外文翻译--液压泵站

附录 A.英文文献 Hydraulic Station and the development of hydraulic components Profiles Hydraulic Pump Station also known as the stations are independent h- ydraulic device. It requested by the oil gradually. And controlling the hydraulic oil flow direction, pressure and flow rate, applied to the mainframe and hy- draulic devices separability of hydraulic machinery. Users will be provided after the purchase hydraulic station and host of implementing agencies (motor oil or fuel tanks) connected with tubing, Hydraulic machinery can be realized from these movements and the work cycle. Hydraulic pump station is installed, Manifold or valve combination, t- anks, a combination of electrical boxes. Functional components : Pump device - is equipped with motors and pumps, hydraulic station is the source of power. to mechanical energy into hydraulic oil pressure can be. Manifold - from hydraulic valve body and channel assembled. Right direction for implementation of hydraulic oil, pressure and flow control. Valve portfolio - plate valve is installed in up board after board conn- ects with the same functional IC. Tank - plate welding semi-closed containers, also loaded with oil filtering network, air filters, used oil, oil filters and cooling. Electrical boxes - at the two patterns. A set of external fuse terminal plate； distribution of a full range of electrical control. Hydraulic Station principle : motor driven pump rotation, which pump oil absorption from the oil tank. to mechanical energy into hydraulic pressure to the station, hydraulic oil through Manifold (or valve combinations) realized the direction, pressure, After adjusting flow pipe and external to the cylinder hydraulic machinery or motor oil, so as to control the direction of the motive fluid transformation force the size and speed the pace of promoting the various acting hydraulic machinery. A development course China Hydraulic (including hydraulic, the same below), pneumatic and seals industrial development process can be broadly divided into three phases, namely : 20 early 1950s to the early 1960s, the initial stage； 60s and 70 for specialized production system ；8090s growth stage for the rapid development stage. Which, hydraulic industry in the early 1950s from the machine tool industry production of fake Su-grinder, broaching machine, copying lathe, and other hydraulic drive started, Hydraulic Components from the plant hydraulic machine shop, self-occupied. After entering the 1960s, the application of hydraulic technology from the machine gradually extended to the agricultural machinery and mechanical engineering fields, attached to the original velocity of hydraulic shop some stand out as pieces of hydraulic professional production. To the late 1960s, early 1970s, with the development of mechanized production, especially in the second automobile factory in providing efficient, automated equipment, along with the Hydraulic Components manufacturing has experienced rapid development of the situation, a group of SMEs have become professional hydraulic parts factory. 1968 Chinas annual output of hydraulic components have nearly 200,000 in 1973, machine tools, agricultural machinery, mechanical engineering industries, the production of hydraulic parts factory has been the professional development of more than 100 and an annual output more than one million. an independent hydraulic manufacturing industry has begun to take shape. Then, hydraulic pieces of fake products from the Soviet Union for the introduction of the product development and technical design combining the products to the pressure, Hypertension, and the development of the electro-hydraulic servo valves and systems, hydraulic application areas further expanded. Aerodynamic than the start of the industrial hydraulic years later, in 1967 began to establish professional pneumatic components factory, Pneumatic Components only as commodity production and sales. Sealed with rubber and plastics, mechanical seals and sealing flexible graphite sealing industry, the early 1950s from the production ordinary O-rings. rubber and plastics extrusion, such as oil seal sealing and seal asbestos products start to the early 1960s, begun production of mechanical seals and flexible graphite sealing products. 1970s, the burning of the former Ministry, a Ministry, the Ministry of Agricultural Mechanization System, a group of professional production plants have been established, and the official establishment of industries to seal industrial development has laid the foundation for growth. Since the 1980s, in the countrys reform and opening up policy guidelines, with the development of the machinery industry, based mainframe pieces behind the conflicts have become increasingly prominent and attracted the attention of the relevant departments. To this end, the Ministry of the original one in 1982, formed the basis of common pieces of Industry, will be scattered in the original machine tools, agricultural machinery, mechanical engineering industries centralized hydraulic, pneumatic and seals specialized factories, placing them under common management infrastructure pieces Bureau, so that the industry in the planning, investment, technology and scientific research and development in areas such as infrastructure pieces Bureau of guidance and support. Since then entered a phase of rapid development, has introduced more than 60 items of advanced technology from abroad, including more than 40 items of hydraulic, pneumatic 7. After digestion and absorption and transformation, now have mass production, and industry-leading products. In recent years, the industry increased the technological transformation efforts, in 1991, Local enterprises and the self-financing total input of about 20 billion yuan, of which more than 1.6 billion yuan Hydraulic. Through technological transformation and technology research, and a number of major enterprises to further improve the level of technology, technique and equipment to be greatly improved. In order to form a higher starting point, specialization, and run production has laid a good foundation. In recent years, many countries in the development of common ownership guidelines, under different ownership SMEs rapid rise showing great vitality. With the further opening up, three-funded enterprises rapid development of industry standards for improving and expanding exports play an important role. Today, China has and the United States, Japan, Germany and other countries famous manufacturers joint ventures or wholly-owned by foreign manufacturers to establish a piston pump / motor, planetary reduction gears, steering gear, hydraulic control valve, hydraulic system, hydrostatic transmission, hydraulic Casting. pneumatic control valve, cylinder, gas processing triple pieces, mechanical seals, rubber and seal products more than 50 production enterprises, attracting foreign investment over 200 million U.S. dollars. Second, the current situation (1) Basic Profiles After 40 years of efforts, China hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industry has formed a relatively complete categories. a certain level of technical capacity and the industrial system. According to the 1995 Third National Industrial Census statistics, hydraulic, Pneumatic seals and industrial 370,000 annual sales income of 100 million yuan in state-owned, village-run, private and cooperative enterprises, individual, three capital enterprises with a total of more than 1,300, of which about 700 hydraulic, Pneumatic seals and the approximately 300 thousand. By 1996 with the international trade statistics, the total output value of Chinas industry hydraulic 2.348 billion yuan, accounting for the worlds 6； Pneumatic industry output 419 million yuan, accounting for world No. 10. (2) the current supply and demand profiles Through the introduction of technology, independent development and technological innovation, and high-pressure piston pump, gear pumps, vane pump, General Motors hydraulic valves, tanks, Non-lubricated aerodynamic pieces and various seals of the first large technology products has increased noticeably. stability of the mass production may, for various mainframe products provide a level of assurance. In addition, hydraulic and pneumatic components of the CAD system, pollution control, proportional servo technology has scored some achievements, and is already in production. Currently, hydraulic, pneumatic and seals products total about 3,000 species, more than 23,000 specifications. Among them, there are 1,200 hydraulic varieties, more than 10,000 specifications (including hydraulic products 60 varieties 500 specifications)； Pneumatic are 1,350 varieties, more than 8,000 specifications； Rubber seal 350 species more than 5,000 specifications have been basically cater to the different types of mainframe products to the general needs, complete sets of equipment for major varieties of matching rate was over 60%, and started a small amount of exports. 1998 pieces of homemade hydraulic output 4.8 million. sales of about 28 billion (of which about 70% mechanical systems)； aerodynamic pieces yield 3.6 million. sales of about 5.5 billion (of which about 60% of mechanical systems)； Seals output of about 800 million. sales of about 10 billion (of which about 50% mechanical systems). According to the China Hydraulic Pneumatic Seals Industry Association 1998 annual report, hydraulic product sales rate of 97. 5% (101% for hydraulic), pneumatic 95.9%, 98.7% sealed. This fully reflects the basic marketing convergence. My hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industry has attained a great deal of progress, but with mainframe development needs, and the worlds advanced level, there are still many gaps, mainly reflected in the product variety, performance and reliability, and so on. Hydraulic products as an example, products abroad only one-third, life for half abroad. In order to meet key mainframe, and mainframe imports of major technology and equipment needs, every year a large number of hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing products imports. According to customs statistics and the analysis of data, in 1998 hydraulic, pneumatic and seals in the import about 200 million U.S. dollars, Hydraulic which about 1.4 billion dollars, aerodynamic nearly 030 million U.S. dollars, sealed about 030 million U.S. dollars. compared with a slight decline in 1997. By sums, currently imported products on the domestic market share of about 30%. 1998 pieces of the domestic market demand for hydraulic total of about six million, the total sales of nearly 40 billion； aerodynamic pieces of the total demand of about 5 million, with sales more than 700 million yuan； Seals total demand of about 1.1 billion. total sales of about 1.3 billion. Third, the development trend of the future 1, affect the development of the main factors (1) product development ability, and the level of technological development and speed can not completely meet the advanced mainframe products, major equipment and technology imported equipment and maintenance support； (2) the number of enterprises manufacturing technology, the level of equipment and management standards are comparatively backward, coupled with a strong sense of quality, resulting in low levels of product performance, quality, Reliability poor services in a timely manner, lack of user satisfaction and trust of the brand-name products； (3) industry specialization of production low, scattered strength, low repeat serious, between regions and enterprises of convergence products, blindly compete with each other, driving down prices, the decline of enterprise returns, lack of funds, liquidity difficulties, product development and technological transformation is inadequate and seriously restricted the industry to improve the overall level of competition and the increase of strength； (4) The internationalization of the domestic market and the increasing degree of foreign companies have entered the Chinese market and participate in competition with the domestic private and cooperative enterprises, individuals, foreign-funded enterprises, such as the rise of state-owned enterprises due to the growing impact. 2, the development trend As the socialist market economy continues to deepen, hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing products in the market supply and demand and there is a greater change, long ago to a shortage of the sellers market has basically become a structural surplus of the characteristics of the buyers market place . Overall capacity, is already in oversupply situation, in particular the general low level of hydraulic, pneumatic and seals, the general oversupply； and the host of urgent high-tech high-parameter, high value-added high-end products, and they do not satisfy the market needs, only dependent on imports. China joins the WTO, its impact may be even greater. Therefore, the 15 during the growth of the output value of industry, must not depend on volume growth and the industry should address the structural problems of their own, increase the intensity of the adjustment of the industrial structure and product mix, is, we should rely on the improvement of quality, and promote technical upgrading of products to meet market demand and stimulating, seek greater development. 附录 B.中文翻译 液压站又称液压泵站，是独立的液压装置。 它按逐级要求供油。并控制液压油流的方向、压力和流量，适用于主机与液压装置可分离的各种液压机械上。 用户购后只要将液压站与主机上的执行机构（油缸或油马达）用油管相连，液压机械即可实现各种规定的动作和工作循环。 液压站是由泵装置、集成块或阀组合、油箱、电气盒组合而成。各部件功能为： 泵装置上装有电机和油泵，是液压站的动力源，将机械能转化为液压油的压力能。 集成块由液压阀及通 道体组装而成。对液压油实行方向、压力和流量调节。 阀组合板式阀装在立板上，板后管连接，与集成块功能相同。 油箱板焊的半封闭容器，上还装有滤油网、空气滤清器等，用来储油、油的冷却及过滤。 电气盒分两种型式。一种设置外接引线的端子板；一种配置了全套控制电器。 液压站的工作原理：电机带动油泵转动，泵从油箱中吸油供油，将机械能转化为液压站的压力能，液压油通过集成块（或阀组合）实现了方向、压力、流量调节后经外接管路并至液压机械的油缸或油马达中，从而控制液动机方向的变换、力量的大小及速度的快慢，推动各种液压 机械做功。 一、发展历程 我国液压（含液力，下同）、气动和密封件工业发展历程，大致可分为三个阶段，即： 20 世纪 50 年代初到 60 年代初为起步阶段； 6070 年代为专业化生产体系成长阶段； 8090 年代为快速发展阶段。其中，液压工业于 50 年代初从机床行业生产仿苏的磨床、拉床、仿形车床等液压传动起步，液压元件由机床厂的液压车间生产，自产自用。进入 60 年代后，液压技术的应用从机床逐渐推广到农业机械和工程机械等领域，原来附属于主机厂的液压车间有的独立出来，成为液压件专业生产厂。到了 60 年代末、 70 年代初，随着生产机械 化的发展，特别是在为第二汽车制造厂等提供高效、自动化设备的带动下，液压元件制造业出现了迅速发展的局面，一批中小企业也成为液压件专业制造厂。 1968 年中国液压元件年产量已接近 20 万件； 1973 年在机床、农机、工程机械等行业，生产液压件的专业厂已发展到 100 余家，年产量超过 100 万件，一个独立的液压件制造业已初步形成。这时，液压件产品已从仿苏产品发展为引进技术与自行设计相结合的产品，压力向中、高压发展，并开发了电液伺服阀及系统，液压应用领域进一步扩大。气动工业的起步比液压稍晚几年，到 1967 年开始建立气动元件专 业厂，气动元件才作为商品生产和销售。含橡塑密封、机械密封和柔性石墨密封的密封件工业， 50 年代初从生产普通 O 型圈、油封等挤压橡塑密封和石棉密封制品起步，到 60 年代初，开始研制生产机械密封和柔性石墨密封等制品。 70 年代，在原燃化部、一机部、农机部所属系统内，一批专业生产厂相继成立，并正式形成行业，为密封件工业的发展成长奠定了基础。 进入 80 年代，在国家改革开放的方针指引下，随着机械工业的发展，基础件滞后于主机的矛盾日益突出，并引起各有关部门的重视。为此，原一机部于1982 年组建了通用基础件工业局，将原有分散在机 床、农业机械、工程机械等行业归口的液压、气动和密封件专业厂，统一划归通用基础件局管理，从而使该行业在规划、投资、引进技术和科研开发等方面得到基础件局的指导和支持。从此进入了快速发展期，先后引进了 60 余项国外先进技术，其中液压 40 余项、气动 7 项，经消化吸收和技术改造，现均已批量生产，并成为行业的主导产品。近年来，行业加大了技术改造力度， 1991-1998 年国家、地方和企业自筹资金总投入共约 20 多亿元，其中液压 16 亿多元。经过技术改造和技术攻关，一批主要企业技术水平进一步提高，工艺装备得到很大改善，为形成高起点 、专业化、批量生产打下了良好基础。近几年，在国家多种所有制共同发展的方针指引下，不同所有制的中小企业迅猛崛起，呈现出勃勃生机。随着国家进一步开放，三资企业迅速发展，对提高行业水平和扩大出口起着重要作用。目前我国已和美国、日本、德国等国著名厂商合资或由外国厂商独资建立了柱塞泵 /马达、行星减速机、转向器、液压控制阀、液压系统、静液压传动装置、液压件铸造、气动控制阀、气缸、气源处理三联件、机械密封、橡塑密封等类产品生产企业 50 多家，引进外资 2 亿多美元。 二、目前状况 (1)基本概况 经过 40 多年的努力，我国液压、 气动和密封件行业已形成了一个门类比较齐全，有一定生产能力和技术水平的工业体系。据 1995 年全国第三次工业普查统计，我国液压、气动和密封件工业乡及乡以上年销售收入在 100 万元以上的国营、村办、私营、合作经营、个体