外文翻译---对暴露于天然和人工紫外线辐射的工人的防护纺织品_第1页
外文翻译---对暴露于天然和人工紫外线辐射的工人的防护纺织品_第2页
外文翻译---对暴露于天然和人工紫外线辐射的工人的防护纺织品_第3页
外文翻译---对暴露于天然和人工紫外线辐射的工人的防护纺织品_第4页
外文翻译---对暴露于天然和人工紫外线辐射的工人的防护纺织品_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩4页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

1 对 暴露于天然和人工紫外线辐射的工人 的 防护 纺织品 简介 : 紫外线辐射对人类的 有一些益处 ,但摄入过量可能会导致许多健康的负面影响,对皮肤和眼睛有 害 ,还可以影响免疫系统。生物效应 : 通过吸收辐射。紫外线辐射诱导生物组织 发生 光化学反应 , 发生职业 伤害的紫外线危害可以是 暴露于自然和人工紫外线辐射光源。接触限值( ELVs) 显示 ,几乎所有的人可能会 有 反复无急性 的表现 。新的 标准在 健康和安全方面对工人有 要求 , 暴露风险(人造光辐射)的措施保护与 非常必要 。但是,并没有强 制性的紫外线暴露限制值 。接触的自然和人工紫外线的差异 在于 光谱特征 、 辐射强度和暴露时间。太阳辐射的紫外线范围介于 290 和 400 纳米之间的最大辐射 290 到 310 纳米。自然紫外线强度水平取决于地理位置,海拔高度,一年的时间 内平均 云层和大气传输特性的时间 。 聚乳酸 (PLA)纤维不含芳香环 , 紫外线吸收率低、透过率高 , 具有很好的抗紫外线老化性能。但对于白色和浅色 PLA 纺织品而言 , 紫外线的透过率较高 , 有损人体健康。日本长濑有色化学株式会社近年推出了与染色配套使用的 PLA 纤维专用紫外吸收剂 DenaPLA UV Cut-terNH, 除了能赋予 PLA 纺织品很好的防护紫外功能外 , 还能提高其上 分散染料的耐光牢度。此外 , KMogi 等人采用涤纶用的苯并三唑型紫外吸收剂对 PLA 织物于 100浸渍处理 ,发现该紫外吸收剂能将 270380 nm 波段紫外线的透过率降低到极低数值 , 同时还有助于改善部分偶氮分散染料的耐光牢度。目前 , 有关涤纶织物紫外线防护整理和紫外线吸收收剂整理的研究已有大量文献报道 , 但对 PLA 织物的相关报道极少。笔者采用亨斯迈纺织染化有限公司生产的涤纶用紫外线吸收剂 CibafastP 对 PLA 纤维针织物进行紫外线防护整理 , 讨论了CibafastP 及其整理织物的紫外线吸收和透过特性 , 重点研究紫外线 吸收剂用量、整理温度和时间对其在纤维上吸附量的影响 , 分析了紫外线吸收剂在纤维上的吸附量与紫外防护因子之间的关系 , 并对紫外线吸收剂在 PLA 纤维上的吸附规律进行了探讨。 试验 : 试验材料 织物 9. 74 tex 2(60S 2)PLA 纤维单面针织物 ; 涤纶织物 (染色牢度测试用标准聚酯白布 )。 PLA 针织物的前处理条件 平平加 O 0. 5 g/L、碳酸氢钠 1 g/L,浴比 1 50, 60处理 45 min。试剂 紫外线吸收剂 CibafastP(微黄色粘稠状产品 , 其稀释液的平均粒径为 0. 37 m); 氯仿、醋酸、醋酸钠、碳 酸氢钠 (均为分析纯 )。 紫外线吸收剂处理方法在 StarletDL-600 型红外线染色打样机中进行织物紫外线吸收剂处理。基本处方和工艺 Cibafast Px% (owf), 采用醋酸 /醋酸钠调节 pH 值至 5, 浴比 140。 30开始处理 , 以 2 /min 的速度升温至 110 , 保温 40 min; 之后 , 以 2 /min 降温至 70 , 取样 , 然后冷水洗、 60水洗 10 min、冷水洗、晾干。 测试方法 : 紫外线透过率及 UPF的测定织物的紫外线透过率 (T% )和紫外线防护因子 (UPF)在 LabsphereUV-1000F 纺织品 紫外防护因子测试仪 (Labsphere 公司 )上测定 , 采用 UPF 指数评判织物抗紫外线性能。 纤维上紫外线吸收剂含量的测定 : 紫外线吸收剂 CibafastP 在 PLA 纤维上的吸收量采用溶解法测定。采用氯仿室温溶解经紫外线吸收剂处理的试样 , 所得溶解液在最大吸收波长(278 nm)下 , 用 ShimadzuUV-2550 紫外可见光分光光度计测定吸光度 , 紫外线吸收剂在氯仿溶液中 的紫外吸收光谱曲线所示。 标准工作曲线确定溶解液中紫外线吸收剂浓度 , 最后计算每克纤维上吸附的紫外线吸收剂质量 (Cf)。处理液中紫外吸收剂的残留浓度 (Cs)和吸尽率根据原始用量与在纤维上吸附量之差计算。 在氯仿溶液中 , CibafastP 在紫外区有两个吸收峰 , 其最大吸收波长分别为 278 nm 和310 nm。虽然本项目未测定 CibafastP 在 PLA 纤维上的紫外吸收光谱曲线 , 但其在 PLA 纤维上与氯仿溶液中的紫外吸收光谱相差不会很大 , 可以认为 PLA 纤维上的 CibafastP 对260330 nm 波段的紫外线 (包括 UV-B)具有良好的吸收性能。经 CibafastP 整理后的 PLA 织 2 物 , 紫外线透过率明显下降 , UPF 指数明显增加 ; 且随着 PLA 针织物的紫外线防护整理印 染(2007 No. 16) CibafastP 用量增加 , 紫外线透过率下降程度越大。试验表明 , CibafastP对 PLA 织物具有较好的紫外线防护性能 , 能更有效地防止 UV-B 透过 , 这与其对 260330 nm的紫外线具有很好的吸收性能是一致的。 (1)紫外吸收剂 CibafastP 对 260330 nm 波段的紫外线具有良好的吸收性能 , 能有效防止 UV-B 透过 PLA 织物。随着 CibafastP 用量增加和浸渍处理温度升高 , 其在 PLA 纤维上的吸附量增加 , 导致 PLA 织物 UPF 指数的增加 , 且与 CibafastP 吸附量存在很好 的线性关系。但 Cibafast P 在 PLA 纤维上的提升性能有限 , 当用量超过 2%后 , 再增加用量 , 效果不明显。 (2)低于 100时 , CibafastP 在 PLA 纤维上的吸附速度很慢、吸附量低 ; 超过 100后 , Cibafast P 在 PLA 纤维上的吸附速度明显加快 , 吸附量明显增加 , 且在 110保温时 , 吸附量仍随着保温时间延长而明显增加。因此 , 在使用时 , 应采用 110保温处理。 (3)CibafastP 在 PLA 纤维上的吸附符合 Langmuir 模型 , 存在饱和吸附值 , 其在高温下的吸附饱和值和 Langmuir 吸收常数均比 低温下的高。 3 美国政府及工业卫生协会标准 的工作场所物理因素 阈限值 概述 ACGIH 发布的物理因素 TLVs 包括 : (1) 声学 , 包括次声、低频声、噪声和超声 ; (2) 人类工效学 , 包括工作相关的肌肉骨骼疾病、手部活动水平、提举、手臂 (局部 ) 振动和全身振动 ; (3) 激光 ; (4) 非电离辐射 , 包括静磁场、亚射频 (30 千赫及以下 ) 磁场、亚射频 (30 千赫及以下 ) 电场及静电场、射频和微波辐射、可见光和近红外辐射、紫外辐射 ; (5) 热应激 , 包括冷应激、热应激和热应激反应。 1 工作场所有关的物理因素 TLVs,像其他 TLVs 一样 , 在物理因素 TLVs 接触水平和接触条件下 , 几乎所有的健康劳动者每日反复接触 , 不引起不良健康效应。 物理因素作用的靶器官和健康效应根据其性质有很大不同 , TLVs 不是单纯的数字 , 而是整合了物理因素的测量参数和对劳动者的作用。由于物理因素种类繁多 , 涉及多个科学领域、检测技术和仪器设备 , 所以 , 尤为重要的是物理因素 TLVs 只适合由经过相应的测量和评价技术培训和有经验的专业人员使用。鉴于一些物理因素 TLVs 十分复杂 , 在应 用时应查阅最新的物理因素 TLVs 基准文件。 由于个体易感性的差异性很大 , 机体接触等于甚至小于 TLV 的物理因素后便可能导致烦燥 (annoyance) , 使原有病情恶化 , 偶尔也可能造成生理性损害。由于多种因素的影响 ,诸如遗传易感性、年龄、个人习惯 (如吸烟、饮酒或药物滥用 ) 、服药、既往或同时接触多种因素等 , 某些个体也可能对工作场所中的一些物理因素高度易感或产生异常反应。这些劳动者在接触某种等于或小于 TLV 的物理因素时 , 可能不足以避免不良健康效应。这类劳动者所需的额外保护的程度应由职业病医师评估。 物理因素 TLVs 是根据工业实践、人和动物实验研究的现有信息制定的。可能时综合上述 3 方面资料制定。这些限值用于职业卫生实践 , 只应由在此学科中训练有素的人解释和使用。它们不用于或变通用于 :1) 社区物理因素水平的评价或控制 , 2) 现有机体物理失能的证明或证伪。 ACGIH 根据现有的新信息每年对这些阈限值进行审查以决定修订或增补。 ACGIH 定期审查与物理因素致突变、致癌、致不良生殖效应及其他健康效应有关的资料。征求附有详实数据的意见 , 意见应以经过同行评议的文献形式寄至 ACGIH 科学小组 (science acgih. org) 2 预期变更公告 ,每年 , ACGIH 以“预期变更公告” (NIC) 的形式发布下一年度活动建议。这些物理因素及其相应值包括 : (1) 第一次建议的限值 (如 NIE) ; (2) 对已采纳值的变更建议 ; (3) 建议作为 NIC 保留 ; (4) 建议撤销基准文件和已采纳的 TLV。在上述每种情况下 , 当建议值在 NICPNIE 期间 , 都被认为是试行限值。这些建议由 ACGIH 理事会批准 , 批准后的 TLV 值在 NICsPNIEs 上保留约一年的时间。在这一年中 , 委员会如果没有发现或收到任何关于变更 NICPNIE 中 TLV 的科学观点的详实数据 , 委员会随即同意将其推荐给 ACGIH 理事会采纳。如果委员会发现或收到任何关于变更 NIC 中 TLV 的科学观点的详实数据 , 委员会可以向 ACGIH 理事会提出变更建议 , 在 NIC 中保留或撤销。 每种物理因素及其建议值均有其基准文件。公告为建议值提供了一个评论的机会。意见或建议应附有详实证据 , 并以同行评议文献的形式邮寄 , 最好是以电子版本发送至 ACGIH 科学小组 (science acgih. org) 。为获得 ACGIH 关于此程序和方法及接收意见截止日期的详细论述 , 请登录 ACGIH 网站 ( http :PPwww. acgih. orgPTLVPDevProcess.htm)“ ACGIH 的 TLVPBEI 制定过程”。 3 有关物理因素 TLVs 的分类物理因素的 TLVs 包括 : (1) 阈限值 2 时间加权平均值(TLV2TWA) , 适合于 8h 工作日、 40h 工作周的时间加权平均接触 ; (2) 阈限值 2 上限值(TLV2C) , 即瞬间都不能超过的接触限值。 4 4 物理因素的致癌性物理因素阈限值 (TLV2PA) 委员会建议必要时采纳由化学物质阈限值委员会制定的致癌性分类。 5 物理因素和化学因素的关系工作场所中物理因素的联合作用 , 以及物理因素和化学物质的交互作用 , 可能增加机体的应激 (stress) 以至于改变机体在 TLV 水平接触的效应。产生联合作用的物理因素包括热、紫外线和电离辐射、湿度、异常气压 (海拔高度 ) 及其他物理因素。这种应激可能增强机体对外源物质的不良毒性反应。虽然大多数 TLVs 包含一些不确定因素以预防正常作业场所中等偏移所产生的不良健康效应 , 但对于大多数接触来说 ,不确定因素还未达到能抵消总偏离的程度。在这种情况下 , 是否应适宜地调整 TLVs 必须由资深的专业人 员来进行判断。 6 物理因素相关 TLVs 简介 每种物理因素的 TLVs 依据的健康效应不同 , 概述如下。 6.1 声学 TLVs 声学 TLVs 包括次声、低频声、噪声和超声的 TLVs。次声和低频声 TLVs 表示几乎所有劳动者反复接触不引起听力以外的不良健康效应的水平 ; 噪声 TLVs 指几乎所有劳动者反复接触不引起听力或正常语言理解力有害效应的声压级和接触持续时间 ; 超声 TLVs 指几乎所有劳动者反复接触不引起听力或正常语言理解力有害效应的条件。 6.2 人类工效学相关物理因素的 TLVs 人类工效学 TLVs 包 括手部活动水平、提举、手臂 (局部 ) 振动和全身振动的 TLVs。手部活动水平的 TLVs 代表了几乎所有劳动者反复接触不引起不良健康效应的条件 ; 提举 TLVs 建议了工作场所提举的条件 , 在此条件下 , 几乎所有劳动者可以每日重复接触也不产生与反复提举作业相关的腰背和肩部疾病 ; 手臂 (局部 ) 振动 TLVs 指轴向加速度分量水平和接触持续时间 , 在这种条件下 , 几乎所有劳动者可以反复接触而不会发展为超过斯德哥尔摩会议分类系统中第一期的振动性白指 ( vibration2induced whitefinger , VWF) , 也 称职业性雷诺现象 ( Raynaud sphenomenon of occupational origin) ; 全身振动 TLVs 指机械性全身振动 (WBV) 轴向加速度分量均方根值的大小和持续时间 , 在该条件下 , 几乎所有劳动者可以反复接触 , 但所引起背痛、背部不良健康效应以及不能正常驾驶车辆的风险最小。 激光辐射 TLVs 是指几乎所有劳动者可以反复接触而不引起不良健康效应的接触水平。 6.3 热应激 TLVs 热应激 TLVs 包括冷应激 TLVs 以及热应激和热应激反应的 TLVs。冷应激 TLVs 旨在保护劳动者免受 冷应激 (体温过低 ) 导致的最严重的效应和冷损伤 , 并描述了几乎所有劳动者可以反复接触而不引起不良健康效应的寒冷作业条件 ; 热应激和热应激反应 TLVs 则阐述了几乎所有适量饮水的、未用药的、健康的劳动者可以反复接触而不引起不良健康效应的条件。 5 UV protective textile clothing for workers exposed to natural and artificial UV radiation INTRODUCTION Some amounts of ultraviolet radiation are beneficial for humans but excessive exposure can cause many negative health effects to the skin and eyes and also can affect the immune system. Biological effects can be induced only by absorbed radiation. Ultraviolet radiation induces photochemical reactions in biological tissues. Occupational exposure to UVR occurs both from natural and artificial sources. Exposure limit values (ELVs) represent conditions under which it is expected that nearly all individuals may be repeatedly exposed without acute adverse effects and based upon best available evidence, without noticeable risk of delayed effects. New individual Directive 2006/25/EC of the European Parliament and the Council on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to risks arising from physical agents (artificial optical radiation) concerns measures protecting workers from the risks associated with artificial optical radiation. But there are no obligatory exposure limits values for natural UV. There are differences between exposure to the natural and artificial UV. They concern the spectral characteristic, intensities of radiation and duration of exposure. Solar radiation from the UV range is between 290 nm and 400 nm with the maximum irradiance between 290-310 nm. The level of natural UV intensities depends on geographical location, altitude, the time of the year, time of the day, cloud cover and the transmission properties of the atmosphere. Occupational exposure to natural UV concern outdoor workers, which constitute much more bigger group then workers exposed to artificial sources of UV. The time of exposure is also much longer then workers exposed to artificial UVR. Artificial sources of UVR emit a spectrum of radiation with characteristics specific to each source. The risk to health from artificial sources can be much higher those from natural UV because levels of UV may be highe and may include harmful wavelengths (from UVB and UVC region), normally filtered by the earths atmosphere. Industrial sources are generally enclosed but accidental exposure can occur. The general role for protection against overexposure to UVR is a combination of three control measures: minimization of exposure time, maximization of the distance from the source, and shielding against radiation. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is one of the form of shielding against radiation. They should be used there where other control measures do not provide the adequate protection of worker. Exposed area of skin should be covered by working clothes with low UVR transmission. It concerns both exposure to natural UV or prolonged exposure to artificial UV. This article presents some aspects of UV protective textile clothing for workers exposed to natural and artificial UV radiation. II. CRITERIA FOR HEALTH HAZARDEVALUATIONARISING FROM ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION Studies of the of the spectral effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation for a specified harmful health effects were the base of determination the criteria for health hazard evaluation and exposure limit values by different national and international organizations. There are different relative spectral effectiveness (action spectrum) of ultraviolet radiation, for a specified biological response. The normalized action spectrum is the wavelength dependence of the dose of monochromatic radiation 6 required to induce a certain biological response, commonly normalized to “1: at the wavelength of the “maximum action”, i.e. where the smallest dose suffices to induce the required effect (Slaney, 2007). The examples of relative spectral effectiveness of UVR are: the erythema action spectrum - relative spectral effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation to produce erythema in human skin (i.e. reddening of the skin as in sunburn) ( CIE 125, 1997) Photokeratitis action spectra - relative spectral effectiveness of UVR for an inflammation of the cornea following overexposure to ultraviolet radiation with a peak at 288 nm (CIE 106, 1993) Photoconjunctivitis action spectra - relative spectral effectiveness of UVR for an inflammation of the conjunctiva following overexposure to ultraviolet radiation with a peak at 260 nm(CIE 106, 1993) Action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis (nonmelanoma skin cancer) - relative spectral effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation to cause of non melanoma skin cancer with a peak at 299 nm (CIE 138,) Germicidal action spectrum - effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation to cause the inactivation of microorganisms in water, air and on surfaces, with peak value at 257 nm (PN-T-06588: 1979) Vitamin D3 action spectra effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation to produce vitamin D3 in the human skin, with peak value at 296 nm (PN-T-06588: 1979) or at 298 nm (CIE 2006) Actinic action spectra actinic relative spectral effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation to cause skin and eye adverse effects like: conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis, erythema, skin burns, skin cancer (Directive 2006/26 EC, ICNIRP 1987); this spectral effectiveness applies only for UVR emitted by artificial sources The fundamental criterion of health hazard evaluation arising from artificial ultraviolet radiation is to avoid: the cornea and conjunctiva inflammation, cataract, erythema, skin photoaging and skin cancers. For this reason the following parameters are determined within an 8 hours period (for calculations - total exposure duration within 8 hours) effective radiant exposure in the spectral region 180-400 nm (spectrally weighted by S() actinic relative spectral effectiveness of UVR see figure 1) incident upon unprotected skin and eye; radiant exposure (unweighted) in the spectral region 315-400 nm incident upon unprotected eye. 7 Physical factors in the workplace ACGIH TLVs Overview ACGIH TLVs issued by physical factors include: (1) acoustics, including infrasound, low frequency sound, noise and ultrasound; (2) ergonomics, including work-related musculoskeletal disorders, hand activity, lifting, arm (local ) vibration and whole body vibration; (3) laser; (4) non-ionizing radiation, including the static magnetic field, sub-radiofrequency (30 kHz and below) the magnetic field, sub-radiofrequency (30 kHz and below) electric field and electrostatic field, radio frequency and microwave radiation, visible light and near infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation; (5), heat stress, including cold stress, heat stress and heat stress. A workplace-related physical factors TLVs Like other TLVs, as in the physical factors TLVs exposure levels and exposure conditions, almost all health workers daily repeated exposure, do not cause adverse health effects. The role of physical factors and health effects of target organs are very different by their nature, TLVs is not a simple figure, but integration of the physical factors measured parameters and the role of workers. Because a wide variety of physical factors, involving multiple fields of science, detection technology and equipment, so, it is particularly important for the physical factors TLVs only after the appropriate measurement and evaluation of technical training and experienced professionals. View of the complexity of some physical factors TLVs in the application of physical factors should be access to the latest reference file TLVs. Due to individual differences in susceptibility great body is equal to or less than the TLV exposure to physical factors that may cause irritability after (annoyance), so that the original condition deteriorated and, occasionally, may cause physiological damage. Due to a variety of factors, such as genetic predisposition, age, personal habits (such as smoking, alcohol or drug abuse), medication, previous or simultaneous exposure to a variety of factors, some individuals may also have some of the workplace highly susceptible to physical factors or an abnormal response. The workers in contact with a equal to or less than the TLV of the physical factors, may not be sufficient to avoid adverse health effects. These workers the additional level of protection required by the occupational physician assessment. TLVs are based on physical factors of industrial practice, the existing animal studies and information developed. Possible to develop comprehensive information on the above three aspects. These limits for occupational health practice should only be trained in the disciplines explain and use. They are not used or adapted for use: 1) the level of physical factors in the evaluation of the community or control, 2) the body of existing evidence of physical disability or falsification. ACGIH new information based on the existing annual review of these threshold values to determine the amendments or additions. Periodic review and physical factors ACGIH mutagenic, carcinogenic, cause adverse reproductive effects and other health effects of the relevant information. Solicit the views of the data with a detailed, comments should be peer-reviewed scientific literature in the form sent to ACGIH group (science acgih. Org) Expected Change Notice 2 Year, ACGIH to change the announcement is expected (NIC) released the following year in the form of suggestions for activities. And the corresponding values of these physical factors include: (1) first recommended limits (such as NIE); (2) has adopted the value of the proposed changes; (3) proposed as a NIC reserves; (4) proposed to remove reference documents and has adopted the TLV. In each case, when the suggested value in NICPNIE during the trial limit is considered. These 8 recommendations approved by the ACGIH Board approved TLV value NICsPNIEs after about a year to keep the time. During the year, if the Commission did not find or receive any change in TLV NICPNIE view detailed scientific data, the Committee then agreed to recommend to Council the adoption of ACGIH. If the Commission found or received any change in TLV NIC detailed data in the scientific point of view, the Commission may make changes to the ACGIH Board recommendation to retain or remove the NIC. Physical factors and the recommended value of each has its base file. Notice for the proposed value of the opportunity to provide a comment. Comments or suggestions should be accompanied by detailed evidence, and peer-reviewed literature in the form of mail, preferably in electronic version sent to the ACGIH scientific group (science acgih. Org). For ACGIH procedures and methods on the closing date and received a detailed discussion comments, please visit the ACGIH Web site (http: PPwww. Acgih. OrgPTLVPDevProcess.htm) ACGIHs TLVPBEI making process. 3, the classification of the relevant physical factors TLVs TLVs physical factors include: (1) time-weighted average threshold limit value 2 (TLV2TWA), suitable for 8h days, 40h working week time-weighted average exposure; (2) Threshold Limit Value 2 upper limit (TLV2C), that moment can not exceed the exposure limits. Physical factors of the carcinogenic 4 physical factors TLV (TLV2PA) The Committee recommended the adoption of necessary threshold level by the chemical carcinogen classification established by the Committee. 5 physical factors and chemical factors in the workplace between the combined effects of physical factors, and physical factors and chemical interactions that may increase the bodys stress (stress) that changed the level of contact with the body effect in the TLV. Produce the joint effect of physical factors such as heat, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, humidity, abnormal pressure (altitude) and other physical factors. This stress may enhance the bodys external source material adverse toxicity. Although most of the TLVs contains a number of uncertainties in order to prevent middle-offset normal workplace adverse health effects, but for most of the contacts, the uncertainty has not yet reached the extent to offset the total deviation. In this case, should be appropriate to adjust the TLVs by experienced professionals

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论