旅游业共同关心的问题外文翻译

中文 2685 字 本科毕业论文外文翻译 外文题目： Tourism: A Matter of Common Concern 出 处 ： Senckenbergian amaritima Frankfurt am Main, 1998(12):209-212 作 者： E.W.Meiger 原文 Abstract Problems of tourism and recreation in the Wadden Sea are discussed. Special regard is given to land- based activities being in harmony with nature and favoring the protection of environment. The discussion focuses on the trilateral Wadden policy of the conceded European countries. The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. Key words: Trilateral Wadden Sea policy, tourism, land based recreation, adverse effects on nature 1.Why a Common Concern? In the Wadden Sea area people live, work and recreate. Trilateral Wadden policy has been mainly focused on sea- based recreation. But an activity in the Wadden area which also has a direct influence on the dunes, mudflats and tidal areas is land based recreation. Millions of people visit the area each year for leisure. Until now this has been neglected by the international Wadden policy. Because of the influence of and developments in this sector, it is necessary to widen the scope of this policy so that a strategy can be developed for all recreational activities. This implies making intelligent choices. What kind of recreational activities and accommodations fit this nature area? When and where should they take place? What amounts are in harmony with the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions are part of a strategy for conservation of nature and recreation. In 1994, in Leeuwarden, ecological goals were drawn up not only for the tidal area, but also for the beaches and dunes, the salt marshes, the coastline and the rural areas (on the islands and the adjacent areas of the mainland). In addition, it was recognized that the trilateral policy covered a wider area than just the Wadden Sea. loss of natural habitats and the disturbance of flora and fauna as a result of increasing tourism was identified as a cause for cancel. To better understand the influence of land based recreation on the areas natural environment, it is necessary to first consider the situation in the tourism sector. This is mainly based on the experiences obtained by the Dutch Wadden Society in the Dutch Wadden Sea region. 2.A Summary of the Situation I. Since the middle of this century, the Wadden Sea area has been a popular destination for an ever growing number of tourists. Today tourists can choose from a wide range of accommodations: hotels, hiking cabins, apartments, camping sites, bungalows and so on. This development has sparked a lot of building activity; sometimes to replace old buildings, but more often for new building sites. In a number of cases this has been at the cost of dune areas.A first observation: to offer all these visitors a place to sleep more and more space is occupied. Sometimes at the cost of nature and sometimes at the cost of historical buildings or rural landscape. II. But not all visitors to the area stay overnight. On the one hand there are the day tourists to the islands. Especially the islands with a short ferry time and/or low ferry costs ate favorites. On the other hand the different recreational areas along the mainland coastline also attract a large number of day tourists, particularly in Germany. Tourists not only desire a place on the beach in the sun, but also want to walk in the dunes, buy a cup of coffee and have proper transport facilities to and from the area. On the main land side of the ferry dam to Ameland, for example, there ate plans for a second level in the car park on the mainland to offer day tourists extra parking space close to the ferry.A second observation: day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape by facilities, over fulled ashtrays, empty beach chairs and treaded plants, also when the day is over. The short second or third holiday, a midweek break or a day to escape it all, has become reality for many. The quiet and long off-season period is a thing of the past for the local population and nature. The accommodation-branches anticipates this trend by building more and more cabins and bungalows at former camping sites. The lengthening of the holiday season has been encouraged by the development of so-called bad weather facilities like the tropical swimming pool. The result is that walkers and cyclists can be found on the beach or in the dunes as early as March. This can cause problems for migratory and breeding birds. Should the areas important to these birds be closed off to the public earlier in the year? That is against the idea that people should be given as many chances as possible to enjoy nature. So what is more important: undisturbed feelings of liberty or undisturbed nest building?A third observation: lengthening of the holiday season means more disturbance risk to a number of bird species. IV. Recreational activities are no longer limited to a walk breathing the fresh sea air of a healing dip in the water. The current possibilities seem endless, a few examples: parachute jumping, golfing, nature combing, walking on the mudflats, visiting bird colonies, seals, a wagon ride through the dunes and marshes, short aero plane trips, kiting, sunbathing, night-life, cross country cycling and so on.A fourth observation: recreational activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature.The economic aspect of tourism certainly plays a role in the trilateral policy decisions. The weight that this aspect carries in the policymaking process is a choice in itself. But in what terms are we measuring the economic effects, in jobs, in regional income and investments, or in the sustainable use of nature? A fifth observation: economic aspects are part of the discussion about tourism and there is quite some cash flow related to it. 3.Developments and New Trends it When coming up with a strategy for recreational activities is important to consider developments and trends in the sector. 1. Tourism is a growing industry. It is seen as a sector which can provide employment in the near future. And for this reason subsidies are given. That is an attractive proposition, particulary in regions with relatively high unemployment. Many community councils along the Dutch coast have plans to exploit tourism. These vary from building a small bungalow park to a health spa with a beach. Work is already in progress on the islands to improve the quality of accommodation. This requires larger investments and returns. 2. The trend to take a number of short holidays. The same number of over night stays are therefore being shared by more and other visitors and more transport is required. 3. Hotel managers want the same bed occupied more often. The stabilization of the number of beds available (a policy on the Dutch Wadden islands) is therefore certainly not synonymous with a stabilization of recreation volume. 4. The trend towards more active holidays. The activities can range from nature excursions to sport events. This raises the question whether the Wadden nature is seen as a backdrop or as a destination itself. In order to formulate a strategy on tourism we will have to take into account the five observations made. 4.summarize: (I) more and more space is taken by accommodations, improving quality also requires more square meters per tourist; (II) Day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape; (III) Season lengthening means shortening of the undisturbed periods for birds; (IV) Recreation activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature; (V) The tourism related cash flow is on the rise; (VI) A growing number of people visit, know and hopefully appreciate the Wadden Sea area and., disturb each other. The importance of the international Wadden Sea area does not need to be stressed. Nor does the importance of protecting the areas natural development. Joint trilateral goals and targets have already been laid down or are receiving the final touches. Al1 we have to do, is bring about the goals. The trilateral Wadden policy can no longer ignore land based recreational activities; their effects are too far reaching. Dunes, marshes and birds are currently witnessing a loss in territory and an increase in disturbance and damage. The countryside is under attack and new building projects threaten to overshadow the cultural and historical value of the area. And sometimes there ate just too many people around.Its not enough to acknowledge that recreation is important to the area, to declare ah area a national park, to do some zoning or to fix the number of beds. A fundamental consideration is needed. What kind of recreational activates and accommodations fit this nature area? When and where can they take place? What amounts are in harmony with the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions ate the start of a strategy for conservation of nature and sustainable recreation. 5.The Choice of the Dutch Wadden Society The Wadden Sea area offers some very special opportunities for recreation. When people get to know and appreciate an area they are more willing to protect it. And from the perspective of tourism it is nature, the openness, the birds, the unique landscape and the historic cultural values that makes .this area into something singular and special. These are the selling points of the Wadden Sea area on the touristic market. In our view there should be possibilities to experience that specific Wadden Sea nature. This means Wadden nature oriented recreation. But in such a way that it is and continues respecting nature. This is of course something totally different from island hopping by aero plane or a disco party on the beach. What such a choice means from a sustainable and economic perspective is of course an important question. Does it mean more visitor management, more excursion leaders and less disc jockey? More bird watches facilities and wardening and less recreational air traffic and tropical swimming paradises? These aspects definitely need more research. The Dutch Wadden Society has taken initiatives in this direction but we certainly cannot cover this alone.To formulate such a strategy it is vital that there is a complete picture, based on comparable data, of recreation in the international Wadden area. At this moment data are still incomplete. So from our point of view the following steps lead to a strategy for conservation of nature and of sustainable possibilities for recreation:- identify the processes and areas which need extra protection. -identify the unique opportunities the area offers. -identify frictions between existing tourism and nature conservation goals. -select the types of tourism and recreational activities that can be accommodated in harmony with the area and the goals. -make choices regarding: when, where and what amounts. - formulate clear policy goals. - develop indicators to monitor and -execute it Time is ripe to make choices and there are already some hopeful initiatives. In Nord Friesland a Zukunftswerkstatt Tourisms und Umwelt is being drawn up with the aim to elaborate concepts for umbel- und sozialvertrigliche Tourismusentwicklung. The Dutch, German and Danish province and regions along the Wadden Sea started a project to develop a vision on sustainable tourism. The trilateral Wadden policy can encourage these initiatives. In 1997, in State, there should be an acknowledgement of the importance and effects of land based recreation at a trilateral level. It must be possible to develop a common strategy for all tourism and recreation activities in the trilateral Wadden area, particularly in the light of the ecological and landscape goals that have already been agreed on in the past and which also reflect the recreational interests. 译文 旅游业共同关心的问题 摘要 旅游业 协会针对 瓦登海问题进行了讨论 ， 讨论的内容是 关于陆地活动与自然和谐 以及 环境的保护。讨论的重点是 欧洲国家承认 “ 三边瓦登 海” 的 政策。 其中所涉及的国家 包括 荷兰，德国和丹麦。 关键词： 三方瓦登海 政策，旅游，娱乐用地为基础，对大自然有不利影响 一、引言 “ 三方瓦登海政策 ” 使 在瓦登海地区的人们 的生活、 工作和 家庭 重建 等得到了改变 。 “ 三方瓦登海政策 ” 一直主要集中在海上娱乐。 在这个瓦登海 地区 一般都 有 沙丘，滩涂和潮地区 等，这些 自然景观 会影响陆上休闲活动。 瓦登海地区 每年 有 成千上万的 游客来到这 地区 旅游 。由于这个 地区旅游 的影响和发展， 所以 就有必要扩大这一政策的范围，使 这个 策略可 适用于 发展 当地 所有 的 休闲活动。这是一个 明智的决策选择 。 怎 么样的 娱乐活动和住宿 设施 适合这 些 地方？他们应该如何做如何完成这些设施及活动 的建设 ？ 旅游与 自然的和谐， 要 如何 保护呢？这些问题的答案 都是 保护自然和 实现旅游战略发展 的一部分。 1994 年，在 戈登 海 提出的 “ 三方瓦登海政策 ” ， 主要 是 为 这些地 区 制定了生态目标 ， 特别是对 海滩和沙丘，盐沼，海岸线和农村地区（在岛屿和大陆邻近地区 ）。此外，人们认识到三边政策所涵盖的不仅仅是瓦登海更广阔的领域 ，而是为当地的动物群和植物群 的自然栖息地，目的是为了增加旅游的资源。 为了更好地了解 这些政策对 自然环境的影响，首先 必须考虑 当地 旅游部门的情况。 主要是基于 旅游 协会在 瓦登海地区 讨论之后 的经验。 二、具体内容 （一） 形势综述 一 、 自本世纪中叶，瓦登海区已 成 为越来越多的游客 受欢迎的目的地。 如今 ，游客可 以 选择 所需要 的住宿 ，例如： 酒店，登山小 屋，公寓，野营地，平房等。这方面的发展引发了大量的建筑 等相关 活动， 更多的是对新的用地建设 用 以取代旧的建筑物 。而 这 些建筑活动 是 这些 地区的成本 要素之一 。 所以， 越来越多的 开发商占据了这些空间，进行基础设施建设等 。有 的 体现 在大自然 中 ，有 的是 在农村的历史建筑物或 者 景观的成本 中 。 二 、 但并不是所有的游客 到该地区留下来 住宿 。一方面 是因为距离的原因 。特别是 岛屿渡轮 ， 频繁而低价的轮渡是的很多游客选择一日游，所以并不 需要住宿 。在另一方面 ，大陆海岸线不同的休闲区也吸引了 其他 的游客，特别是在德国，其 数目 相当 大 。 游客不仅渴望在阳光下上海滩的地方， 而且 也希望走在沙丘上，买一杯咖啡，有适当的交通设施，并 贯穿整个 地区。例如， 每天 增加的 渡轮 班次 ，在停车场上 ，为 内地游客提供额外的停车位。 三 、 短假期，周 末 休息 已成为许多 人的理想时间 。 长期淡季时期 ，当地环境的安静居民的自然等是些很让游客满意的地方 。 露营场地 小屋和别墅 成为了 越来越多 的 游客的选择 。在假期季节 ， 以及恶劣天气 的发展 趋势 ， 在 沙丘 上出现 步行者 和自由运动者，但 这些人类活动 可能会导致鸟类的迁徙和繁殖 问题。 如果在 每年早些时候对公众 关闭旅游区 ， 那么 对这些鸟类的重要领域 就 会 形成保护 。 但是这是 不现实 的， 因为 人们应该尽可能多的机会享受大自然 ，并进行适当的锻炼等 。而且当地的旅游活动不仅可以增加当地的知名度，提高当地居民的收入，而且可以带了许多就业机会。 所以， 节假日的延长意味着更多的风险， 并 干扰了鸟类物种的数量。 四 、 休闲活动不再局限于 一两种 。 目前 可能 的休闲活动 似乎无穷无尽， 有 跳伞，高尔夫球，走在泥滩，参观鸟殖民地，短期航空飞机旅行，放风筝，日光浴，晚上乘坐马车，越野自行车等。 所以， 休闲活 动 以 自然为本，对大自然 就 有越来越多的不利影响 。 五、 旅游业的经济方面发挥了一定的 作用 ， 这方面 是 在决策过程中进行 的 。但是，在 怎样 条件的经济影响 下 ， 才能实现资源的