A.cleans B.cleaned C.will clean D.has cleaned ( )7. (2014黄冈)I suppose you are at least 60 years old. Thank you.Im glad you that.My real age is 62. A.say B.said C .are saying D.were saying ( )8. (2014连云港)Beijing and Zhangjiakou applying to host the 2022 Winter Olympic Games in 2013. A.begin B.began C.have begun D.had begun ( )9. (2014河南)Are you going anywhere? I about visiting my sister, but I have changed my mind. A.Think B.have thought C.will think D.thought ( )10. (2014河北)Im busy now.I to you after school this afternoon. A.talk B.talked C.will talk D.have talked ( )11. (2014河南)Does the bus go to the beach? No.You the wrong way.You want the Number 11. A.go B.were going C.are going D.would go ( )12. (2014安徽)Mr.Wang has left for Guangzhou.He a speech there in two days. A.gives B.gave C.will give D.has given ( )13. (2014河北)I saw Ken in the meeting room, he Joe for the school magazine. A.interviews B.interviewed C.has interviewed D.was interviewing ( )14. (2014北京)What were you doing when we were playing basketball yesterday afternoon? I the classroom. A.was cleaning B.have cleaned C.will clean D.clean ( )15. (2014扬州)Has your friend completed his design? Not yet.He on it last night. A.worked B.has worked C.is working D.was working ( )16. (2014甘肃白银)She for ten years and now she has a lovely daughter. A.married B.has been married C.got married D.has got married ( )17. (2014黔西南州)I my hometown for a long time.I really miss it. A.left B.went away from C.have left D.have been away from ( )18. (2014南京)Lily, why are you still here?School is over for half an hour. Because I my task yet.I still need one more hour. A.wont finish B.didnt finish C.havent finished D.hadnt finished ( )19. (2014滨州)Jim isnt in the classroom.Where is he now? He the library. A.will go to B.has been to C.has gone to D.goes to ( )20. (2014扬州)When will A Bite of China II begin tonight? It for ten minutes. A.will begin B.has begun C.will be on D.has been on 中考模拟练习( )1 Whe