【最新精选】人教版英语选修六第三单元知识点[1].doc

u3(选修六)words and expressions1.abuse n. 滥用,妄用；虐待，辱骂 弊病，陋习vt. 滥用,妄用,虐待e.g. he abused his power while in office.他在职时滥用权力。those captives were physically abused.那些俘虏遭受了肉体上的摧残drug abuse 滥用毒品child abuse 虐待儿童abuse ones position / power滥用职权/权利abuse a privilege滥用特权2. stress 1）n. 压力; 重音,重读 be under (the) stress (of) 在压力下suffer from stress遭受压力the stresses and strains of modern life现代生活的压力和紧张强调, 重要性e.g. some school lay / put /place stress on foreign language education.2）vt. 加压力于; 重读; 强调e.g. he stressed the importance of the task.3.ban1）n.禁令,禁止 aban on sth2）vt.禁止, 取缔ban sb. from (doing) sth. 颁布禁令impose a ban解除禁令lift a bane.g. our government has put/ imposed a ban on plastic bags.4. due to归因于, 归功于e.g. the accident is due to your careless driving.那意外事故归因于你驾驶不小心。be due to do sth定于某时做某事e.g. he is due to speak at the meeting tomorrow.可以被caused by 所代替the train is due in five minutes.(预定的，预期的）my rent isnt due till wednesday.（到期的，立即支付的）in due course 在适当的时候after due consideration经适当考虑之后because of “由于”, 较口语化，只作状语owing to 较正式，须用逗号与主句隔开thanks to “多亏了” ，多用于正面的意义as a result of “因为”as a result 副短, “因此”therefore 副词, “因此”so并列连词, “因此”because of ,due to , owing to , on account of和 thanks to 的用法比较 这一词都表示“由于”的意思，在使用时应该注意以下区别： 1because of意为“由于，因为”，强调因果关系，在句中仅作状语，修饰句中的一部分，与其他成分不用逗号隔开。如：we must not get discouraged because of such a minor setback 我们决不可因为这样一个小小的挫折而灰心丧气。2owing to与because of一样，也强调因果关系，除作状语外，也可作表语。作状语时修饰整个句子，可在句首或句末，用逗号隔开。如： they decided to cancel the flight，owing tothe storm 由于这场暴风雨，他们决定取消这个航班。 his death was owing to an accident他死于一场事故。3due to引出造成后果的原因，在句中作表语、状语和定语。作表语和状语时与owing to同义，作状语时，一般不与其他成分隔开。不用于句首。如：this accident was due to（owing to）his careless driving这次车祸是由于他开车疏忽大意造成的。 he arrived late due to（owing to）the storm由于暴风雨他来晚了。 mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences 由于疏忽大意造成的错误可能带来严重的后果。 4on account of与because of，owing to同义，但语气较为正式。可作状语、表语，不作定语。如：he could not come on account of his illness他因病不能前来。 that was on account of lack of exercise那是由于缺乏锻炼。 5thanks to表示“幸亏，多亏”多用于表达正面意思，相当于感谢，在句中作状语和表语。如：thanks to your advice，much trouble was saved多亏你的建议，减少了许多麻烦。5.tough1）the wire is tougher than that. (坚韧的，不易磨损的）2）you need to be tough enough tosurvive in the jungle.（坚忍不拔的，吃苦耐劳的）3） a tough criminal（粗暴的，凶暴的）4）tough measures to deal with terrorism（强硬的，严厉的）5）a tough assignment / problem / choice（棘手的，困难的）6） a tough steak（硬的，老的）6.fit1)v.1.the dress doesnt fit me.2.we cant fit any more chairs into the room.（容纳）3. be fitted with handles（安装）4. his ideas did not quite fit in with our aims. 他的想法和我们的目标不完全一致。 (与相一致，相协调）2)adj.keep fitbe fit for / to dothe book is fit (suitable) for children.the fresh air is fit to breath.反义词：unfitbe unfit for / to do区分fit , suit, matchthese shoes dont fit me. have you gota larger size? 这鞋我穿不合适。你们有大点的吗？ that haircut suits you. 那种发型很适合你。the carpets should match the curtains. 地毯应该和窗帘相配。you cant match him in his knowledge of wild plants. 在野生植物知识方面，你无法与他相比。 7. addicted adj. “对某某上瘾”, “沉湎于某某” e.g. my children have become hopelessly addicted to television. 我的几个孩子都成了电视迷, 简直不可救药了。构词法：addict n. 吸毒成瘾的人addiction n. 沉湎、成瘾addictive adj. 使人上瘾的addict常用于下列结构：addict oneself to sth. 沉溺于某物be addicted to sth. 专心做某事;上了.的瘾be addicted to doing sth.eg.the parents felt helpless when they found their son had _ love stories for long.a. addicted b. addicted to c. addicted himself d. been addicted to8. accustom v.使人习惯于、养成习惯e.g. she found it necessary to accustom her child to getting up early.她觉得有必要让孩子养成早起的好习惯。常用句式：1) accustom+名词/oneself + to+名eg.children are quick to accustom themselves to new surroundings.孩子们很快就会适应新环境。2) be accustomed to +名词e.g. i am accustomed to walking long distances.我习惯与长距离步行。3) get/become/be accustomed to +名词e.g. you will soon get accustomed to the job.你将会习惯于这个工作。同义词组：be / get / become used to注意:在英语中,to有时为动词不定式符号, 后跟动词原形; 有时用作介词, 后跟名词、代词、或动名词。下面的这些短语中的to 均为介词。stick to坚持 lead to 导致, 通向 pay a visit to 参观 sentence sb. to 宣判某人 come to 谈到, 涉及 see to 处理，负责 be up to 总计 devoteto 致力于 get down to 开始 /着手be opposed to / object to 反对 be devoted to 致力于，献身于be attached to adjust (adapt) to be exposed to look forward to pay attention to attend to contribute to turn to admit to when it comes to 9.withdraw-withdrawalthe general refused to withdraw his troops.（收回，撤回）she withdrew all her savings and left the country.（取钱，提款）withdrawal symptoms 戒毒过程中出现的症状10. quit 动词, 过去式和过去分词均为quit,现在分词为quitting, 接动词-ing形式, “停止做” e.g. she quit smoking when she got pregnant. 她一怀孕就戒了烟。归类记忆:下列动词只能用-ing 形式作宾语admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny , forbid(禁止), fancy(想象), finish, keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon, permit, prevent, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, imagine, postpone(推迟), practice, quit, resist(抵制), risk , suggest, tolerate, understandline 18: i did finally manage.line 30: i do hope so because i want you to livedo/does/did+动词原形，用于肯定句和祈使句中，表示强调。注意：只用于强调谓语动词。强调谓语以外的成分可使用：it is/was thatit was when i was doing my homework that i saw him sleeping.it was i that/who saw him sleeping in class.do be careful when crossing the street.he does speak english well.line 19: i didnt know, for example, that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant. 点拨 该句是一个包含两个宾语从句的主从复合句。第二个宾语从句that 不能省略。主句为i didnt know。or连接这两个宾语从句, 意为“也不（知道）”。i dont know . or . 这个句型译为“我不知道, 也不知道”。如：i dont know where to go or what to do.我不知道去哪里也不知道干什么。we believe (that) you are honest and that youve told us the truth. 我们相信你很老实，也相信你已告诉了我们实情。line 22: neither did i know that my cigarette smoke could affect the heath of non-smokers.line 1: it is not easy to stop smoking, but millions have managed to quit and so can you.neither/nor +be/助动词/情态动词, 表示否定的情况so +be/助动词/情态动词，表示肯定的情况。she doesnt like english, neither do i.i have mastered the use of it, so have she.注意：so+主语+助动词i have finished all my homework, so have she.-she finished all the homework yesterday.-so she did.我已经完成了作业，她也是。-她昨天把所有的作业完成了。-她确实都完成了。line 27: i knew it was time to quit smoking.it is/was time (for sb) to do sth.it is (high/about) time that sb. did/should do sth.it is/was)the first (second) time that sb. have/has done sth./had donesth.its time for us to study hard. 该是我们认真学习的时候了its high time that we studied/should study hard. its the first time that my classmates and i have got together. 昨天晚上是我们第一次同学聚会。11.strengthenpracticing kongfu strengthens our bodies.we must strengthen our socialist construction.we should strengthen the legal system.he lifted the stone with all his strength.the ability to keep calm is one of his many strengths.bill was doing a lot of physical exercises to build up his strength.to make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their strengths andweaknesses.12.decide decision1.decide+名词/代词the question will be decided by themselves.问题将由他们自己决定。2.decide to dolast week, a group of class 3 students decided to go to the museum. 3.decide+从句lets first decide where we should go.(=lets first decide where to go.)it is not decided whether we will go there.it is decided that.：it is decided that we should start tomorrow. （注：这种从句要用虚拟语气。） 4.跟介词短语(跟on或upon，表示“就某事做出决定”)：dont decide on important matters too quickly.重要的事情不要匆忙做出决定。make a decisiondetermine to do / be determined to domake up ones mind (s) to do13. feel like 想要, 只表示一次的想法, 后接动词-ing形式e.g. its so hot today. i feel like going swimming. 今天好热啊, 我想去游泳。摸起来像, 像是e.g. the material feels like silkit feels like rain.would like to doe.g. id like to have dinner with you.line 6: every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.every time 在此句中引导时间状语，表示“每次的时候”every time i go to see her, she is always busy working. 每次我去看她，她总是忙于工作。下列用法均可做连词：the first time 第一次的时候the moment/minute/instant/immediately/instantly/directly 一.就.every time=each time 每次的时候last time 上次next time 下次by the time到为止i fell in love with him the first timei saw him. 第一次见到他的时候，我就喜欢他了。the last time i saw her, she was working. 最后一次见到她的时候，她正在工作。i always go too see my best friend immediately we have a holiday. 一放假，我总是去看我最好的朋友。14.remindremind sb of sthremind sb to toremind sb thate.g. the story reminded me of an experience i once lived.you must remind him to take his medicine ,in case he forgets.please remind me that i must return the book before noon.15.ashamed adj.feel sorry or embarrassede.g. she is ashamed to ask such a simple question.相关短语：be ashamed of sb./ sth be ashamed that be ashamed to dowhat a shame!its a shame (pity) that .真是遗憾16. in spite of 尽管, 虽然，不顾。后接名词（despite)eg. she cant see very well in spite of her glasses.(despite)尽管戴着眼镜她还是不能看得很清楚。despite (in spite of) the fact that we tried our best, we didnt win.regardless of 不管，不顾，不理会he says what he thinks and does what he wants to do, regardless of other peoples feelings.the law says everyone is equal, regardless of age, sex, or religion.though / although / even if even though its hard work, i enjoy it.young as / though i am, i already know what career i want to follow.17. get into陷于, 染上什么习惯 get into the habit of 养成什么习惯。相当于fall into the habit of或者form the habit ofe.g. the girl has got into the habit of playing with her hair while reading.那个女孩养成了阅读时玩弄头发的习惯。短语联想：get into trouble 惹上麻烦get into debt 负债累累get along / on withget away withget down get inget off get over get throughget together18.at risk=in dangertake risks/ a riskat the risk of 冒的危险/风险at your own risk 自担风险run the risk of 冒险(做某事)risk doing19.survival-survive-survivorof the four people in the car accident,only one survived. many customs have survived from earlier times.许多风俗习惯源源流长the old lady has survived her husband.那老妇人的丈夫先她而去世了he felt lucky to have survived the war.经历那场战争后能幸存下来他感到很幸运20.possible, probable, likely 的用法its possible (for sb) to doits possible thatits probable thatsth is probableits likely that.主语+be likely to do21.prejudicepride and prejudice 傲慢与偏见she has a prejudice against modern music. 她对现代音乐怀有偏见。they accused him of having a prejudice against his women employees.他们指责他歧视女雇员。a new law has been brought in to discourage racial prejudice.一项反对种族歧视的新法律已被提出。judgement-judge in ones judgement依判断judge.from / by依判断judging by / from在句中作状语in my judgement, he is guilty.we cant judge a book by its cover.judging from his skin, he comes from africa.附加公文一篇，不需要的朋友可以下载后编辑删除，谢谢(关于进一步加快精准扶贫工作意见)为认真贯彻落实省委、市委扶贫工作文件精神，根据关于扎实推进扶贫攻坚工作的实施意见和关于进一步加快精准扶贫工作的意见文件精神，结合我乡实际情况，经乡党委、政府研究确定，特提出如下意见：一、工作目标总体目标：“立下愚公志，打好攻坚战”，从今年起决战三年，实现全乡基本消除农村绝对贫困现象，实现有劳动能力的扶贫对象全面脱贫、无劳动能力的扶贫对象全面保障，不让一个贫困群众在全面建成小康社会进程中掉队。总体要求:贫困村农村居民人均可支配收入年均增幅高于全县平均水平5个百分点以上，遏制收入差距扩大趋势和贫困代际传递；贫困村基本公共服务主要指标接近全县平均水平；实现扶贫对象“两不愁三保障”（即：不愁吃、不愁穿，保障其义务教育、基本医疗和住房）。年度任务：20152017年全乡共减少农村贫困人口844人，贫困发生率降至3%以下。二、精准识别（一）核准对象。对已经建档立卡的贫困户，以收入为依据再一次进行核实，逐村逐户摸底排查和精确复核，核实后的名单要进行张榜公示，对不符合政策条件的坚决予以排除，确保扶贫对象的真实性、精准度。建立精准识别责任承诺制，上报立卡的贫困户登记表必须经村小组长、挂组村干部、挂点乡干部、乡领导签字确认，并作出承诺，如扶贫对象不符合政策条件愿承担行政和法律责任，确保贫困户识别精准。（二）分类扶持。通过精准识别建档立卡的贫困户分为黄卡户、红卡户和蓝卡户三类，第一类为黄卡户，是指有劳动能力，家庭经济收入在贫困线边缘的贫困户；第二类为红卡户，是指有一定的劳动能力，家庭贫困程度比较深的贫困户；第三类为蓝卡户，是指年老体弱或因病因残丧失劳动能力的贫困户和五保户。优先扶持黄卡户，集中攻坚扶持红卡户脱贫，对蓝卡户则通过保障扶贫来保障其基本生活。（三）挂图作业。根据贫困户的实际情况，分三年制定脱贫规划。乡里将根据各村情况对每年精准脱贫任务落实到户到人，建立台账，并用图表标注清楚，挂图作业，脱贫一户销号一户，做到“贫困在库，脱贫出库”。三、精准施策针对贫困村和建档立卡贫困户的实际情况，分清类别，分类施策，强化措施，扎实推进各项扶贫政策落实到实处。在抓好贫困村公共设施和服务方面的建设同时要抓好对贫困户的帮扶，做到精准施策。（一）推进基础设施扶贫1对“十三五”扶持贫困村25户以上的所有自然村，由规划所牵头负责进行村庄建设规划。2重点解决“最后一公里”的问题。着力解决贫困群众最需要、最期盼的交通、电力、水利、就医就学等方面“最后一公里”的问题，让贫困群众享受均等的基本公共服务。到2015年完成2个贫困村25户以上自然村水泥路建设，确保到2016年底新一轮贫困村中25户以上自然村全部通水泥路；在调查摸底和充分征求意见的基础上，确保到2016底全面完成农村贫困户土坯房和危旧住房的改造任务；灌溉渠系建设和小山塘除险加固改造主要倾向贫困村，提高灌溉能力，到2017底基本解决贫困村农村居民饮水安全和生产用水困难问题；每年安排贫困村至少一个“一事一议”项目，以帮助解决路、桥、水等问题。（二）推进产业扶贫1培育壮大特色富民产业。大力发展高产油茶、白莲、等特色种植业和特色养殖业，鼓励支持贫困户依据当地资源禀赋发展“一村一品”富民特色产业。为贫困户发展种养业优先立项和优先提供苗木和种苗。每年通过产业扶持贫困户50户以上，到2020年有劳动能力的贫困户每户都有一个长效增收的主业。乡财政筹集资金，重点打造空坑xx扶贫产业带，带动全乡贫困群众发展扶贫产业。2筹集精准扶贫到户资金。县乡筹集精准帮扶到户资金，对贫困户发展产业给予奖补，或提供小额贷款担保、贴息、补助农业保险，以及提供信息、技术、服务等。县财政每年从产业扶贫资金中，切出一半以上用于精准扶贫到户，发展了扶贫产业的贫困户，经验收合格后每户获得一次性扶持资金5000元，按规划分批实施，5年内全覆盖；另外切除部分资金，用于贫困户精准扶贫发展产业贷款贴息。3积极探索“四位一体”的产业扶贫新模式。指导贫困村选择一个适合当地发展的高效产业；组建一个支撑有力的合作组织；设立一个产业贷款风险补偿金，为条件成熟的贫困村安排20万元产业扶贫专项资金，作为贫困户产业发展贷款风险补偿金，由合作商业银行按1：8放贷；创建一个部门配合的帮扶机制，县委农工部、县农业局、县林业局、县蔬菜局等相关部门在贫困村产业选择、合作社组建、技术培训推广、市场开发等方面会给予大力支持，共同推进。4创新产业发展服务体系。鼓励贫困农户以土（林）地经营权作价入股方式，参与家庭农场、农民专业合作社、合作农场和联户经营等新型农业经营体系。对贫困户创办的家庭农场和有贫困户参与的合作社，县财政将重点给予资金扶持。广泛推行“千村万户老乡工程”，力争23年覆盖黄卡、红卡贫困户，带动贫困户增收致富。（三）推进搬迁扶贫正确引导。对地处边远、生存和发展条件较差、就地扶贫难以奏效的贫困户，坚持群众自愿、规模适度、梯度安置的原则，稳步推进贫困人口向县城工业园、县城次中心、中心圩镇或中心村有序搬迁转移。2整合资源。积极整合资源支持搬迁移民集中安置点的基础设施建设，完善搬迁移民集中安置点的道路、通水、通电、学校、幼儿园、卫生所、文化等公共设施。3扶持政策叠加。搬迁移民户可同时享受搬迁移民扶贫补助和农村危旧房、土坯房改造补助，对特别困难的搬迁户，进一步提高建房补助标准，动员和引导社会力量“一对一”帮扶；搬迁移民户除享受移民安置各项扶持政策外，迁出地的土地、山林、水面等承包经营权不变；帮助其解决后续发展问题，实现稳得住、奔小康能致富。（四）落实智力扶贫政策1优先支持贫困村发展教育。加强贫困村学校规划，优先立项解决贫困村薄弱学校改造，同步实现标准化和现代远程教育，新招聘的老师优先安排到贫困村小学任教，每年安排优秀小学教师到贫困村小学轮流支教，让贫困村的小学生能就近享受优质教育资源。优先支持贫困村利用闲置校舍改建公办幼儿园、村小增设附属幼儿班、学前教育巡回支教点项目。2加大贫困生资助力度。落实好现有国家济困助学政策，逐步提高贫困生资助标准。公办幼儿园、村小附属幼儿班对建档立卡贫困户子女学前教育的保教费减半；对义务教育阶段建档立卡的贫困家庭寄宿生生活补助标准，在上级规定的基础上每人每年增加500元；择优录取建档立卡贫困户子女到县属中学上学，除享受国家规定的贫困家庭寄宿生生活补助和普通高中国家助学金外，每人每学年再给予1000元的生活补助，并免除学杂费、住宿费；对考取全日制普通高等学校的建档立卡贫困户子女每人一次性补助8000元；为当年被全日制大专以上院校录取的贫困家庭大学生办理国家生源地信用助学贷款。3大力实施职业教育和就业培训。继续实施“雨露计划”，支持职业学历教育，对建档立卡贫困户子女参加中、高等职业学历教育的，在校期间每人每年给予2000元的补助；大力开展职业技能培训，对参加转移就业技能培训并取得有关部门颁发职业技能证书的扶贫对象，给予每人1000元培训补助；为贫困户免费开展农村实用技术培训，此项工作由县扶贫和移民办组织实施。面向农村贫困家庭定向培养人才，今年对建档立卡贫困户子女报考“三定向”的加20分录取；从2016年起，县里将切出20%的“三定向”招生指标，专门用于招收建档立卡贫困户子女，并根据当年招生考试情况确定具体加分标准。（五）推进劳务扶贫1公益性岗位安置贫困户就业。2鼓励能人创业扶贫。凡通过创业带领贫困户家庭成员就业，经当地就业部门审核符合相关规定的，优先给予小额担保贷款政策扶持。3解决贫困户进企业务工。积极帮扶有劳动能力的贫困户农民工进企业务工，解决贫困家庭收入来源问题。（六）推进保障扶贫1落实完善最低生活保障制度。逐步提高低保、“五保”补助标准，扩大低保覆盖面，对符合农村低保条件的做到“应保尽保”。完善农村居民基本养老保险制度。全面推进农村居民基本养老保险，让其享受基本养老金保障。健全医疗保障制度。对所有建档立卡的贫困户县内住院给予特殊政策倾斜。完善临时救助制度。对遭遇突发事件、意外伤害、重大疾病等特殊原因导致基本生活困难，其他社会救助制度暂时无法覆盖或救助之后基本生活暂时仍有严重困难的家庭或个人给予临时救助，帮助他们渡过难关。（七）推进社会扶贫县工业园管委会将牵头联合县工信委、县扶贫和移民办在企业界开展主题为“全民扶贫，邀您同行”结对帮扶活动，积极组织工业企业自愿参与到贫困村开展结对帮扶活动。激励和引导“爱心协会”等社会力量参与扶贫，争取社会各界参与结对帮扶等扶贫攻坚工作。四、精准帮扶进一步完善精准扶贫机制，搭好精准扶贫的平台，实现扶贫方式由过去大水“漫灌式”向精准“滴灌式”转变，真正扶到点上、扶到根上。突出抓好“七个到村到户”：（一）产业到村到户。每个贫困村都要根据当地的资源禀赋围绕富民产业，选择一个符合当地实际的特色产业，引导贫困户通过参与产业发展，实现增收致富。（二）项目到村到户。根据建档立卡贫困户的实际情况，有针对性地选择脱贫项目，找准脱贫路子，做到能种则种，