历年考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析汇总【共10套】

1 历年 考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析 (1-10)汇总 A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July。 ) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market Americas machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty。 All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas。 How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “ American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government,“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States。 ” 11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War because_。 Ait had made painstaking efforts towards this goal Bits domestic market was eight times larger than before Cthe war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors Dthe unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy 12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_。 ATV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market Bsemiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises Cmachine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions Dauto industry had lost part of its domestic market 13. What can be inferred from the passage? AIt is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride。 2 BIntense competition may contribute to economic progress。 CThe revival of the economy depends on international cooperation。 DA long history of success may pave the way for further development。 14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the_。 Aturning of the business cycle Brestructuring of industry Cimproved business management Dsuccess in education 名师解析 11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War because_。 美国在二战后取得优势地位是因为 _。 A it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal。 它为该目标付出了艰巨的努力。 B its domestic market was eight times larger than before。 它的国内市场比以前大八倍。 C the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors。 战争摧毁了大多数潜在竞争对手的经济。 D the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy。 它无与伦比的劳动力规模给了经济推动力。 【答案】 C 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 第一段指出， “二战后 ，美国就进入了这样的一个辉煌的历史时期。它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。它的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是技术最好的。美国及其民众的富庶是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧洲人和亚洲人连做梦也不敢想的 ”。因此利用排除法，确定答案是 A。 12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_。 上个世纪 80 年代美国优势地位的丧失可以从美国 _事实中看出来。 A TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market 电视工业已经退到国内市场 B semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises 半导体产业已经被外国公司接管 C machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions 机床业已经自取灭亡 D auto industry had lost part of its domestic market 汽车工业已经丧失了部分国内市场 【答案】 D 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 A选项错误，因为第二段中说 “到 1987 年，美国只剩下 Zenith 这一家电视生产商。 (现在这一家也没有了： Zenith 于 7 月被韩国 LG 电器公司收购。 )”说明它连国内市场也保不住了。 B选项错误，文中第二段最后一句提到， “在一段时间内，半导体制造业似乎要成为下一个受害者 ”， 可是事实上没有。 C选项中谈到的机床业已经自取灭亡的说法错误，因为文中提到机床制造业 “岌岌可危 ”(on the ropes)，但是还没有灭亡呢。 D是合适的，因为 3 第二段第六句提到， “进口车和纺织品横扫国内市场 ”。 13. What can be inferred from the passage? 从本文中可以推断出哪个选项 ? A It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride。 在自我怀疑和盲目骄傲之间摇 摆是人的本性。 B Intense competition may contribute to economic progress。 激烈的竞争会导致经济的发展。 C The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation。 经济的复苏依靠国际的合作。 D A long history of success may pave the way for further development。 一个长期成 功的经历会为进一步的发展铺平道路。 【答案】 B 【考点】 推断题。 【分析】 第三段提到， “所有这一切导致了信心危机。美国人不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始怀疑自己的商业经营方式出了问题，也怀疑不久他们的收入就会下降。 20 世纪 80 年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因作了一次又一次的调查。那些有时耸人听闻的结果中充满着对来自国外的加剧的经济竞争的警告 ”。第四段提到了 “90 年代的经济复苏。其中的含义是：在竞争的压力下，美国人在 80 年代产业结构调整，美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了急智，因此带 来了 90 年代的经济复苏 ”。因此可以得出激烈的竞争会导致经济的发展。另外三个选项都不合适。 14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the_。 作者似乎相信美国经济在上个世纪 90 年代的复苏可以归结于 _。 Aturning of the business cycle 经济周期的转折 Brestructuring of industry 行业重组 Cimproved business management 改善了的工商管理 Dsuccess in education 教育的成功 【答案】 A 【考点】 作者观点题。 【分析】 在第四段，作者指出， “1995年，美国可以对过去 5 年的稳步发展作一回顾，而日本还在奋力挣扎。很少有美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代 ”。这里作者实际上对当前美国人的盲目乐观情绪进行了批评，认为 90 年代的增长 是由美元贬值或经济周期的转机等因素造成的。 B是 “Richard Cavanaugh”的看法。 C是 “Stephen Moore”的看法。 D选项文中没有提及。 难句解析： For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty。 【结构分析】 本句的主句是： “it looked as though the making of semiconductors was going to be the next casualty”。有两个定语从句，分别是： “which America had invented”和 “which sat at the heart of the new computer age”。 全文翻译： 长时间不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的障碍，但若处理得当，它也有可能转化为一种积 极动力。二战后，美国就进入了这样的一个辉煌的历史时期。它拥有比任何竞争者 4 大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。它的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是技术最好的。美国及其民众的富庶是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧洲人和亚洲人连做梦也不敢想的。 当其他国家逐渐富有，美国从这一领先地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。同样不可避免的是其从领先地位上退出的痛苦。到了 20 世纪 80 年代中期，日益衰退的工业竞争力让美国人感到茫然不知所措。一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，在国外竞争面前，已经萎缩或消失。到 1987 年，美国只剩下 Zenith 这一家电视生产商。 (现在这一家也没有了： Zenith 于当年 7 月被韩国 LG 电器公司收购。 )外国制造的汽车和纺织品正横扫国内市场。美国的机床工业也岌岌可危。有一段时间，好像下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。 所有这一切导致了信心危机。美国人不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始怀疑自己的商业经营方式出了问题，也怀疑不久他们的收入就会下降。 20 世纪 80 年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因作了一次又一次的调查。那些有时耸人听闻的结果中 充满着对来自国外的加剧的经济竞争的警告。 情况的变化可真快啊 !1995 年，美国可以对过去 5 年的稳步发展作一回顾，而日本还在奋力挣扎。很少有美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。 “美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了急智 ”，哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德 卡佛纳如是说。华盛顿特区的智囊团 卡托研究院的史蒂芬 莫尔说： “作为一个美国人我感到自豪，因为看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率。 ” 哈佛商学院的威廉 萨尔曼相信人们将会 把这一时期视为 “美国企业管理的黄金时代 ”。 (二 ) Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby(particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone。 There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of todayeveryone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes。 For us, this means that evolution is over； the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 yearseven the past 100 yearsour lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. 5 We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: “they look at an organic being as average looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension。 ” No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us。 15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph? AA lack of mates。 BA fierce competition。 CA lower survival rate。 DA defective gene。 16. What does the example of India illustrate? AWealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people。 BNatural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor。 CThe middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes。 DIndia is one of the countries with a very high birth rate。 17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because_。 Alife has been improved by technological advance Bthe number of female babies has been declining Cour species has reached the highest stage of evolution Dthe difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing 18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? ASex Ration Changes in Human Evolution BWays of Continuing Mans Evolution CThe Evolutionary Future of Nature DHuman Evolution Going Nowhere 名师解析 15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph? 根据第一段，做男人以前有什么危险 ? AA lack of mates. 缺少配偶。 BA fierce competition. 激烈竞争。 CA lower survival rate. 低存活率。 DA defective gene. 有缺陷的基因。 【答案】 C 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 文中第一段提到 “做男人从来都充满危险，新生儿男女比例大约是 105:100，但到了成年，这一比例基本持平，而在 70 岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率高这种普遍情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率同女婴的基本一样高 ”这说明男人的存活率相对是比较低的。 16. What does the example of India illustrate? 印度的例子证明了什么 ? A Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people。 富人往往孩子比穷人少。 B Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor。 自然选择在穷人和富人之间几乎不起作用。 6 C The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes。 中产阶级的人口比部落人口少 80%。 D India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate。 印度是出生率很高的国家之一。 【答案】 B 【考点】 推断题。 【分析】 使用事例来证明是常见的逻辑思维模式。既然有事例，我们就需要看到它的论点是什么。本文中提到， “进化意义上的自杀还有一种方法：存活，但少生孩子 ”。首先 “现在几乎没有人像过去那样多育。除了在一些宗教社区，几乎没有几名妇女会生 15 个孩子 ”表明了 “当今出生的数量同死亡年龄一样变得平均化，我们大多数人的子 女数量大致相当 ”，再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。其次， “印度证明了这种情况。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落居民造成了贫困。今天这种每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同的极其显著的平均化意味着与部落相比，自然选择在印度社会中、上层人群中，已经失去了 80%的效力 ”是为了证明 “人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了 ”，换言之， “自然选择在穷人和富人之间几乎不起作用 ”。答案应该是 B选项。 17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because_。 作者认为我们的身体已经停止进化，因为 _。 A life has been improved by technological advance 技术进步改善了人的生活 B the number of female babies has been declining 女婴的数量一直在减少 C our species has reached the highest stage of evolution 我们人种已经到达进化最高阶段 D the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing 贫富差距间的区别正在消失 【答案】 A 【考点】 逻辑关系题。 【分析】 文中提到停止进化是在第三段第一句 “对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束 ”。第三段中指出， “在过去的 10 万年 甚至过去的 100 年中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切 ”， “机器 ”代表的就是 “技术 ”，因此我们可以判定 A是正确答案。 18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? 以下哪一个最合适做本文标题 ? ASex Ration Changes in Human Evolution 人类进化中的性别比例变化 BWays of Continuing Mans Evolution 继续人类进化的方式 CThe Evolutionary Future of Nature 自然进化 的未来 DHuman Evolution Going Nowhere 人类进化无路可走 【答案】 D 【考点】 文章主旨题。 【分析】 文章中在第一段结尾提到 “由于大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。 ”第二段中说 “再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。 ”第三段提到 “但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化，因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。 ”这些都表明作者认为进化机制已不再起作用，认为自然进化机制已不能再左右人口的出生 7 率。在总结全文的第三段时，作者直截了当地指出 ，进化已经结束。因此可以认为人类的进化是无路可走的。另外三个选项都不全面或者不对题。 难句解析： 1. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men。 【结构分析】 本句由三个分句构成。第一个分句是 “There are about 105 males born for every 100 females”，一个 “there be”句型 ；第二个分句 “but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity”是一个简单句 ；第三个分句是一个 “there be”结构。 2. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished。 【结构分析】 本句要注意的是有两个主语，分别是 “differences between people”和 “the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it”。 3. The grand mediocrity of todayeveryone being the same in survival and number of offspringmeans that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes。 【结构分析】 本句的主干是 “The grand mediocrity means that+宾语从句 ”。其中 “compared to the tribes”是分词结构作状语。破折号中间 “everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring”是典型独立主 格结构做插入语，其中 “survival”和 “number of offspring”都是介词“in”的宾语。 全文翻译： 做男人从来都充满危险，新生儿男女比例大约是 105:100，但到了成年，这一比例基本持平，而在 70 岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率高这种普遍情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率同女婴的基本一样高。这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩。更重要的是，又一次自然选择的机会消失了。 50 年前，婴儿，尤其是男婴，存活的机会取决于体重，过轻一公斤或过重一公斤几乎意味着必死无疑 。今日体重几乎没有什么区别。由于大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。 进化意义上的自杀还有一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。现在几乎没有人像过去那样多育。除了在一些宗教社区，几乎没有几名妇女会生 15 个孩子。当今出生的数量同死亡年龄一样变得平均化，我们大多数人的子女数量大致相当。再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。印度证明了这种情况。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落居民造成了贫困。今天这种每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同的极其显著的平均化意味着与部落相比 ，自然选择在印度社会中、上层中已经失去了 80%的效力。 对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束 ；生物学上的乌托邦已经形成。奇怪的是，这一过程几乎丝毫没有造成身体上的改变，而且没有其他物种充斥着自然中如此多的空间。但在过去的 10 万年 甚至过去的 100 年中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化一无所知的人，他们 “看有机的生命如同野人看船，好像看某种完全不能理解的东西 ”。毫无疑问，我们将记住 20 世纪的生活方式，尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解 ，但是，不管我们的子孙后代对我们离乌托邦的理想境界还差多远，感到有多么惊讶，他们的样子会同我们差不了多少。 、 (三 ) When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is 8 possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may beeven admitting that the theory on which it is based may be rightit can hardly be cla ssed as Literature。 This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them； we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will。 Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the riverand then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “ Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms。 ” This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed? 19. This passage is mainly_。 Aa survey of new approaches to art Ba review of Futurist poetry Cabout merits of the Futurist movement Dabout laws and requirements of literature 20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to_。 Adetermine its purposes Bignore its flaws Cfollow the new fashions Daccept the principles 21. Futurists claim that we must_。 Aincrease the production of literature Buse poetry to relieve modern stress Cdevelop new modes of expression Davoid using adjectives and verbs 22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is_。 Abased on reasonable principles Bnew and acceptable to ordinary people Cindicative of basic change in human nature Dmore of a transient phenomenon than literature 时代 学习社区 （ http:/bbs. ） 名师解析 19. This passage is mainly_. 本文中心思想是 _。 Aa survey of new approaches to art 对新的艺术理论的调查 Ba review of Futurist poetry 对未来派诗歌的评论 9 Cabout merits of the Futurist movement 有关未来派运动的优点 Dabout laws and requirements of literature 有关文学的规则和要求 【答案】 B 【考点】 文章主旨题。 【分析】 本文第一段提到 “至于未来派诗歌，情况却有点难，因为即使承认未来派诗歌理论根据可能正确，无论它是怎样的，也很难称之为文学 ”。第二段提到 “未来主义者声称，这种加速的生活 需要一种新的表达方式。如果我们想解释现代社会的压力，就必须加快文学的速度 ”。第三段例举了一个未来文学的例子，指出其难以接受。最后一段仍然是对未来文学的批评。因此我们看出本文是一篇文学评论，而且是对未来文学的评论。只有选择 B。 20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to_。 当出现一个新的文学理念时，人们应该努力 _。 Adetermine its purposes 确定它的目标 Bignore its flaws 忽视它的缺陷 Cfollow the new fashions 跟随这个新的潮流 Daccept the principles 接受原则 【答案】 A 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 本题可以定位到第一段第一句 “每当一个新艺术思潮达到一定流行程度时， (在评价它之前 )最好先找出其倡导者的目的 ”。 21. Futurists claim that we must_。 未来主义者声称我们必须 _。 Aincrease the production of literature 加大文学的产出 Buse poetry to relieve modern stress 用诗歌来减轻现代的压力 Cdevelop new modes of expression 开发出新的表达方式 Davoid using adjectives and verbs 避免使用形容词和动词 【答案】 C 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 根据题干，我们无法定位到任何一段，只能通过具体的选项来做具体的判断。A选项错误，文中并没有 提到要加大文学的产出，虽然文中提到 “如果我们想解释现代社会的压力，就必须加快文学的速度。 ”但是这句话的意思不是要加大文学的产出，而是加快文学的节奏。 B选项错误，因为文中在提到压力的时候，只是说 “解释 ”(interpret)压力，而没有说用诗歌来减轻现代的压力。 D选项错误，文中提到形容词和动词的地方是第二段 “我们必须大量使用基本词汇，不受句号，修饰性形容词及限定动词的限制 ”这一句。但是并没有说避免使用形容词和动词。 C选项 “开发出新的表达方式 ”这个说法合适，因为文中第二段提到 “未来主义者声称，这种加 速的生活需要一种新的表达方式 ”。 22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is_. 作者相信未来派诗歌是 _。 Abased on reasonable principles 根据合理的原则 Bnew and acceptable to ordinary people 对普通人而言是新的可接受的 Cindicative of basic change in human nature 显示出人性中基本的变化 Dmore of a transient phenomenon than literature 与其说是文学不如说是一种暂时的现象 【答案】 D 【考点】 中心主旨题。 【分析】 在本文最后一段，作者说 “没有一个善于思考的人会拒绝接受他们的首要主张， 10 即情感生活的巨大变化要求表达方式也随之变化。实际问题是：我们发生了根本的变化吗 ?”这个问题实际上就已经否定了未来主义者的首要主张，即他们对历史和现实的认识是不正确的，所以其理论根据是站不住脚的。所以说未来派诗歌并没有稳定的理论基础，只是一个暂时的现 象。 难句解析： 1. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal。 【结构分析】 本句可以分为两个部分， “for”为分界词。在前半部分中 “it”是形式主语，真正的主语是 “to”引导的不定式短语，这个短语中又出现了一个宾语从句。 “when”引导一个状语从句，表示时间。后半句中 “it”仍然是形式主语， “that”引导一个主语从句。 “however”引导一个让步状语从句。 2. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may beeven admitting that the theory on which it is based may be rightit can hardly be classed as Literature。 【结构分析】 本句是一个因果关系的并列句。前一个分句的主句是 “the case is rather difficult”，其中 “however”表示此句与上一句之间是转折关系 ；原因为 “for”之后的部分，其中破折号之间的部分是插入语，表示一种让步 ， “on which it is based”是 “the theory”的定语从句，“it”指代 “Futurist poetry”。 3. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the riverand then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms。 ” 【结构分析】 本句 “it”是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式 “to read”及后面的宾语从句和 “to find”及其后面的宾语从句。 “read”的宾语从句是 “that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river”；“find”的宾语从句是 “that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”。 全文翻译： 当一场新的艺术运动获得某种流行时，最好找出其倡导者的目标是什么，因为无论他们的原则在今天看来是多么牵强和不合理，将来都有可能被认为是正常的。至于未来派诗歌，情况却有点难，因为即使承认未来派诗歌理论根据可能正确，无论它是怎样的，也很难称之为文学。 长话短说，以下就是未来主义者说的话：一个世纪以来，先前的生活一直在有条件地加快变化 ；如今，我们生活的世界喧嚣、暴力、节奏很快。因此，我们的感觉、思想和情感都经历了相应的变化。未来主义者声称，这种加 速的生活需要一种新的表达方式。如果我们想解释现代社会的压力，就必须加快文学的速度。我们必须大量使用基本词汇，不受句号，修饰性形容词及限定动词的限制。我们必须造出模仿声音的词语而不是描绘声音 ；我们必须在同一张纸上使用多种字体和不同颜色的墨水，任意缩短或加长词语。 当然他们对战斗的描述也是混乱的。让人心烦的一件事就是：在读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注解时，该注解中说该诗描写了一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在一座桥上发生了搏斗，结果双双从桥上掉进河中 结果，诗把他们两人落水的声音和体重写在了一起： “扑通 !扑通 !100 公斤和 85 公斤。 ” 尽管这符合未来派诗歌的规则和要求，却几乎不能被归入文学之列。同样的，没有一个 11 善于思考的人会拒绝接受他们的首要主张，即情感生活的巨大变化要求表达方式也随之变化。实际问题是：我们发生了根本的变化吗 ? (四 ) Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hard-working and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people dont know where they should go next。 The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed。 While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression。 “Those things that do not show up in the test scorespersonality, ability, courage or humanityare completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Partys education committee。 “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild。 ” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents。 ” But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “ In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “its never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure。 ” With economic growth has come centralization； fully 76 percent of Japans 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter。 23. In the Westerners eyes, the postwar Japan was_。 Aunder aimless development Ba positive example Ca rival to the West Don the decline 24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society? AWomens participation in social activities is limited。 BMore workers are dissatisfied with their jobs。 12 CExcessive emphasis has been placed on the basics。 DThe life-style has been influenced by Western values。 25. Which of the following is true according to the author? AJapanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder BJapanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity。 CMore stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity。 DDropping out leads to frustration against test taking。 26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that_。 Athe young are less tolerant of discomforts in life。 Bthe divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S。 Cthe Japanese endure more than ever before Dthe Japanese appreciate their present life 名师解析 23. In the Westernerseyes, the postwar Japan was_. 在西方人看来，战 后的日本是 _。 Aunder aimless development 盲目发展 Ba positive example 一个积极的例子 Ca rival to the West 西方的竞争对手 Don the decline 在衰退中 【答案】 B 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 文章第一段第一句就指出， “盲目性不是战后日本的特色，它的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所羡慕。 ”也就是说是一个积极的正面的例子。 A违反了第一句。 C选项和 D选项不是本 文谈论的话题。 24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society? 根据本文作者的观点，日本社会道德滑坡的主要原因是什么 ? A Womens participation in social activities is limited. 妇女参加社会活动受到限制。 B More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs。 越来越多的工人对自己的工作感到不满。 C Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics。 过多地注重基础教育。 D The life-style has been influenced by Western values。 生活方式受西方价值观的影响。 【答案】 D 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 文中第一段指出日本人正在逐渐经历传统工作道德价值观的日益滑坡，说 “十年前，年轻人工 作努力，将工作看作是生存 (being)的重要动力 ”，但是，日本目前在很大程度上满足了其经济发展的需要，年轻人反而不知道下一步的发展目标了。具体提到道德滑坡是在第三段，文中提到校园暴力，提到 “保守党领导人正在力图重新重视战前那种道德教育 ”，“Mitsuo Setoyama”更是冒出 “惊人之语 ”(raise the eyebrows)，他坚持认为二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了 “日本人尊敬父母的道德观 ”。而在下文，作者更是直接提出， “但是，这可能和日本人的生活方式关系更大。人们已经抛弃了社区和大家庭，而更 加喜欢单门独户 13 的两代人构成的家庭，旧的集体和家庭价值观被削弱 ”。由此可见，本题的答案就是 D选项。 25. Which of the following is true according to the author? 在作者看来，以下哪一个是正确的 ? A Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder。 日本的教育受人称道，因为它有助于年轻人攀登社会阶梯。 B Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity。 日本教育的特点就是既有机械性的学习又有创造力的培养。 C More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity。 应该更加强调创造力的培养上。 D Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking。 辍学 导致了对应试的挫折感。 【答案】 C 【考点】 作者观点题。 【分析】 A说法是错误的，因为日本的教育受到外国人赞赏的原因是 “它强调整础教育 ”。 B说法是错误的，因为文中提到 “它强调考试和机械学习而不是创造性和自我表现 ”。C是正确的，因为文中提到 “它强调考试和机械学习超过创造性和自我表现 ”。 “那些在考分中不能体现的东西 个性、能力、勇气或人性 完全被忽视了， ”执政的自民党教育委员会主席 “Toshiki Kaifu”说， “这类事情造成的挫折致使孩子辍学以及变得狂野 ”，这说明日本应该更 加强调创造力的培养。 D的说法是错误的，因为文中说 “这类事情造成的挫折致使孩子辍学以及变得狂野 ”，该选项故意混淆了原因和结果。 26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that_. 日本人生活方式的变化体现在下面的 一个事实中。 A the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life 年轻人对现实生活中困苦的忍受力下降 B the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S。 日本的离婚率超过美国的 C the Japanese endure more than ever before 日本人忍受的东西比以前更多了 D the Japanese appreciate their present life 日本人欣赏他们目前的生活 【答案】 A 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 文中提到教育家 “Yoko Muro”。他说 “在日本，你喜欢不喜欢自己的工作和生活 ，这从来都不是问题，问题是你有多大的承受力 ”。然后在最后一段里面提到 “家庭结构的改变，旧的集体和家庭价值观的削弱，人们的不满凸现 ”。也就是说 “日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，现在年轻的日本人觉得这种牺牲太大，对此产生了逆反情绪 ”。因此可以判定 “日本人的生活方式的变化体现年轻人对现实生活中的困苦忍受力下降 ”。 B的说法是错误的，因为根据第四段最后一句， “日本人的离婚率仍然低于美国人的 ”。 C在文中找不到很据。 D可以根据 “最近一次调查发现只有 24.5%的日本学生对学校生活完全满意，相比之下，美国学 生的比例是 62.7%。此外，与被调查的其他 10 个国家的工人相比，对自身工作表示不满的日本工人多得多 ”进行排除。 难句解析： 1. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already 14 questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs。 【结构分析】 本句的主语有两个。一个是 “The coming of age of the postwar baby boom”；另外一个是 “an entry of women into the male-dominated job market”。谓语是 “have limited”。宾语是 “the opportunities of teen-agers”。 “who” 引导一个定语从句修饰宾语。 “involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs”是 “personal sacrifices”的后置定语。 2. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents。 ” 【结构分析】 本句主句结构是 “Mitsuo Setoyama raised eyebrows”。插入语 “who was then education minister”是主语的定语， “when” 引导一个时间状语从句， “that”引导的从句做“argued”的宾语，该宾语从句中主语是 “liberal reforms”，谓语是 “had weakened”，宾语是“theJapanese morality of respect for parents”， “introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II”是 “liberal reforms”的定语。 全文翻译： 盲目性不是战后日本的特色，它的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所羡慕。但是，日本人正在逐渐经历传统工作 道德价值观的日益滑坡。 10 年前，日本年轻人工作勤奋，将工作视为他们存在的主要理由，但如今日本基本上已经满足了其经济需求，年轻人却不知道他们随后该去何方。 战后婴儿出生高峰期出生的人已到成年，以及妇女进入男性主宰的就业市场，限制了青少年的发展机遇，这些青少年已经开始质疑攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯以求进好学校，找好工作中付出的沉重的个人牺牲是否值得。最近一次调查发现只有 24.5%的日本学生对学校生活完全满意，相比之下，美国学生的比例是 62.7%。此外，与被调查的其他 10 个国家的工人相比，对自身工作表示不满的 日本工人多得多。 虽然日本的教育因强调基础知识而经常受到外国人的赞扬，但是它强调考试和机械学习而不是创造性和自我表现。 “那些在考分中不能体现的东西 个性、能力、勇气或人性 完全被忽视了， ”执政的自民党教育委员会主席 Toshiki Kaifu 说， “这类事情造成的挫折致使孩子辍学以及变得狂野。 ”去年日本发生了 2,125 起校园暴力事件，其中包括 929 起袭击老师事件。在抗议声中，许多保守党领导人正在力图重新重视战前那种道德教育 ；去年，时任教育大臣的 Mitsuo Setoyama 就冒出惊人之语，他坚持认为二战 后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了 “日本人尊敬父母的道德观 ”。 但是，这可能和日本人的生活方式关系更大。教育家 Yoko Muro 说 “在日本，你喜欢不喜欢自己的工作和生活，这从来都不是问题，问题是你有多大的承受力。 ”经济的增长伴随着人口的集中，在日本 1.19 亿人当中， 76%的人住在城市，在那里，人们已经抛弃了社区和大家庭，而更加喜欢单门独户的两代人构成的家庭。日本的城里人长期忍受着漫长的上下班来回路程和拥挤的居住条件，但是随着旧的集体和家庭价值观的削弱，人们的不满开始显现。在过去 10 年中，日本的离婚率虽 然仍远在美国之下，但是也已经上升了 50%，而自杀则上升了近 1/4。 时代 学习社区 （ http:/bbs. nO ） (五 ) If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambitionwealth, distinction, control over ones destinymust be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambitions behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared； and it especially must be highly regarded by 15 people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambitionif not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escapedwith the educated themselves riding on them 。 Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWsthe locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home； the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants； the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious. The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles； its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life。 27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if _。 Aits returns well compensate for the sacrifices Bit is rewarded with money, fame and power Cits goals are spiritual rather than material Dit is shared by the rich and the famous 28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is_ 。 Acustomary of the educated to discard ambition in words Btoo late to check ambition once it has been let out Cdishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal Dimpractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition 29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because_ 。 Athey think of it as immoral Btheir pursuits are not fame or wealth Cambition is not closely related to material benefits Dthey do not want to appear greedy and contemptible 30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained_。 Asecretly and vigorously Bopenly and enthusiastically Ceasily and momentarily 16 Dverbally and spiritually 名师解析 27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if _。 普遍认为，如果 _, 雄心就能够受人尊重。 A its returns well compensate for the sacrifices 雄心的回报充分补偿了所作的牺牲 B it is rewarded with money, fame and power 雄心以金钱、名誉和权力作为回报 C its goals are spiritual rather than material 雄心的目标是精神上的而不是物质上的 D it is shared by the rich and the famous 它是富人和名人共享的 【答案】 A 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 文章第一句指出， “雄心如果想要获得尊重，那么它的回报 财富、声望、对命运的掌控 则必须被认为值得为之牺牲 ”。也就是说，正确答案是 A。 B中的金钱、声望和对命运的控制，在第一句中，只是作为取得回报的三个例子，并非仅包括这三方面而已。因此，选择项 A更加确切地表达了第一句的意思。 C、 D的说法显然不对。 28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is_。 第一段最后一句话很可能暗示的内容是 _。 A customary of the educated to discard ambition in words 受过教育的人习惯于口头上抛弃雄心 B too late to check ambition once it has been let out 雄心一旦释放，要想再阻拦就晚了 C dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal 在目标达成之后不诚实地否认雄心 D impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition 对受过教育的人来说，要享受雄心带来的好处是不实际的。 【答案】 C 【考点】 句意题。 【分析】 本句中出现一个比喻，意思是 “他们是野心的受益者，但又虚伪地否认拥有野心的重要性 ”。这和 C的意思是吻合的。 A的错误在于它不够完整，没有提到受益这个概念。 B的说法是字面意思。 D选项没有根据。 29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because_。 一些人不公开宣称他们有雄心，是因为 _。 A they think of it as immoral 他们认为这不道德 B their pursuits are not fame or wealth 他们追求的不是名声和财富 C ambition is not closely related to material benefits 雄心和物质利益并非紧密相连 D they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible 他们不想让自己看上去贪婪和可鄙 【答案】 D 17 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 根据第二段第三句， “现在，人们不能像以前那样轻易公开地承认自己的梦想，以免别人认为自己爱出风头，贪婪和庸俗 ”，所以答案是 D。 30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained_。 从最后一段可以得出雄心应该被 _ _ 保持这一结论。 Asecretly and vigorously 秘密并严格地 Bopenly and enthusiastically 公开和充满热情地 Ceasily and momentarily 容易并暂时地 Dverbally and spiritually 在语言上和精神上 【答案】 B 【考点】 作者观点 题。 【分析】 文章最后一段提到 “本应该是一种健康的冲动，一种应该受人仰慕并扎根于青年人心灵的品质的雄心，却被人攻击，得不到支持。由于不公开，雄心转为地下，雄心变得偷偷摸摸 ”。由此推论，作者认为人们不应该隐瞒自己的雄心，而应该坦言。 时代学习 社区 （ http:/bbs.nowxuE.com ） 难句解析： 1. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared； and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them。 【结构分析】 本句是并列句，前一个分句中， “if”引导条件状语从句，主句主语 “it”指代 “the tradition of ambition”。后一个分 句中 “who”引导一个定语从句修饰 “people”， “the educated not least among them”是 “people”的补语。 2. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar。 【结构分析】 “what”引导主语从句， “that”引导表语从句。 “asas” 结构做程度状语，此外 “lest”引导带虚拟语气的假设状语从句。 3. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home； the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants； the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools。 【结构分析】 本句看上去很长，主句是 “we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles”。“which”引导一个非限定性定语从句修饰 “spectacles”。在冒号的后面是三个并列的名词性短语，关键词分别是 “critic”， “publisher”和 “journalist”。 全文翻译： 雄心如果想要获得尊重，那么它的回报 财富、声望、对命运的掌控 则必须被认为值得为之牺牲。如果雄心的传统要焕发生命力，那么它就应该受到广泛的认同 ；雄心尤其应该得到那些自身得到他人崇拜的人们的高度尊重，那些接受过良好教育的人最应该包括在内。怪就怪在恰恰是那些受过良好教育的人在声称他们不再将雄心作为理想。 可是奇怪的是他们已经从雄心中受益最多 如果不总是他们自己的雄心，那么就是他们父母的和祖父母的。这其中有着强烈的虚伪感，就好比把马放跑后再关上马厩的门，而骑在那些马背上的正是受过良好教育的人自己。 当然，现在人们对成功及其标志的兴趣似乎不逊从前，夏日别墅，欧洲旅行、宝马轿车尽管它们的地点、地名和商标可能会不一样，但现在对这些东西的需求似乎并未比一、 18 二十年前减少。现在，人们不能像以前那样轻易公开地承认自己的梦想，以免别人认为自己爱出风头，贪婪和庸俗。相反，我们目睹的是得体的虚伪，而且比以前任何时候都多 。如：美国物欲主义批评家在南安普顿拥有一幢夏日别墅 ；激进读物的出版商到三星级宾馆就餐 ；倡导终生参与民主制的新闻记者却把自己的子女送进私立学校。对于这样的人，以及其他许多不如他们这么特殊的人而言，最好的表达是 “成功不惜一切代价，雄心不让任何人看出 ”。 很多人从不同角度对雄心进行了攻击 ；却没什么人为之公开辩护，即使辩护也不能服人，尽管辩护者并非极不引人注意。因此，在美国，本应该是一种健康的冲动，一种应该受人仰慕并扎根于青年人心灵的品质的雄心，其得到的支持也许比以往任何时期都低。但这并不意味着雄心已经结束了， 人们不再感觉到它对人们的激励了，只是人们不再公开地以它为荣，更少愿意公开地承认。很多不良后果随之而来，如雄心被赶入地下，或变得偷偷摸摸。现在的情况是这样的：左边是愤怒的批评家，右边是愚蠢的支持者，而居中的通常是大多数认真而努力追求成功的人。 (六 ) Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity。 No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。 A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right； but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way。 Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the 19 crucial period for this change in the structure of science。 21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _。 Asociology and chemistry Bphysics and psychology Csociology and psychology Dphysics and chemistry 22. We can infer from the passage that _。 Athere is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation Bamateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science Cprofessionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community Damateurs have national academic societies but no local ones 23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _。 Athe process of specialization and professionalisation Bthe hardship of amateurs in scientific study Cthe change of policies in scientific publications Dthe discrimination of professionals against amateurs 24. The direct reason for specialization is _。 Athe development in communication Bthe growth of professionalisation Cthe expansion of scientific knowledge Dthe splitting up of academic societies 名师解析 21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as_. 19 世纪专业化的发展在 _等科学领域容易看的更加清楚。 Asociology and chemistry 社会学和化学 Bphysics and psychology 物理学和心理学 Csociology and psychology 社会学和心理学 Dphysics and chemistry 物 理学和化学 【答案】 D 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 根据题干定位到第二段第三、四句，文中提到 “专业化要求更长时间、更复杂的培训，给参与科学活动的业余人士带来了更大的问题。在特别是以数学和实验为基础的那些科学领域里，这一倾向自然表现得最为明显，英国地质学领域的发展充分地说明了这一点 ”。在这四个选择项中， A、 B、 C都提到了 “文科学科 ”，只有 D选项中的 “物理学和化学 ”均是 “以数学和实验作为基础的科学 ”，因此可以推断 D选项符合原文，是正确答案。 22. We can infer from the passage that _. 从本文可以推断出 _。 A there is little distinction between specialization and professionalization 在专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别 B amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science 业余人士在某些领域和专业人士可以竞争 C professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community 专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体的 20 D amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones 业余人士看起来只有全国性的学术协会，但是没有地方性的学术协会 【答案】 B 【考点】 推断题。 【分析】 选项 A中提到 “专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别 ”，而实际上 ，它们指的是 “不同的领域和方向 ”， “specialization”针对 “研究对象 ”， “professionalization”针对 “研究者 ”，因此可以排除。选项 C说 “专业人士看上去是欢迎业余人士加入科学团体 ”这种说法也是不对的，因为专业化的发展使得业余人士受到排挤。 D选项明显错误，因为文中提到 “既有全国性的学术协会，又有地方性的学术协会 ”。第三段指出 “局部的研究 (local studies)只有在能被纳入并反映出更广泛研究框架的时候，才为专业人士所接受 ”。这说明，某些方面的研究是为专业研究者所认可的 ，同时说明了业余研究与职业研究并存的状况。既然是并存的，就说明在某个地方是可以竞争的。因此选择 B。 23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _。 作者提到地质学发展是为了说明 _。 A the process of specialization and professionalization 专业化和职业化的过程 B the hardship of amateurs in scientific study 业余人士在科学研究方面的艰辛 C the change of policies in scientific publications 科技出版政策的变化 D the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 职业人士对业余人士的歧视 【答案】 A 【考点】 作者目的题。 【分析】 根据题干 “地质学发展 ”定位到第二段末尾和第三段，第三段主要讲的是地 质学的发展 ；以及第四段第一句 “虽然职业化和专业化过程早在 19 世纪已在英国的地质学领域展开，但直到 20 世纪我们才看到其全面影响 ”，因此可以判断这里的正确答案是 A。 B选项认为是 “业余研究者在科学研究方面的艰辛 ”。例子中虽然提到了专业化给业余研究者带来的不利影响 . 但是从整体来看，那个不是重点，地质学的例子主要是为了说明 “专业化和职业化过程的形成及其影响 ”。 24. The direct reason for specialization is _. 造成专业化的直接原因是 _。 A the development in communication 交流的发展 B the growth of professionalization 职业化的发展 C the expansion of scientific knowledge 科学知识的扩展 D the splitting up of academic societies 学术团体的分化 【答案】 C 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 本题要求考生找出现象间的因果关系。全文开 篇就指出， “专业化过程可以被看做是对日益积累的科学知识的反应 ”。这句话的含义实际上就是 “科学知识的积累促进了专业化 ”。因此可以判定 C是正确选项。 A选项是不对的，因为根据其中的 “交流 ”一词可以定位到第一段，文中提到 “专业化影响了交流过程 ”，而不是反之。 B不对， “专业化是随着知识的进一步分类而产生的，是和职业化同时产生的 ”，不是其成因。 D为专业化的结果。 难句解析： 1. Nevertheless, the word“amateur”does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not 21 fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values。 【结构分析】 本句的主句是 “the wordamateurdoes carry a connotation”，后面有一个 “that”引导的同位语从句，解释 “connotation”，而这个同位语从句中有两个并列谓语。 2. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。 【结构分析】 本句的主干是 “The trend was naturally most obvious and can be illustrated” 。主语是 “the trend”，两个谓语部分为 “was obvious”和 “can be illustrated”。前一个部分中 “based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training”是过去分词做后置定语修饰 “areas of science”。 3. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century。 【结构分析】 本句的主干结构是 “The overall result has been to do sth。 ”。逗号后面只是一个名词性的短语，其关键词是 “a result”，是前面句子主语的同位语，在其内部主要是一个“that”引导的定语从句，而定语从句中又有两个并列的状语 “first by., and then by.。 .”。 4. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way。 【结构分析】 这是一个并列句，由 “whereas”(而 )连接两个分句，说明了两种情况，前一个分句的主干是 “A process of differentiation has led to professional geologists”，而后面说 “the amateurs have tended either to remainor to come” 。 全文翻译： 专业化可被看作针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细分为各个小的单元，个人能够继续处理这些信息并将它们作为进一步研究的基础。但是专业化仅仅是一系列相关科学进步中影响交流过程的的一个。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。 在科学领域内，职业人士与业余人士之间没有明确的区分：任何规律都有其例外。但是 “业余 ”这个词的确具有一种含义，即相关的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，尤其是他可能并不完全认同他们的价值观。 19 世纪的专业化的发展，导致了对更长更复杂的训练的要求，意味着业余人员进入科学界会遇到更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然尤为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。 对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物所进行的比较表明不但人们对研究首要性的重视程度在不断增加，而且对什么是可以接受的论文的定义也在不断变化。因此，在 19 世纪，局部的地质研究本身就代表了一种有价值 的研究 ；而到了 20 世纪，如果局部的研究能够被职业人员接受，那么它就必须结合和思考一个更加广阔的地质面貌。另一方面，业余人员继续以传统方式从事局部的研究。结果，业余人员在职业化地质学杂志发表文章更加困难。审稿制度首先在 19世纪的全国性杂志中实行，后来在 20世纪一些地方性地质杂志中也开始实行，这使这个结果得到进一步加强。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致职业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体 。 虽然职业化和专业化过程在 19 世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展，但是它的效果一直拖到 20 世纪才充分显示出来。然而，从整个科学来看， 19 世纪必须被视为科学结构发生该变化的关键阶段。 22 (七 ) A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital dividethe division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic。 There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize accessafter all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that weve ever had。 Of course, the use of the Internet isnt the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential。 To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrials infrastructure, it didnt have the capital to do so. And that is why Americas Second Wave infrastructureincluding roads, barbors, highways, ports and so onwere built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britains former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off youre going to be. That doesnt mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet。 25. Digital divide is something _。 Agetting worse because of the Internet Bthe rich countries are responsible for Cthe world must guard against Dconsidered positive today 26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _。 Aoffers economic potentials Bcan bring foreign funds Ccan soon wipe out world poverty Dconnects people all over the world 27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _。 Aproviding financial support overseas Bpreventing foreign capitals control 23 Cbuilding industrial infrastructure Daccepting foreign investment 28. It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on _。 Ahow well-developed it is electronically Bwhether it is prejudiced against immigrants Cwhether it adopts Americas industrial pattern Dhow much control it has over foreign corporations 名师解析 25. Digital divide is something _. 数字鸿沟是 _。 Agetting worse because of the Internet 因为因特网而变得更加糟糕 Bthe rich countries are responsible for 由富裕国家应该承担责任的 Cthe world must guard against 全世界都要警惕的 Dconsidered positive today 今天被认为是积极的 【答案】 C 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 通过题干关键词 “数字鸿沟 ”定位到第一段。第一句是对 “数字鸿沟 ”所下的一个定义。其后作者提到，他和妻子 20 年前就谈到这种隐伏的的危险，这里的 “looming danger”指的就是 “the digital divide”。早在 20 年前，防止产生这种鸿沟的积极因素还不太明显，而今天作者认为是乐观的。同时定位到第二段，作者提到了 “因特网的普及使这种鸿沟正得到缩小 ”，可见，选项 A是错误的， “因为因特网而变得糟糕 ”与原文意思相 左。 B不对，是因为作者没有提到这个方面。在作者看来，这种鸿沟是不好的现象，而网络的普及能帮助世界战胜贫困。 D的说法显然是错误的，因为作者就是要消除这个鸿沟。 26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _. 政府重视因特网是因为它 _。 Aoffers economic potentials 提供很多经济可能 Bcan bring foreign funds 能够带来外 国资金 Ccan soon wipe out world poverty 能够很快消除世界贫困 Dconnects people all over the world 将世界人民连在一起 【答案】 A 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 定位到第二段，文中提到 “政府之所以大力推广因特网是出于因特网可能成为消除贫困的最好的工具的考虑 ”。第三段更是提到 “因特网可能具有巨大的潜力 ”。因此可以判断 A是正确的。 B选项认为 “可以带来海外投资 ”，这仅仅是局部因素。 C选项中， 虽然作者提到了 “国际互联网的利用可能是战胜贫困的工具 ”，但这仅仅是一种潜在的力量，并没有说能够很快消除贫困。 D选项也是因特网的一个主要功能，但是也不是政府重视的主要原因。 27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _。 作者提到美国的案例是为了证明 _政策是对的。 Aproviding financial support overseas 为海外提供资金支持 Bpreventing foreign capitals control 防止外国资金控制 Cbuilding industrial infrastructure 建设工业基础 Daccepting foreign investment 接受外国投资 【答案】 D 【考点】 作者意图题。 24 【分析】 在第四段，美国和巴西的例子都被作者用以说明抛弃过去的在那种在利用外资上的，过时的反殖民偏见，提出充分利用外资建立电子基础设施的重要性，并 且指出，哪个国家在建设 “第三次浪潮 ”的基础设施上利用外资多，哪个国家就将变得更富裕。因此可以判断正确选项是 D。 A选项把吸收外资的重要性和美国提供海外资金混淆起来。 B的说法无法从美国这个案例中推断出来。 C错在 “工业 ”这个概念上。 28. It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on _。 现在，一个国家的经济看起来极大地依赖于 _。 Ahow well developed it is electronically 它的电子发展程度 Bwhether it is prejudiced against immigrants 它是否歧视移民 Cwhether it adopts Americas industrial pattern 它是否接受美国的工业模式 Dhow much control it has over foreign corporations 它对外国公司的控制有多大 【答案】 A 【考点】 推断题。 【分析】 文章最后一段提到哪个国家 在建设 “第三次浪潮 ”的基础设施上利用外资多，哪个国家就将变得更富裕。这里的 “第三次浪潮 ”指的就是 “电子基础建设 ”。因此选项 A是正确的。其他三个选项中， B和 D文中没有提到。 C再次出现 “工业模式 ”，因此不正确。 难句解析： 1. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize accessafter all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are。 【结构分析】 本句主句是 “It is in the interest of business to universalize access”， “as”引导一个伴随状语， “随着 ”，而非 “因为 ”，后面破折号的部分是进一步解释说明前面的主句。 2. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off youre going to be。 【结构分析】 本句是一个 “the more., the more.。 .”的句型。 “which today is an electronic infrastructure”是修饰 “Third Wave infrastructure”的非限定性定语从句。 全文翻译： 今天，人们十分关注所谓的数字鸿沟问题，即世 界被分为信息资源丰富区和信息资源贫乏区两类。这个鸿沟今天确实存在，我和我妻子 20 年前谈过这个隐伏的危险。然而，那时一些抵制数字鸿沟的、新的积极因素还不如今天明显。我们是有理由感到乐观的。 一些技术上的因素使我们有理由希望鸿沟会缩小。随着互联网变得越来越商业化，普及上网对商家是有利的 毕竟，上网人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。越来越多的政府，由于担心自己的国家会落后，都想推广互联网。一二十年之内，全球将有一二十亿人被网在一起。因此，我现在相信，在将来，数字鸿沟将会缩小而不是扩大。这是非常好的消息，因为互联 网非常可能成为我们消除所面临的贫困的最强有效的工具。 当然，使用互联网不是唯一战胜贫困的方法。互联网也不是我们所拥有的唯一工具，但它却有巨大的潜力。 要想利用互联网这个工具，某些贫困国家必须克服在外国投资方面的过时的反殖民偏见。那些认为外国投资是对本国主权的侵犯的国家最好还是研究一下美国基础设施 (社会的基本结构基础 )的历史。当初美国建设自己的工业基础设施时，缺乏资金，这就是为什么美国的第二波基础设施建设 包括公路、港口，高速公路、港口城市等等 都是利用的国外资金。英国人、德国人、荷兰人和法国 人都在这片前英国殖民地投资。他们提供资金，美国移民建造。想想看，现在谁拥有这一切 ?美国人。我想，同样的事情也可以发生在巴西或其他任何地方。你拥有的去建造第三次浪潮基础设施 (今天主要指电子基础设施 )的外国资金越多，那么你就越富裕。这并不是说卑躬屈膝，任人愚弄，也不是让外国公司为所欲为。但 25 这的确意味着你已认识到外国公司对本国能源及通信基础设施建设的重要性，这些基础设施是充分利用互联网所必要的。 (八 ) Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project。 Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want。 But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each days events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news。 There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the standard templates of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions。 Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and theyre less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community。 Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isnt rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers。 This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class。 29. What is the passage mainly about? ANeeds of the readers all over the world BCauses of the public disappointment about newspapers COrigins of the declining newspaper industry DAims of a journalism credibility project 30. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be 。 Aquite trustworthy Bsomewhat contradictory Cvery illuminating Drather superficial 31. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their _。 26 Aworking attitude Bconventional lifestyle Cworld outlook Deducational background 32. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its_。 Afailure to realize its real problem Btendency to hire annoying reporters Clikeliness to do inaccurate reporting Dprejudice in matters of race and gender 名师解析 29. What is the passage mainly about? 本文主要讲的是什么 ? ANeeds of the readers all over the world. 全世界读者的需要。 BCauses of the public disappointment about newspapers. 造成公众对报纸失望的原因。 COrigins of the declining newspaper industry. 新闻业衰败的根源。 DAims of a journalism credibility project. 新闻可信度项目的目标。 【答案 】 B 【考点】 文章主旨题。 【分析】 文章的第一句就提出了本文旨在说明的问题 “为什么那么多的美国人不相信自己在报纸上读到的内容呢 ?”从第二段、第三段的内容来看，作者都在试图寻找造成公众对报纸失望的一个真正的根本性的原因。因此可以判断 B为正确答案。 A不正确，是因为它仅仅是新闻界的调查项目得到的一个结果而已。 C和 A相比较，还是 A来得比较确切。 C已经从文章主旨引申到别的项目上去了。 D仅仅是为了查明原因而进行的一个调查项目而已。 30. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be 。 新闻可信度项目的结果是 。 Aquite trustworthy 相当可信 Bsomewhat contradictory 有点矛盾 Cvery illuminating 非常有启发性 Drather superficial 相当肤浅 【答案】 D 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 根据本题题干可以定位到第二段，文中指出 “该项目最终所发 现的原因大都是新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，以及许多关于读者到底想读些什么令人挠头的困惑 ”，在作者看来，这些发现大都是 “低级的 ”(low-level)，而真正的原因没有这么表面 “go way deeper”(第三段首句中 )。因此可以判定是答案是 D选项。 31. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their _。 作者描述的新闻记者的基本问题存在于他们的 _。 Aworking attitude 工作态度 Bconventional lifestyle 传统的生活方式 Cworld outlook 世界观 Deducational background 教育背景 【答案】 C 【考点】 事实细节题。 27 【分析】 文章的解题点在文章的倒数第二段中 “对新闻媒体的这种令人震惊的不信任的根源不在于报道失实或低下的报道技巧，而在于记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着碰撞 ”这句话。也就是说，作者的基本问题是 “世界观 ”的问题。另外三个 选项都不是最基本的问题。 32. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its _。 尽管很努力，新闻行业仍然不能满足读者的需要是因为其 _。 Afailure to realize its real problem 不能够认识到真正的问题 Btendency to hire annoying reporters 倾向 于雇佣那些恼人的记者 Clikeliness to do inaccurate reporting 可能作出不准确的报道 Dprejudice in matters of race and gender 在种族和性别方面的歧视 【答案】 A 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 本题的解题点可以确定到最后一段。文中说他们 “又举办许多研讨会，搞什么可信度项目，试图了解读者为什么对他们不满意，为什么大量流失。但是，对于那么多原来的顾客所不满的文化和阶级偏见，他们似乎就是没有看见 ”。由此我们可以看出，真正的原因是他们不能够意识到真正的问题所在，因此正确答案是 A。 难句解析： 1. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want。 【结构分析】 本句主干是 “this project has turned out to befindings” ， “mostly low-level”是 “findings”的定语。 “about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes”是介宾短语做定语。 “combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want”是一个过去分词引导的伴随状语，其中 “about what in the world those readers really want”是 “puzzlement”的定语。 2. There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the“standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien to many readers。 【结构分析】 主句是 “there+系表结构 ”。 “which”引导一个非限定性定语从句，该词指代前面一句话。而在这个定语从句 “which helps explain why the standard templatesof the newsroom seem alien to many readers”中，又出现一个 “why”引导的宾语从句。 3. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class。 【结构分析】 本句的主句中， “it”代表上文提到的 “a troubled business”，即 “备受困扰的新闻界 ”。 “now focused narrowly on race and gender”是插入语，也是 修饰 “program”的定语。后面有两个并列谓语 “would open up”和 “(would)look for”。这里需要注意的就是一个意思上的问题，那就是 “虽然报业也有多样性项目，招收不同的人当记者，但是这样的多样性仅仅局限于性别和种族，而报业需要多招收那些具有不同的人生观、教育以及来自于不同阶级的人 ”。 全文翻译： 为什么那么多美国人不相信自己在报纸上所读的东西 ?美国新闻编辑协会正试图回答这个令人痛苦的问题。该组织正在深入开展一个名为 “新闻可信度项目 ”的长期自我剖析工程。 遗憾的是， 这次项目只获得了一些肤浅的发现，诸如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，以及许多关于读者到底想读些什么这样的令人挠头的困惑。 28 但这种不信任有更深刻的根源。多数新闻记者都学会用一套标准的模式去看待世界，并把每天发生的事件套入这种模式。换言之，在新闻采编室文化中存在着一套惯常的写作套路，为纷繁复杂的新闻报道提供了一个主干框架和一个现成的故事叙述结构。 新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节，这有助于解释为什么新闻采编室的 “标准模式 ”让众多读者看上去很陌生的原因。在最近一次调查中，问卷被送到了 全国五座中等城市及一座大都市的记者手中，然后随机地给这些城市的居民打电话，询问他们同样的问题。 人们的回答表明，与其他美国人相比，新闻记者更有可能居住在高级社区，有女佣，有奔驰车，炒股，而去教堂，参加自愿服务，扎根某个社区的可能性却很小。 记者们往往属于广义的社会文化精英的一个部分，因此他们的工作往往反映了这些精英传统的价值观。对新闻媒体的这种令人震惊的不信任的根源不在于报道失实或低下的报道技巧，而在于记者与读者的世界观每天都发生着碰撞。 这对任何一个工业产业来说都算是爆炸性的形势，对于一 个正在衰落的行业来说尤其如此。这是一个备受困扰的行业，偏偏不停雇用那些因为其态度而极大惹恼客户的员工。然后它又出资组织许多研讨会和可信度调查项目，去探究为什么顾客们发火了，为什么会有那么多顾客流失了。但它似乎从来就没有时间去注意那么多老顾客所抱怨的文化和阶级偏见。如果它能注意这个问题的话，就应该进一步开放其多样化项目 (这个项目现在还仅仅局限于不同种族和性别 )，进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层各不相同的各种记者。 (九 ) The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Wont the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force? Theres no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy。 I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the worlds wealth increases。 Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasingwitness Daimler 29 and Chrysler, Renault and Nissanbut it does not appear that consumers are being hurt。 Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Wont multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case? 33. What is the typical trend of businesses today? ATo take in more foreign funds BTo invest more abroad CTo combine and become bigger DTo trade with more countries 34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is _。 Athe greater customer demands Ba surplus supply for the market Ca growing productivity Dthe increase of the worlds wealth 35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that _。 Athe increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers BWorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs Cthe costs of the globalization process are enormous Dthe Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition 36. Toward the new business wave, the writers attitude can be said to be _。 Aoptimistic Bobjective Cpessimistic Dbiased 名师解析 33. What is the typical trend of businesses today? 今天的商业典型的发展趋势是什么 ? ATo take in more foreign funds 吸收更多外资 BTo invest more abroad 进行更多对外投资 CTo combine and become bigger 合并做强 DTo trade with more countries 与更多国家贸易 【答案】 C 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 文章第一段中说 “世界正在经历一场前所未有的最大的的并购浪潮。这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国开始，横扫欧洲，并以不可比拟 的威力影响到正在崛起的国家 ”，因此可以判断正确答案是 C。 34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is _。 根据本文作者，在合并浪潮背后的一个驱动力是 _。 Athe greater customer demands 更大的消费需求 Ba surplus supply for the market 对市场的剩余供给 Ca growing productivity 日益增长的生产率 Dthe increase of the worlds wealth 世界财富的增长 30 【答案】 A 【考点】 事实细节题。 【分析】 根据 “合并浪潮的推动力 ”可以定位到第三段。在作者看来， “日趋下降的运输与通讯费用，较低的贸易与投资壁垒，以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求而进行的扩大生产，是推动这股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量，也是推动全球化进程的力量 ”。将四个选项对比这三个因素，只有 A包括了根据顾客的需要扩大市场这个 因素。 35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that _。 从第四段中我们可以推断出 _。 A the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers 日益增长的集中肯定会损害消费者的利益 B WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs 世通就是一个合并利与弊的好例子 C the costs of the globalization process are enormous 全球化进程的成本很高 D the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition 标准石油托拉斯或许已经威胁到竞争 【答案】 D 【考点】 推断题。 【分析】 A“日益增长的集中肯定会损害消费者的利益 ”与原文第四段第一句不符合，因为作者说 “这股合并浪潮是带来益处还是弊端的实例还很 少 ”，因此很难说肯定会带来损害。 B提到 “世通 ”，说是一个带来利益和降低成本的好例子。这句说是 “价格没有随着合并而提高 ”，并没有提到价格降低问题，因此，合并虽然没有伤害消费者，也没有给他们带来利益。 C本段没有涉及。 D可以从文中 “很难想像当今的几个石油公司的合并能够再次造成像 100 年前美国标准石油托拉斯对竞争形成的威胁 ”，这说明当年这个石油公司肯定曾经对竞争造成巨大威胁。 36. Toward the new business wave, the writers attitude can be said to be _。 作者看待新的商业浪潮的态度可以说是 _。 Aoptimistic 乐观的 Bobjective 客观的 Cpessimistic 悲观的 Dbiased 歧视的 【答案】 B 【考点】 作者态度题。 【分析】 本题考查考生是否了解作者的态度。文中作者提到了 “合并 ”的益处，但是同时也在第四段中提到 “我们必须警惕这样的合并浪潮 ”。作者是从两个方面来谈论这个问题的，因此我们可以判断作 者的态度应该是客观的。 难句解析： 1. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy。 【结构分析】 本题的主干是 “This phenomenon has created serious concerns”，两个 “over”引导介宾短语，是并列的成分，做 “concern”的定语。而 “of smaller economic firms”与 “of national businessmen”都是第一个 “role”的定语。 2. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and 31 investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers demands。 【结构分析】 本句主句是 “I believe ”， “that”引导一个宾语从句，在这个宾语从句中，后面的 “that”前面省略了 “forces”，这个 “that”引导一个定语从句，修饰这个省略的 “forces”。冒号后面的部分是 “the most important forces”的同位语，其中 “markets”后面的 “that”引导定语从句修饰 “markets”， “capable of meeting customers demands”是 “operations”的定语。 全文翻译： 世界正在经历一场前所未有的最大的的并购浪潮。这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国开始，横扫欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家。这些国家的许多人面对这个浪潮，倍感忧虑： “商业集中的浪潮会不会演变成一股无法控制的反竞争的力量 ?” 无疑，大企业正在变得更大、更强。 1982 年，跨国公司占国际贸易不到 20%的份额。而如今，这个数字已经超过 25%，并且还在迅速上升。在那些对外开放并鼓励外资的经济体中，国际分公司在生产中也正占据一个越来越大的份额。比如，在阿根廷，经过 90 年代初的改革之后，跨国公司在 200 家大型企业的工业生产中从 43%增加到几乎 70%。这个现象使人们开始重视小型企业和民族资本的作用以及世界经济的最终稳定。 我认为，日趋下降的运输与通讯费用，较低的贸易与投资壁垒，以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求而进行的扩大生产，是推动这 股巨大的并购浪潮的最主要的力量，也是推动全球化进程的力量。所有这些对消费者来说都是有益而无害的。随着生产力的提高，世界的财富也在增长。 这股合并浪潮是带来益处还是弊端的实例还很少。但是很难想像当今的几个石油公司的合并能够再次造成像 100 年前美国标准石油托拉斯对竞争形成的威胁，人们当时很害怕这家公司，结果导致了它最终的解散。像世通这样的通讯公司的合并似乎不会抬高消费价格，或者减缓技术进步的速度，与之相反的是通信的价格的快速下降。汽车行业的合并也同样在增加 瞧瞧戴姆勒与克莱斯勒，雷诺与尼桑的合并 但看起 来消费者并未受到伤害。 但是有一个事实，那就是合并必须受到密切关注。就在几星期以前，格林斯潘对银行业的大规模合并发出了警告。正在创建的这样的巨大的银行一旦出现，谁来充当最终的借贷者，谁来发挥监督、规范和运作的作用呢 ?当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的行为的处理过于严厉时，跨国公司会不会把它们的生产从一地转到另一地呢 ?在那些将会影响许多其他国家的问题上，一个国家是否应该发挥 “保护竞争 ”的作用，就如同美国政府对微软公司案例那样 ? (十 ) When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family。 Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term downshifting has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “have it all, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of