四级英语作文经典辅导材料

Writing Skills and PracticeContentsPart One Brief Introduction to College English Writing 27Part Two Methods of Developing Paragraphs 810Part Three Various Forms of Writing (from appreciation to production) 10.21Part Four Selected Model Compositions 21.30Part Five A List of Most Commonly Employed Sentence Patterns30.32Compiled by The First Section of Teaching and Research, Department of College English Teaching & Studies, Qingdao UniversityPart One Brief Introduction to College English WritingI. Format and General Requirements of College English Writing 1. Format of College English Writing It is stipulated in College English Curriculum Requirements(大学英语课程教学要求) that college students should be able to write within 30 minutes a short composition of 120 words on a general topic or an outline. The composition should be basically complete in content, appropriate in diction and coherent in discourse. More often than not, college students are expected to write compositions based on topic sentences, outlines given in Chinese, key words, visual aids or given situations. Accordingly, it is normally of great help to decide on what style (narration, exposition, description or argumentation) to be employed to develop the whole essay, and then to determine the controlling idea contained in each of the topic sentences/Chinese outlines, or to state the controlling idea at the very beginning of each paragraph in respect of writing based on key words, visual aids or given situations.2. General Requirements of College English Writing Unity（一致性）and coherence (连贯) are two important general requirements of college English writing. Unity is achieved by ascertaining that each sentence in the paragraph is relevant to the topic sentence, that is, each sentence should be a further development of the topic sentence. At the same time, the student writer must be positive that each of the 3 paragraphs is connected with each other in form as well as in meaning or content. Coherence is the logical connection of the sentences in a paragraph and the paragraphs in a composition to each other. Coherence can be achieved through a variety of techniques, such as the employment of transitional words/link words/connectors（过渡词语）, repetition of key words, consistent use of the same point of view, proper pronoun reference, logical organization of the information and arguments in a paragraph and between paragraphs. The student writer must be certain that there is appropriate transition from one sentence or one paragraph to the next. In order to make the paragraph more interesting and vivid, it is a good idea to use sentence variety. An effective way to do this is to vary the grammatical structures of sentences to avoid monotony. Different structures not only convey distinct shades of meaning, but also give a composition an attractive atmosphere. II. Form of Good Writing It is generally assumed that a well-written paragraph contains a topic sentence, developing/supporting sentences and a concluding sentence if necessary. Below is an example to show the process of writing a paragraph. Suppose that you are required to write a paragraph on the topic “Riding a bicycle is better than riding a motorcycle”. It is advisable for you to go through the following procedures before writing the paragraph proper.Step 1. Determine the writing style argumentationStep 2.Seek out the controlling idea better Step 3.Collect some convincing facts about or arguments for the controlling idea inexpensive to buy, easy maintenance , good for health, nonpolluting, safer, etc.Step 4.List details about some of the facts or arguments that will interest your audience, e.g., health more exercises, less pollutionStep 5. Outline the paragraph. Topic sentence: Riding a bicycle is better than riding a motorcycle. Developing sentences: A. It is relatively inexpensive1.to buy 2. to operate B. It is more healthful.1.more exercises2.less pollution C. It is personally satisfying.1. enjoy the scenery2. become part of the natureStep 6.Write the paragraph by using the details you have just listed. Riding a bicycle is better than riding a motorcycle. First of all, a bicycle is relatively inexpensive to buy and to maintain. While a motorcycle may cost thousands of Yuan to buy and hundreds of Yuan annually for maintenance, a good bicycle will only cost two hundred Yuan or so, and its annual maintenance cost is very small. Biking is also healthful. Not only does the cyclist get more physical exercises than the motorcyclist, but bicycles are nonpolluting, so they keep the environment clean. Finally, bicycling is, unlike motorcycling, personally satisfying. Instead of being a robot inside a machine, the biker pedals along, enjoying the scenery and becoming part of the nature. In one word, the bicycle is a pleasurable means of transportation. What is said above is true of a well-organized essay, i.e., an idealized composition is supposed to contain 3 paragraphs a topic/introductory paragraph, a supporting paragraph and an ending paragraph. Let us take the following essay as an example.Staying Healthy Good health is the most valuable possession a person can have. There are three things that a person can do to stay in good health. One should eat the right foods, get enough rest, and exercise properly. (Topic/introductory paragraph)Proper nutrition is important for good health. Avoid food with lots of sugar and fat. Eat plenty of high protein foods, vegetables and fruits. But do not overeat because it is not healthful to be overweight. Getting the proper amount of sleep is also important. Without enough sleep, you are likely to feel tired and irritable. So allow yourself eight hours of sleep each night. Finally, get plenty of exercise since it improves your heart and lunges, and prevents you from gaining weight. (Supporting paragraph) If everybody were to eat the right foods, get plenty of sleep, and exercise regularly, there would be much less complaining about poor health. (Ending paragraph)III. Specific Steps Involved in Writing and Noteworthy Points 要想在30分钟内完成一篇不少于120词的文章, 应认真审题，仔细构思，拟出提纲，拟订各段的主题句，或根据所给主题句确定各段中心思想，想好用什么事实或细节来支持主题句的观点。这样写出的文章语言通顺、逻辑严密、观点明确、错误较少。1. 审题所谓审题，就是根据所提供的有关写作范围、内容要求、目的方面的信息进行仔细推敲斟酌，从而确定文章的主题、体裁、重点、长短等等。审题主要是解决“写什么”的问题。1.1 确立文章主题通过审题，明确文章主题即中心思想，才能理清思路，抓住重点，这样的文章才能紧扣主题，立意鲜明，文笔流畅。例如：Directions: For the part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the toipc: Global Shortage of Fresh Water. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:（1） 人们以为淡水是取之不尽的。（2） 实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。（3） 我们应该怎么办？根据对本篇作文的审题，可以明确文章中心是淡水资源保护。可以从淡水资源看似非常丰富的错误表象出发，列举出淡水资源实则严重匮乏的事实及原因，最后提出问题的解决办法。思路清晰后，文字自然通顺连贯。范文： Global Shortage of Fresh WaterSome people believe that the fresh water will never be used up. Because people can get fresh water from the rains, from the rivers, from the wells and from the lakes, it seems that we have more than enough fresh water to use.But as a matter of fact, the whole world is in severs shortage of fresh water. With the development of industry, more and more factories use a lot of fresh water. Many factories discharge a large number of poisonous wastes into the rivers and lakes and cause serious pollution of the fresh water. And because of the rapid increase of the worlds population, there is a continuously rising demand for fresh water. In fact, in some big cities, fresh water cannot meet the peoples daily needs.Now it is time for us to do something to solve the problem of fresh water shortage. First, we must take efficient steps to protect our fresh water from being polluted and make it clean. Then we must let everyone understand the dangerous situation he is in. We must also educate the people to know: where there is no water, there is no human being.1.2 确定文章文体文体，即文章的表现形式，其中包含体裁和语言。一般来说，不同的体裁应具备不同的语言表达模式和特点，比如说明文说明事物时强调语言明确清晰，实事求是；议论文则要求语言具有逻辑性，肯定性强。大学英语作文文体可分四大类，即议论文、应用文、描写文和记叙文。例如：Directions: For the part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition in three paragraphs. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given. Remember to write clearly. You should write this composition on the Composition Sheet. Time(1) Some people think time is valuable and make good use of it. (2) Some people make poor use of it. (3) I think we should form the good habit of saving time. 根据对本篇作文的审题，可以明确它的主题是：珍惜时间。议论文体裁，但兼有说明部分。本篇提纲中的第1、2点要求说明人们对待时间截然不同的两种态度及其原因和表现，第3点则要求在前文的基础上论述自己的观点应养成珍惜时间的习惯，总结全文的同时，强调了珍惜时间这一主题。由于说明的目的是为了“告知”，所以应侧重摆事实，注意客观、准确；论说的目的是为了“说服”，应注意提出有力的论据和明确的结论。范文： TimeSome people think time is valuable and make good use of it. They really understand the meaning of “Time and tide wait for no man”. Hence they treasure every single minute of every day and make good use of it in practice. They arrange every days time properly, not to waste it.Some people make poor use of it. They spend their precious time oversleeping, drinking, and sometimes playing games or gambling. They do not realize that wasting time is equal to wasting part of their precious life and that they are to pay much for these some day. They always regret having made little achievement in their career owing to their poor use of time. I think we should form the good habit of saving time. Never put off what can be done today till tomorrow. We should think highly of our time just like our lives. Wasting time just like staying in the tomb, you are not yourself, just a walking corpse.1.3 确立写作要点大学英语作文所涉及内容均为日常生活、科技、社会和文化等。对这些话题大学生们虽然熟悉，但因字数所限，审题的时候，应该把握文章中心思想，限定话题范围，明确写作重点，其后再进行扩充展开，这样的文章才能思路清晰，主题明确，阐述充分。例如：“Women in the Modern World”(1987.6)，可以采用议论文的形式，以Women today are playing an increasingly important role both in the family, yet facing many difficulties and obstacles为中心来写作，重点应放在important role和difficulties上，可以首先着重论述妇女在各行各业中发挥越来越大的作用，然后提出妇女在家庭中的地位也有所提高，最后总结妇女们要争取完全的平等，还面临许多困难和障碍，需要克服。范文： Women in the Modern WorldWomen are playing an increasingly important role in society. Successful women who are government officials, scientists, athletes, teachers and doctors can be found everywhere. It is fair to say that many jobs that used to be dominated by men can now be done equally well by women. Women are making their influence felt in all walks of life. With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been improved as well. The husband is no longer the only bread-earner in the family. Both husband and wife cope with the problems of daily life together and share happiness with each other.In spite of these changes, women still face many difficulties and obstacles due to their traditional roles and limited economic strength. Women still have a long way to go in their struggle for complete equality with men. 2. 构思通过审题弄清楚题目要求之后，需要构思的过程，来对如何按照要求形成文章做一个通盘的考虑，包括安排文章的段落层次，提炼段落主题句，选择所需材料，确定写作方法（举例法、列举法、对比法等）和语言形式（正式、非正式）等。3. 写提纲 提纲是文章的框架，是对文章内容的一个整体规划。事实上，写提纲就是审题构思后把文章的篇章结构、段落分配、内容安排等落实到笔头，以保证写正文的时候思路清楚。如：所给作文的题目是“Harmfulness of Fake Commodities”。根据审题，可以明确本篇主题是：假冒产品的危害性极大，用议论文体裁来写。写作要点：假冒产品泛滥的现象、假冒产品对社会和人民生活带来的各种危害以及假冒产品问题的解决。根据以上写作结构和内容可列出如下简要的提纲：第一段 现象及其原因第二段 危害1：影响企业的效益和信誉危害2：给个人带来麻烦甚至危险第三段 总结强调危害的严重，呼吁政府和个人解决、防范。范文： Harmfulness of Fake CommoditiesNowadays in the society, there are an enormous number of fake commodities. They have found their ways into almost every store and supermarket. The deep root of this phenomenon lies in some peoples greed for money. In order to make big sums of money, they try every possible means to produce fake commodities, without any regard for other peoples benefit and health.Fake commodities can do serious harm to both consumers and society. Compared with the genuine products, they have more attractive prices, which, without doubt, causes great economic losses to the manufacturers of genuine-products. Furthermore, fake commodities are also detrimental to consumers. For instance, not long ago some consumers were reported to have died from drinking fake wine.So fake commodities are a serious problem in our society and deserve attention from people in all walks of life. The authorities should redouble their efforts to prohibit the production and sale of fake commodities. Also, consumers should be on guard against the temptation from the cheaper fake commodities and be careful not to waste money on them.4. 写正文写正文应把重点放在选择适当的写作策略和准确的语言运用上，大学英语作文常见题型段首句作文、汉语提纲作文、关键词作文、情景作文、图表作文都有各自独特的写作策略和语言技巧（参见Part Three Various Forms of Writing）。5. 检查修改这一步骤包括内容和语言，应更加侧重于语言方面的检查。1) 内容方面 每个段落是否切题。 观点是否明确。 段落主题句是否准确。 段落扩展句是否紧扣段落中心思想。 段落首尾是否照应。 段落之间、句子之间是否有较强的条理性、逻辑性。 说理是否充分，是否提供了充分具体的论据、事例。2) 语言方面： 是否有语法错误：主谓是否一致、动词时态是否正确一致、用词形式是否有误等。 单词拼写是否有错、词汇运用是否准确。 句式是否多样，搭配是否合理。 是否有过渡词语的使用。 书写格式是否规范。6. 写作时间分配可根据以下通常采用的时间分配方案，结合个人情况，找到最适合自己的写作节奏。审题、构思3分钟拟订提纲5分钟正文写作20分钟 检查、修改2分钟Part Two Methods of Developing Paragraphs段落的扩展方式多种多样，其中举例法、列举法、比较法、因果法、分类法等五种方法在大学英语写作中较为常见。I. Exemplification (举例法)1. 举例法的含义举例法是指使用具体事例、论据等对论点予以论证或阐述的方法。运用举例法时，所举事例可以是个人经历，名人逸事或日常事例，但都应具有可信、典型的特征。例如：In recent years, many Chinese schools and colleges have been suffering an acute shortage of teaching staff. According to a study, there are 100 candidates competing for every vacancy in big companies, whereas there are only ten applicants for a school where one teacher might be needed. （引用数据举例）Indeed, anyone who wishes to make his life pleasant, efficient and successful will find it wise to “work while he works, play while he plays”. For example, when I am engaged in writing a passage now, I must do it with full concentration and should not think of going shopping with my roommates this afternoon. If my mind is focused on the writing, I will surely do it more smoothly with fewer mistakes and will get a good grade.（用个人经历举例）2. 举例法常用词语 for example, for instance, as another example, such as, like, be example(s) of, take as an example, illustrate, show, prove, (e.g. The story he told about her illustrates/shows/proves her generosity very clearly.)II. Listing (列举法)1. 列举法的含义列举法是指在扩展部分列举出一系列论据或原因等对主题句中提出的论点进行说明、论证的方法。运用列举法时，注意不能简单地罗列出所准备的细节，而要按照一定的逻辑顺序来安排多个例证的排列顺序，比如是按照时间顺序、空间顺序、还是主次顺序等。例如：Young children should spend most of their time playing because it will offer them more advantages than will formal schooling at that age.topic sentence To begin with, a child who spends his early years out of school can learn many things that formal schooling does not teach, such as how to take care of himself and how to cope with an ever-expanding world. In addition, he will have a better opportunity to develop a good relationship with his family. Another reason not to send a child to school too early is that he may not be ready. If he is not prepared to deal with the rules and the pressure of schoolwork, he may become discouraged and develop a negative attitude toward school. Last but not the least, children can learn many beneficial things through play. By having fun while learning, they not only gain knowledge, but develop curiosity and a desire to learn.2. 列举法常用词语as follows, in the following way, first/to begin with/for one thing, second, third, next, then, finallyIII. Comparison and Contrast (比较对照法)1. 比较对照法的含义比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，分别用来阐述两种或更多事物之间的相同或不同之处，从而使各个事物的特点更为突出。比较侧重相同点，对照着重不同点。在说明文、议论文写作中，比较和对照可以分开使用，也可以结合在一起使用。运用比较对照法时，可以先说一方再说另一方，即AABB的模式；也可以是双方同时展开，相互交替，即ABAB模式。例如：There are both similarities and differences between movies and TV. For one thing, the first form of movies and TV were both in black and white. Besides, they both carry information. Furthermore, they both bring entertainment to people. And they both educate people and enrich peoples life. However, there also exist some differences between movies and TV. In the first place, they are different in their history. Movies have been with us for a longer time than TV. In the second place, movies have mainly low forms from the perspective of content, feature films and documentary films, whereas TV covers a wide range of subjects, from news report, educational programs, recreation, sports, music to TV series and even films. And finally, movies usually have to be seen in a cinema, while TV can be enjoyed at home.本段结合比较法和对照法，论述了movies和TV两个事物的异同，采用先说相同点，后说不同点，将两事物同时逐点比较对照的方法。2. 比较对照法常用过渡词语比较常用过渡词语resemble, be the same as, be like, be equal to, be comparable to, be as as, both and, neither nor, not only but also, similarly, in the same way, likewise, correspondingly, like对照法常用过渡词语not asas, contrast with, differ from, be different from, although, whereas, while, however, nonetheless, nevertheless, yet, still, but, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, unlike, contrary to, in contrast to, in opposition toIV. Cause and Effect (因果法)1. 因果法的含义因果法是指通过对事物或现象的原因分析，找出事物发展的因果联系的扩展方法。运用因果法时，可采用先因后果或先果后因两种模式；若有多个原因且有主次之分时，可考虑按照从主到次或从次到主的顺序来阐述各项内容。例如：Some countries have banned smoking in many public places and office buildings, and they see strong reasons for this. The first and most important reason is that while limits on smoking restrict the rights of smokers, smoking itself affects the rights of non-smokers. Studies have shown that second-hand smoke can have a harmful effect on the hea