外文翻译--什么是燃油检测

黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 附 录 A What are fuel mapping computers? Before we can get into a discussion about fuel mapping, you have to have to know a bit about electronic fuel injection (EFI). Whats that? To put it simply, its a computerized system that takes over where your old carburetor left off, regulating the mix of air and fuel in your engine to keep it running smoothly. Too much fuel, and youre wasting gas. Too little, and you could damage your engine. For decades, fuel regulation was handled by the carburetor. In the late 1950s, cars with optional electronic fuel injection came on the scene, and by the 1990s, EFI was common. Today, almost all new cars have EFI systems instead of carburetors. The fuel map is the EFI systems setting for regulating the air/fuel mix. The map has three goals: Optimize performance - for better speed and acceleration Optimize fuel economy - to get the best gas mileage Optimize emissions - to eliminate as many waste particles from the tailpipe as possible Next, well map out the parts that make up this intricate computerized system. Understanding fuel mapping technology is much easier if you know the territory. The center of the whole EFI system, which controls the fuel map, is the engine control unit (ECU). Think of this component as the cars brain. Sensors located in the engine and throughout the rest of the vehicle send information to the ECU. The ECU interprets this information and uses it to keep the car working at its best. The ECU looks like a black plastic box with the electronic brains inside. Its location varies wildly by manufacturer. Some put the ECU in the engine compartment near the battery, some put it near the glove box or steering column in the passenger compartment. Some even put it under one of the seats. The ECU, though, is useless without its sensors, just like our brains wouldnt be much good at interpreting the world around us without our senses. While there are dozens of sensors in a car that feed information to the ECU like the one that triggers that annoying Check Engine light, well just list the ones that create the fuel map. 黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensor: This sensor measures the amount of air coming into the engine. Less air is drawn into the engine when its idling, so less fuel is needed. More air is drawn into the engine once the cars in motion, so more fuel is needed from the injectors. Oxygen (O2) Sensors: Located in the exhaust system, these sensors detect the amount of unburned oxygen and fuel coming from the engine. The ECU can adjust the amount of fuel injected into the engine to increase efficiency. Throttle Position Sensor (TPS): This sensor tells the computer how hard and how quickly the driver pushes on the gas pedal. The farther and faster the pedal is pushed, the wider open the throttle moves, increasing the amount of fuel that needs to be added to the engine for speed. Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor: This sensor measures changes in the engines manifold pressure, which tells the ECU how much load the engine needs to bear (towing or going uphill) and how fast it needs to happen (speeding up or slowing down). If the sensor reads high pressure, the ECU will lower the engine vacuum and add more fuel. If there is low pressure, the ECU will raise the vacuum and dial down the fuel injection. Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS): This tells the ECU how fast the car is moving and adjusts the fuel accordingly. This sensor also sends signals to the speedometer and the cruise control computer. These are the parts, but where is the map? Thats what were going to talk about next, so get out your graph paper. Would you like to know what a fuel map looks like? Start here. While the cars ECU doesnt need to visualize the fuel map, its helpful for us humans to picture how this computer comes to its conclusions. You dont need a physical piece of graph paper, but imagining one will make it easier. The fuel map looks a lot like something youd learn in a junior high school math class. Imagine that piece of graph paper and draw a simple X-Y axis on it: one line going across (the X) and one line going up and down (the Y). The numbers along the X axis represent the engines revolutions per minute (rpm). Thats how fast the engines internal components are turning to do whatever the driver needs - speeding up, slowing down, waiting at a red light or even towing a boat. The Y axis represents the load on the engine, or the energy required by the engine to do the task at hand. 黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 Now imagine points scattered all along that graph paper that represent different driving situations. Thats the fuel map. At each point - and there are hundreds of possible combinations - the ECU decides what to tell the fuel injectors to do. Pulling a fifth-wheel camper up the Rocky Mountains at highway speed, for example, puts the engine under a huge load and requires a lot of energy. The ECU gets input from all of the sensors on vehicle speed, air intake, pressure, and temperature and plots a specific point on the imaginary graph. The computer is programmed to tell the fuel injectors what to do at that very point on the fuel map, and it sends out the appropriate message - without any more input from the driver. Once the ECU has received the information from the sensors and figured out what to do based on the fuel map, it can change three basic things to make the engine run at its best - the fuel flow rate, spark timing, and idle speed. But what can you, the car owner, do to change these things? Change the ECU and sensors, of course. Well look at improvements and troubleshooting for the fuel mapping system on the next page. Youll need your ECU to regulate the air/fuel mix in your engine to make this job easier. There are basically two types of people whod want to make changes to the fuel map: Performance hounds and fuel misers. Performance-minded people who are interested in eking every last hundredth of a second from their cars can reprogram the ECUs fuel map to deliver more fuel. There may be some fuel wasted and a lot more unburned fuel in the exhaust, but thats the price you pay for a win at the Saturday night drag races. On the opposite end of the scale are those drivers who are willing to sacrifice performance for fuel economy. A leaner fuel/air mixture is going to sap some power from the engine, but burning less fuel means higher miles per gallon and less fuel wasted in the process. There are even adjustable MAP sensors on the market specifically aimed at the fuel-saving crowd. Which brings us to one last point: You must remember that the information in the vehicles brain is only as good as what the sensors are telling it. If a sensor is bad and sending faulty information, the ECU will not adjust the fuel injectors correctly. Failure usually occurs due to a dusty sensor or a corroded or loose electrical connection. 黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 Occasionally, the sensor itself will just go bad and send incorrect signals. To stick with our earlier example of an engine under very heavy load - the camper on the highway in the Rockies - lets think about what would happen if one of those sensors were bad. If the Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor, for example, wasnt working correctly, it might tell the ECU that there wasnt a lot of air moving into the engine. This would move the point on the fuel map, and the ECU wouldnt know to send a signal to the fuel injectors to increase the amount of fuel in the mix to make up for all that air. The engine would seem sluggish, since it wasnt getting the energy it needed to do such a difficult job. The fuel map inside the ECU is able to adjust the air/fuel mix for maximum efficiency and performance in any condition - that is, as long as the sensors are giving it the right information.黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 附 录 B 什么是燃油检测？ 在我们能够很容易就进入了讨论燃料 检测 ，你必须要知道一点的电子燃油喷射（电喷）。那是什么？简单地说，这是一个电脑系统，在那里 取代 您的旧化油器，调节空气的混合燃 料在您的引擎保持平稳运行。过多的燃料，你浪费 燃油 。太少，而且您可能会损害您的 发动机 。 几十年来，燃料 的混合都是靠 化油器。在 1950 年末，电喷 汽车问世 ，和 在上世纪 90 年代，电喷 车与化油器汽车是 共同 存在 的。今天，几乎所有新车型都由 电喷系统取代化油器。 该 检测 是燃料电喷系统的设置，调节空气 /燃料混合。该 检测 有三个目标： 优化性能 -更好的速度和加速度 ； 优化燃油经济性 -以获得最佳的油耗 ； 优化排放量 -以从排气管尽可能 多 消除废物颗粒。 下一步，我们将 检测 的部分， 用 这项复杂的计算机系统。 了解 燃油检测 技 术要容易得多，如果你知道的 领域 。中心的整个电喷系统，控制燃料 检测 ，是发动机控制单元（ ECU）。认为这部分作为汽车的大脑。传感器位于发动机和全 部 其他地方的车辆将信息发送到 ECU 的。 ECU 的 处理 这一信息，并用它来保持汽车的工作处于最佳状态。 ECU 看起来像一个黑色塑料盒 装的 电子大脑。其 安装位置被不同的制造商装在不同的位置 。有些 设计者把 ECU 安 在发动机附近的 蓄 电池 旁 ，有的把它 装到手套箱或驾驶 员与 乘客 之间的位置 。有 的 甚至把它 放到座位下边 。 ECU 如果没有传感器的话 它是毫无用处的，就像我们的大脑 如果没有感觉器官将 不会处理我们周围的事物 。 因为 有几十个传感器的信息， 汽车的 ECU，如一个 发出 “ 检测 引擎 ” 信号 ，我们就会 得 出那些 燃油消耗检测值 。 大 量的 气流（ MAF） 经过 传感器：该传感器 检测 空气进入发动机。更少的空气是卷入发动机时的空转， 消耗 较少的燃料，是必要的。更多的空气抽进发动机后，汽车的运动，因此需要更多的燃料是从 喷射 。 氧气（ O2）传感器： 位于 排气系统中，这些传感器探测未燃尽氧气 数值 和黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计 燃料来自引擎。 ECU 的可以调整为燃料 喷入 发动机，以提高效率。 节气门位置传感器（ TPS）：该传感器告诉计算机如何努力，如何迅速地 把握驾驶员 的油门。更 多 ，更快的 踩 踏板，更广泛地打开油门动作，增加了燃 油的量 ，需要加以补充的引擎 转速 。 进气压力 （ MAP）传感器：该传感器 采集 发动机的多方面的压力，告诉多少负荷的 ECU 引擎需要承担（拖曳或 爬坡 ）和以多快的速度，需要发生（加快或减慢）。如果传感器读取高压力下， ECU 将降低发动机的真空和 提供 更多的燃料。如果有低的压力， ECU 将提高真空和 发送 降低燃油喷射 信号 。 车速传感器（ VSS）： 它 告诉 ECU 汽车 的速度 是多快 以及调整相应的燃料。该传感器还发送 速度 信号和巡航控制系统 信号到 ECU。 这些零件， 但哪一个 检测 ？这就是我们 接下来 要谈论 的 ，因此，摆脱您的图形文件。 你想知道什么是燃料 检测 ？从这里开始。 虽然汽车的电控单元并不需要形象化燃料 检测 ，这有助于我们人类这台电脑 检测 如何 得 来的结论。您不需要 一块 物理方格纸，但想象一个更容易。燃料 检测 看上去就像你想了解在初中数学课。 想象一块图形文件，并 有 一个简单的 坐标 轴线上：一条线将跨越（ X）和 1个行会向上和向下（ Y）。这些数字沿 X 轴代表了引擎 每分钟 的 运转 （每分钟转速）。这就是快速发动机的内部部件正在 运转在驾驶员 需要加快，放缓，等待红灯，甚至拖着一艘船。 y 轴 代表的引擎负载，或引擎做手头的任务所需的能量。 现在想象点分散沿着这图形