外文翻译---日本经济恢复与出口的快速增长的关系

1 中文 3040 字 本科毕业论文外文翻译 外文题目： Japans economic recovery and the relationship between the rapid growth of export 出 处： The Economist 作 者： Hirohisa Fujii 原 文： ABSTRACT Market liberalization and economic growth in an increasingly close relationship. Post-war Japan in the process of gradually opening the market to achieve rapid economic growth. But after the mid-80s, because of Japans structural reform and market opening, and lags behind the international development of its own economic strength requirements of the Japanese economy in the gradual accumulation of contradictions in the development process, leading the economy into long-term depression. Therefore, the establishment of the open market to meet the international system, the Japanese economy will remain a major issue facing future. Keywords: economic growth, open markets in Japan Introduction June 2001, the Japanese government lowered its economic and financial advisory meeting growth target for the Japanese economy is forecast since the beginning of 2001 two or three years, gross domestic product (GDP) real growth rate of 0.5 percent, and with the non-performing loans processing and structural reforms, unemployment will increase by 2 15-20 million people, the Japanese economy is still difficult in the short term expectations of the people toward recovery. So, what exactly is the crux of the Japanese economy? This paper theory from the open market, through the post-war economic growth in the Japanese practice of market liberalization and the analysis of 90 long-term economic downturn since the root of Japan, as well as market liberalization and economic growth within relationship. .market liberalization and economic growth theory Market economy requires not only within a country to be open, but also for the world to achieve open. In the context of todays increasingly global economy, commodity, currency, and information across national boundaries, creating a worldwide market. So, today, they say, is the main market opening their economies with the world economy. When to open their markets, why open the form in which is open to what extent is the country with the formation of the formation of relations of production, and with the changes in the development of this relationship. It can not be out of a countrys economic development, history, culture, political system, ethics and other features. Thus, even if the success of the national market liberalization, it is not through the same path. In a country opening up the market to international competition, the Governments role will be relatively lower, the market mechanism will be strengthened accordingly, from this perspective, market liberalization and market mechanism contains the theory of competition. Since the market economy since its inception, people of the market mechanism, there is always a different view. Adam Smith in his classic The Wealth of Nations, stressed the importance of free competition is the invisible hand, it can be self-regulating economic operation. Increasing national wealth the best way is to give complete freedom of economic activities. State intervention in economic life tend to impede the role play to limit the normal operation of the market system, damage the interests of consumers. Governments obligation should be mainly to protect society, to protect everyone in the community, so inviolable, construction and maintenance of some public utilities and facilities. The founder of classical school of economics new Marshall in his Principles of Economics, a book in a free competitive market economy for the assumptions and conditions, emphasizing the basic ideas of economic liberalism, the laissez-faire, the state intervention in economic life that as is the ideal policy. Can be seen that the classical school and the new classical school of 3 economists found that the free market economy mechanism of effectiveness, but these theories are based on imperfect competition and improve the market conditions on the assumption that Shenhua. Economic liberalism in the West dominated economics for 100 years until the 20th century, 30 years before giving way to Keyness economic interventionism. Keynesians argued that the Government must take fiscal measures to stimulate consumption and increase investment, to make up for lack of effective demand of free markets. This theory has been in the 70 years before the mainstream position. II. the post-war growth of the market opening on the role of the Japanese economy Practice has proved that if a country took the path of development of market economy, international trade has become inevitable. Therefore, the foreign trade of a country opening up usually constitute the first level. With the expansion of foreign trade, international investment continues to increase, constitute the opening of the second level. On this basis, and gradually formed a multi-level market opening pattern. Early postwar period, Japans political, economic and social fields implemented a series of democratic reforms, started by the wartime control by the government-led economy to a market economic system changes. In 1949, Japan implemented a fixed exchange rate system, the development of civil direct trade, the Japanese economy began to international markets. August 1952, Japan joined the International Monetary Fund (IM F) and the World Bank. September 1955, Japan joined the GATT (GA TT), gradually increasing contact with the world. At that time, the international competitiveness of Japanese products is weak, the balance of payments deficit year after year, for the protection of the domestic economy in exchange for foreign exchange, the government adopted a strict protection of the revitalization of trade and positive export policy. Capital flows in 1949 formulated the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law, the important is to limit capital flight, to avoid balance of payments deteriorated. Meanwhile, in order to prevent foreign investment in the formation of the domestic market for domestic enterprises dominated government has strict restrictions on foreign investment, regulations must be reviewed individually by the MITI. These policy measures effectively protect the domestic market, cultivating a reserve force major industries to ensure that the development of the domestic 4 economy badly needed imports of raw materials and technical equipment, and expand the main exports. However, on the other hand, it makes one-sided expansion of export trade of Japan is deeply rooted in ideology among the Japanese economy, Japans foreign trade and for the subsequent further development of the economy to stay hidden. 60 years later, the Japanese economys external dependence on continuous improvement of its business strength has been greatly enhanced, this time showing the world trade liberalization tendencies of some countries started demanding that Japan open its domestic market. In this situation, the Japanese have to bear their responsibilities to be performed, the implementation of liberalization. In 1960, the Japanese government promulgated the Outline of trade and foreign exchange liberalization, clearly the basic principles of liberalization and promote the process, and began to gradually open its domestic commodity markets. Japans import liberalization very quickly, in 1960 the import liberalization ratio of about 40% to 88% in 1962 to 94% in 1974. on the opening of capital markets, Japan, Trade and foreign exchange liberalization plan outline provides, in principle, be achieved within two years of regular trade liberalization, liberalization of capital transactions often depends on the progress of trade liberalization in the line to to prevent adverse impact on domestic economic development. In 1964, Japan became the IM F Article 8 Member States. Member States must bear the abolition of foreign exchange restrictions, the implementation of convertibility of its currency and other obligations. In the same year, Japan joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (O ECD), its transition to a free economic system has provided preconditions. But, in fact, the liberalization of capital markets in Japan to really put on the agenda in the late 60s. 1967-1973, the Japanese government has announced the implementation of capital liberalization program 5 times, and gradually relax the access restrictions on foreign investment, increase access to trade and foreign investment ratio. Affected by this promotion, the year 1970, foreign direct investment in Japan exceeded 1 billion U.S. dollars ($ 114,000,000). In 1978, foreign direct investment in Japan amounted to 2.2 billion. To the end of 1980, except agriculture, forestry fisheries, mining, oil industry, leather products outside Japan, other industries have implemented the opening to foreign capital. In the continuous implementation of the liberalization of capital projects, the Japanese government to relax its foreign investment enterprises continue to limit and simplify the approval procedures for domestic enterprises to 5 invest abroad to create conditions. In 1978, the balance of Japanese foreign direct investment reached 26.8 billion U.S. dollars, equivalent to the year the balance of foreign direct investment to Japan 12 times. This also can be seen in terms of foreign trade in Japan or in terms of investment, are due to enter, to a certain extent reflect the relatively closed Japanese market and open the one-way. Into 80 years later, the transnational flow of factors of production more and more frequent, international competition, many countries and regions have carried out reforms to increase the scope and intensity of market opening. In this situation, and domestic and international pressure, Japan is also implemented in various fields and open markets, promote competition reform measures, such as the national railway, telecommunications, aviation, electricity and other fields gradually introduce competition and reduce government intervention and improve the free market degree; in trade, finance and other fields to adjust policies to further open markets. The growing competitiveness of Japanese products, rapid export growth, external trade surplus remained, Japan and European and American countries trade friction between the frequency of, in addition to European and American economy began to show regional trends in Japans foreign trade development had to seek new way to change its international isolation in the economic and social. The mid-80s, Japan will revitalize the Foreign Trade Policy from the original export, free imports, adjusted to the controlled expansion of exports, encourage the expansion of imports, such as import restrictions to reduce the types of goods, lower tariffs on imported goods, simplify import procedures, and expand import quotas and other measures to strengthen international coordination. The open market policy measures in Japan, its a great role in economic development. First of all, to promote the post-war Japans rapid economic growth. Take full advantage of open markets not only its own resources, but also greater use of global resources, on the basis of comparative advantage and improve resource allocation efficiency, promote the industry and the growth of overall economic strength. Growth in economic strength, and boosting their economies to withstand force and resilience, to better prevent foreign products on the domestic market and the impact of employment, and absorb domestic product, create jobs, and thus guarantee the smooth progress of opening up. Japans postwar high economic growth, it is accompanied by the gradual opening of the market achieved. The process of 6 market liberalization, Japan has been implementing the principle that different stages of industrial development according to the production status of selective opening, the opening up of any industry must be conducive to the interests of related industries and the improvement of the entire national economy. Meanwhile, the Government also used legal, fiscal, And many other means of financial regulation and intervention, as enacted in 1949, Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law is the post-war Japanese government management of economic activities is an important legal basis. 7 译 文： 日本经济恢复与出口的快速增长的关系 摘 要 市场的开放和经济增长的关系越来越紧密。战后日本市场在 逐渐的开放中实现了快速的经济增长。但 80 年代中期以后 ， 因为日本结构上的一些改革和市场开放落后于国际化和其自身经济实力发展的要求 ， 日本经济在发展过程中逐渐积累矛盾 ， 最终导致经济陷入长期萧条。因此 ， 建立适应国际化的市场开放制度，将是日本经济今后面临的一个主要问题。 引 言 2001 年 6（都要新弱马）月 ， 日本政府在经济财政咨询会议上提出要降低日本经济增长目标 ， 预测从 2001 年开始的两三年里，日本国内生产总值实际增长率会是0.5%。 同时，处理不良债权和改革结构 ， 失业人口将会增加 15-20 万人 ， 日本经济还是很难在短期内恢复到大家的期望。那么 ， 日本经济的关键在于哪里呢 ?本文从市场开放理论出发 ， 通过分析战后日本经济增长 ， 讨论了 90 年代日本经济长时间萧条的原因 ， 和市场开放与经济增长的内在关系。 一、市场开放与经济增长的理论 市场经济不但要求一个国家实行开放 ， 同时要求在世界范围内实现开放。在现在的经济日趋全球化下 ， 商品、货币、信息等跨越国界 ， 形成了一个世界范围的市场。所以 大家现在说的市场开放主要是讲本国经济与世界经济接轨。什么时候开放本国市场、为什么开放、以什么样的形式开放、开放到哪种程度 ， 都是随着这 个国家生产关系的形成而形成的 ， 并随着这个关系的发展而变化。它不能脱离一个国家的经济发展、历史文化、政治制度、伦理道德等特征。所以 ， 即使是市场开放得到成功的国家 ， 也不一定是由同一条道路走来的。 在一个国家开放市场、参加国际性的竞争过程中 ， 政府的作用会适当减小 ， 市场机制也会相应的增加。从这个方面来看 ， 市场开放包括竞争和市场机制的理论。从市 8 场经济成立到现在 ， 人们对市场机制一直存在着很多不同的看法。亚当斯密在他的国富论中 ， 说明了自由竞争的重要性，它可以自由地调节经济的运行。不断增加国民财富的最好办法就是给经济 活动一个完全自由的环境。国家干预经济活动经常会来阻碍经济发展，限制市场体系的运行 ， 损害消费者的利益。政府的义务应该主要是保护社会 ， 保护社会上的每一个人不受侵犯 ， 并建设和维护一些公共事业和设施。新古典经济学派的创始人马歇尔在经济学原理中说到 ， 在自由竞争的市场经济的假定下 ， 强调了经济自由主义的观点 ， 将自由放纵、国家不干涉经济活动想成是理想的政策。古典学派和新古典学派的经济学家发现了自由市场经济运行机制的有效性 ， 但这些观点是建立在完全竞争和完善市场神话的条件上。经济自由主义在西方经济学中占统治地位长达 100 多 年 ， 到 20 世纪 30 年代才被凯恩斯的经济干预主义给替代。凯恩斯学派认为政府必须采取财政措施来扩大消费和增加投资来弥补自由市场需求的不足。这种理论在 70 年代以前一直处于主导地位。 二、战后市场开放对日本经济增长的作用 实践得出，一个国家能走上市场经济的发展道路 ， 就一定能开展国际贸易。所以对外贸易是构成一个国家对外开放的第一个层次。对外贸易的展开 ， 国际投资不断的增加 ， 是对外开放的第二个层次，从而逐步形成全方位、多层次的市场开放格局。 战后初期 ， 日本在政治、经济、社会等方面实施了一系列的民主改革 ， 开始由战时统制经济 向政府主导的市场经济体制转变。 1949 年 ， 日本实行了固定的汇率制度 ，发展民间直接贸易 ， 日本经济开始走向国际市场。 1952 年 8 月 ， 日本参加了国际货币基金组织 (IMF)和世界银行。 1955 年 9 月 ， 日本加入关贸总协定 (GATT)， 与世界的联系逐渐增多。因为那个时候日本产品的国际竞争力很弱 ， 国际收支几年下来都出现逆差 ，为保护国内经济、换取外汇 ， 政府采取了严格的保护贸易和积极的振兴出口政策。在资本流动上 ， 1949 年制定了外汇及外贸管理法 ， 主要内容是控制资本外流 ， 避免国际收支恶化。为了防止外国资本进入国内市场对本 国企业形成控制 ， 政府对外国资本进入也实行严格限制 ， 规定必须由国际贸易和工业部来审查。这些政策措施保护了本国市场 ， 培育了主要产业的后续力量 ， 保证了发展国内经济急需的原材料和技术设备进口 ， 扩大了主要产品的出口。但是 ， 另外一方面它使日本片面扩大出口的贸易思想深深植根到日本经济之中 ， 为以后日本对外贸易和经济的发展留下了隐患。 60 年代以后 ， 日本经济对外依赖不断提高 ， 本国企业实力大大增强 ， 这个时候世界贸易