[英语考试]新版雅思阅读技巧和方法

雅思阅读考试方法与技巧-田杨,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,Chapter OneREADING STRATEGIES AND SKILLSThis course will give you the opportunity to develop and practice reading strategies and skills which can be applied to all forms of IELTS tests. The strategies and skills you will practice are as follows:,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,1.Predicting2.Skimming3.Scanning4.Detailed reading5.Guessing unknown words6.Understanding main ideas7.Inferring8.Understanding text organization9.Assessing a writers purpose10.Evaluating a writers attitude.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,1 PredictingBefore you read a text in detail, it is possible to predict what information you may find in it. You will probably have some knowledge of the subject already, and you can use this knowledge to help you anticipate what a reading text contains. After looking at the title, for example, you can ask yourself what you know and do not know about the subject before you read the text.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,Or you can formulate questions that you would like to have answered by reading the text. These exercises will help you focus more effectively on the ideas in a text when you actually start reading.To help you predict, you may also use skimming and scanning strategies as described below.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,2 SkimmingSkimming involves reading quickly through a text to get an overall idea of its contents. Features of the text that can help you include the following:(a) Title(b) Sub-title(s)(c) Details about the author,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,(d) Abstract(e) Introductory paragraph(f) First, second and last sentences of following paragraphs(g) Concluding paragraph,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,A text may not contain all of these features - there may be no abstract, for example, and no sub-titles - but you can usually expect to find at least (a), (e), (f) and (g). Focusing on these will give you an understanding of the overall idea or gist of the text you are reading - in other words, a general understanding as opposed to a detailed reading.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,Another term for this kind of reading is surveying. Surveying can be described as looking quickly through a book, chapter of a book, article from a journal, etc., to decide whether or not it is suitable for your purpose. To decide whether or not a text is suitable, especially if it is a book,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,you will also need to focus on the following features in addition to those mentioned above:(a) Edition and date of publication(b) Table of contents(c) Foreword(d) Introduction(e) Index,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,3 ScanningWhen you scan a text, again you look quickly through it. However, unlike skimming, scanning involves looking for specific words, scanning involves rapid reading for the specific rather than the general; for particular details rather than the overall idea. When you read a text, for example, you may want to find only a percentage figure or the dates of particular historical events instead of the main ideas. Scanning will help you find such information more efficiently.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,4 Detailed readingA second and third reading of a text will also focus on the secondary ideas and details which support, explain and develop the main ideas. This can be described as a more comprehensive reading. It involves a slower and more careful reading process. At this stage you can also try to guess the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,5 Guessing unknown wordsIt is unlikely that you will understand 100 percent of the vocabulary in a text, especially at a first reading. Use first the context and then your own knowledge of the subject to help you guess the meaning of unknown words. At your first reading of a text it is usually best not to stop and consult your dictionary.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,This will interrupt your process of reading and understanding. often the meaning of unfamiliar words and phrases becomes clear as you continue to read through the text. The dictionary can be used at a later stage.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,In using the context to help you guess unknown vocabulary, you can refer first to immediate context and then to the wider context in which a word is found. The immediate context is the sentence in which a word is found, and sometimes the sentences immediately before and after this.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,The wider context can include other sentences and even other paragraphs in a text. Both forms of context can often provide important information which help you guess the meaning of unfamiliar words.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,Chapter Two阅读篇一、雅思阅读考试概述（学术类）IELTS学术类阅读由3篇独立的文章组成，文章长度一般在8001200词之间。3篇文章包括有8种左右的题型，共有40道题目。雅思的每篇文章前都会提示考生须用20分钟完成试题，3篇文章共需1个小时。因此提高阅读速度或者掌握必要技巧，以在规定时间内完成试题是成功与否的关键。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,雅思文章虽然长度惊人，但题目所涉及信息量的排列是有规律的，读任何文章都必须掌握其中的必然因素，如人文科学中的时间、地点、学者观点，自然科学文章中的现象、发生的原因、科学发展的趋势等，这些文章类型与基本结构对考生都是非常重要的。雅思基本文章类型及出处主要为：1. 关于欧洲及世界社会发展、经济状况、科学动向以及文化交流的文章,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,自1995年1月考试的题型做出重大改革以后，有两条原则就被命题的剑桥大学考试委员会（UCLES）反复强调非专业原则和国际化原则。为了使不同地域、不同政治经济体制、不同肤色、不同文化背景的人能平等且毫无理解困难地参与雅思考试，法律及专业性较强的医学、生物学、哲学、文学、艺术等的文章已经不再作为考查范围。就可能涉猎的文章类型而言，以下几方面的内容经常作为考点出现：,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,世界范围的就业状况；世界范围内的教育状况，积极发展的问题，机遇及挑战（粮食、能源）；语言学、考古学、生物学、简单医学（单词量不会影响对文章的理解）；女权主义及女性歧视问题；环境保护（海洋、生物、陆地、森林）及环境污染（化学、石油泄漏等）；种族，民族问题；,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,人口爆炸及居住问题，城市化及相关问题（交通拥挤、设施缺乏、噪声等）。2. 关于地球、自然界的科学现象及地理现象的文章就考试文章分析，主要是以下几种类型：太空、宇宙概况、以及外星生物探讨等；全球气候变暖、厄尔尼诺、洋流异常、臭氧层破坏；地球灾难、火山爆发、地震、彗星撞地球、森林大火、生物灭绝。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,3.人类历史发展中重要事件，重要人物及重要标志性产品人类历史上的重大发明和人类文明辉煌成就的重大事件也是重点考查内容（发明电视、电影、计算机及登陆月球）。雅思考试所选的文章出自一些著名的媒体，其中最多的社会发展类的文章全都出自以下媒体：经济学家杂志（Economist, WWW.）,经济时报（Financial Times ）, 卫报（Guardian）等国际精英知识分子媒体的非社论性文章；,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,政府各部门（UK 及世界各国）的社会发展报告，联合国各组织的年度报告；某些著名的协会杂志（带有官方色彩），如Info Journal (驻英国商会的季刊)；英国籍欧洲的专业杂志（人文类），如Arts Management, Arts Education 等；70%的自然科学文章选自National Geographic, New Scientist, Science, Popular Science 和 Nature 杂志；80% 的重大事件（非政治经济），重大发明都选自美国国家地理杂志（National Geographic）。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,所有雅思中使用的文章都不涉及当下的所谓社会发展热点问题，而是选取典型及带有普遍性的文章，文章经千挑万选而来，风格相当严谨，用词正式精确，条理非常清晰。有许多文章都是极好的IELTS写作的范文。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,二、雅思阅读常见误区误区一：因没有足够时间读完全文而解题困难雅思考试中选用的文章既难读又费时。应试者在给定的时间内可能不能读完整篇文章，很多考生因此而慌乱，从而影响了解答题目。事实上，不能把三篇文章都详尽读完，对大多数考生来说是正常的。关键的问题在于没有掌握正确的阅读和解题方法。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,阅读部分开始时，第一步，应大致浏览一下文章。寻找那些不变和显眼的东西，如数据、数字和地名等。并试图形成概念，即它们大致在文章的什么地方。此时不要细读文章，简单扫一下，找出最为显眼的细节并标出它们在哪。之后，扫一下问题。看看问题中是否包含数字和数据。如果有，利用问题中没有改变的信息如数据、金额或专有名称一一定位答案。扫完问题之后，返回到文章，真正开始阅读。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,我们仍然不用花费时间去阅读整篇文章，只读每段的首末句就可以形成概念，什么信息在文章的什么地方。知道了每一段的主题，也就知道了相关的信息可以在哪里找到。范围缩至特定的段落后，如果要找的信息不在首末句中，下一步要找的就应是此段中的例子。这是很关键的一步，在大多数情况下，信息会在那里给出,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,在读完首句、末句及此段中的例子之后，仍然找不到答案，这时候才有必要通读全段。需要强调的是绝大多数的问题都是细节化的，但如果问题问得范围较大，涉及到某段的内容，那程序也是先读首句、末句，再读例子，之后如果仍有必要，再通读整段。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,误区二：需要非常大的词汇量才能轻松应对 由于雅思考试具有非常专业的特性，必定会出现许多考生不熟悉的词汇。很多考生因此认为需要死记硬背大量的生词，才能在阅读上拿高分，然而耗费了大量时间，考试效果却不尽如人意。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,虽然对付阅读考试的最佳方法之一是增加词汇量，然而我们用于阅读的时间有限，掌握所有的英文单词是不可能的。如果了解了雅思阅读考试的特点就会发现，在实际操作中，不必掌握应用于特定文章中的词汇，文章本身就会给出与不熟悉的词汇相关的所有必要信息。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,例如，雅思出题者总爱在文章之一的题目中用一个难词。以“biometrics” 为例。说英语的人也不大可能知道这个词，因为这个词相对较新且不常用。但出题者并非只给出这个词而不作解释。在文章中就给出了“biometrics” 的定义。我们得知它是一种：“fast-growing technology that involves the use of physical biological characteristics to identify individuals.” 这样我们就知道了词意。如果我们密切留意并不要忘记”上下文是关键“这条法则，我们总是可以找得到这些生词的定义。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,误区三：对背景知之甚少会影响对文章的理解 雅思文章集中选自商业、社会科学和基础科学领域。出题者喜欢选择非常具体的题目。考生对这些题目的背景可能知之甚少，很多考生担心因此不能全面理解文章意思，而要广泛了解这些知识，在时间和精力上是不现实的事情。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,事实上，考生并不必须要具备这些知识。相反，如果试图依靠背景知识答题却会有麻烦。因为雅思考试出题者总喜欢将注意力放在具体的细节上，在阅读时几乎没有必要理解其“文章大意”。 绝大多数问题都与文章中出现的具体信息相关。考生要做的仅是把他提供的信息再重复给他，而不会被要求基于这些信息得出结论。答案都摆在你眼前！几乎不需要自己的推理。一旦知道怎样适当的阅读，就会很容易找到答案。一旦知道怎样定位，成绩自然也会提高。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,Chapter Three三、雅思阅读常见题型的解题思路1. LIST OF HEADINGS（标题对应题） 标题对应题要求考生从几个选项中选出几个段落的标题，一般给出的标题数目多于段落数目。解这类题目的关键是搜寻每段话的关键信息。考生需要用到 skim reading 的技巧。一般说来，段落首句是主题的可能性最大，其次是结尾句，也可以是转折句，或者段落里的任何一句话；也可以紧随已经给出的段落标题，由易到难地逐一选择；,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,重点阅读首末句，如果首末句是描述性句子或者疑问句，则可忽略；应注意段落中例子之前的统领句，之后的总结句，许多时候也要阅读整段，注意其中的原因、结果、比较等连接词。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,MAKING EVERY DROP COUNTScientists call for a revision of policyAn explanation for reduced water useHow a global challenge was metIrrigation systems fall into disuseEnvironmental effects,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,The financial cost of recent technological improvements The relevance to health Addressing the concern over increasing populations A surprising downward trend in demand for water The need to raise standards A description of ancient water supplies,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,A. The history of human civilization is entwined with the history of the ways we have learned to manipulate water resources. As towns gradually expanded, water was brought from increasingly remote sources, leading to sophisticated engineering efforts such as dams and aqueduct. At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well- built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,B. During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the 19th and 20th centuries, the demand for water rose dramatically. Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects designed to control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation and hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of million of people. Food production has kept systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the worlds food. Nearly one fifth of all the electricity generated worldwide is produced by turbines spun by the power of falling water.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,Chapter Four2. MATCHING(配对题)这种题型相对而言较为耗费时间和精力，主要包含下列几种形式：文章中的重要概念和对这个概念的阐释配对；学者及其主要观点相配；错误观点（misconception）和反驳错误观点的论据（counterargument）相配；事件和事件的发展过程相配；原因和结果相配；某种标志性事物和其所在的时代相配；新产品和发明家、发明时间等相配。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,尽管针对不同题目可以有一些解题窍门，但对于大多数配对题来说，答题步骤都是固定而且枯燥的。考生应该首先仔细查看答题指引，了解回答何种问题。查看例句，确定答题方式。弄清哪些选项是同义选项，哪些选项是反义选项，哪些选项是由关数字选项。根据在题目中自己划出的中心词在原文中寻找信息点，注意以大写、斜体、括号和引号方式出现的概念。对于有关人名与理论、新产品和发明家、时间的配对题，首先要快速找出人名、公司名和时间，然后在附近的上下文中找答案。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,WHY PAGODAS DONT FALL DOWNThe multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of the buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the buildings overall width. For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,Questions 5-10A both Chinese and Japanese pagodasB only Chinese pagodasC only Japanese pagodasWrite the correct letter, A,B or C, in boxes on your answer sheet.5 easy interior access to top6 tiles on eaves,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,7 used as observation post8 size of eaves up to half the width of the building9 original religious purpose10 floors fitting loosely over each other,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,LETS GO BATSA. Bats have a problem; how to find their way around in the dark. They hunt at night, and cannot use light to help them find prey and avoid obstacles. You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply by changing their habits and hunting by day. But the daytime economy is already heavily exploited by other creatures such as birds.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,Given that there is a living to be made at night, and given that alternative daytime trades are thoroughly occupied, natural selection has favored bats that make a go of the night-hunting trade. It is probable that the nocturnal trades go way back in the ancestry of all mammals. In the time when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,our mammalian ancestors probably only managed to survive at all because they found ways of scraping a living at night. Only after the mysterious mass extinction of the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago were our ancestors able to emerge into daylight in any substantial numbers.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,B. Bats have an engineering problem; how to find their way and find their prey in the absence of light. Bats are not the only creatures to face this difficulty today. Obviously the night-flying insects that they prey on must find their way about somehow. Deep-sea fish and whales have little or no light by day or by night.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,Fish and dolphins that live in extremely muddy water cannot see because, although there is light, it is obstructed and scattered by the dirt in the water. Plenty of other modern animals make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,Questions 1-5Which paragraph contains the following information?NB You may use any letter more than once.1 examples of wildlife other than bats which do not rely on vision to navigate by2 how early mammals avoided dying out3 why bats hunt in the dark4 how a particular discovery has helped our understanding of bats5 early military uses of echolocation,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,Chapter Five3. TURE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN（正误及无关判断型） 正误及无关判断题是雅思学术类阅读考试当中难度较大一种题型，通常在阅读考试中出题的数目大概在716道题左右。在解答这种题型时，考生应该注意到以下几点：,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,第一，这种题型绝对不能够只凭自己的感觉来做题，而一定要回到文章中寻找对应信息。考生一般均可以在文章中找到一个信息点与文章后的某到题目相对应，而比喻型题目、虚拟语气题目、复杂时态型题目等题型在中国考区也已经销声匿迹多年，故考生大可不必担心；,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,第二，在解答这种题目时，一定不要根据自己的常识或背景知识加以判断，应将思路严格限制在文章所给范围内。比如：有一道讲国际互联网的题目，其中题目说上网的人要多缴电话费。对于大多数中国考生来说，这是个不争的事实，所以很多人选了TRUE， 而正确答案应该是NOT GIVEN，因为在全文任何一个地方都没有提及上网和电话费之间的关系;,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,第三，TURE/FALS/NOT GIVEN 题目基本是按照信息点在文章中重现的顺序来出题的，掌握这一点，考生就能很快为信息定位，从而节省答题时间； 第四，这类题型还会有下列提法：NOT GIVEN/ NOT MENTIONED 没有提到；ACCURATE/INACCURATE 精确/不精确；SUPPORTED/CONTRADICTED一致/不一致；CORRECT/INCORRRECT 正确与不正确；,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,第五，对原文出现的副词以及题目中出现的副词要特别加以注意。副词在程度高低、范围大小、局部整体、经常偶尔等方面的区别往往是解题的关键。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIADisenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years. In a 1983 national health survey,1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. By 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to Dr laver and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public health in 1993.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,“A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly skeptical about science and empirically based knowledge,” they said. “ The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.”,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,Questions 16-23YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this16 Australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over the past 20years.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,17 Between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting alternative therapists rose to include a further 8% of the population.18 The 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists.19 In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctors than they do today.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,20 Some Australians doctors are retraining in alternative therapies.21 Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.22 The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists for acupuncture treatment.23 All the patients in the 1993 Sydney survey had long-term medical complaints.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,Chapter Six4.SUMMARY（摘要题） 摘要题通常有两种形式；一种是从文章某几段（一般是三至四段）中选取内容组成一段文字，其中留出五到六个空格，由考生根据文章对应内容，按照题目要求字数将空格填出；另一种则是在第一种形式的基础上在文字下方给出WORD BANK，考生只能选择其中的词汇来进行填空，实际上是降低了题目难度。上述两种形式的填空题都需要借助语法、词法知识，分析所需填空文章中相关句子的含义。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,在解答摘要题时，考生首先应该精读题目要求，看一下题目是否涉及的奥确定此题对应信息点在文章中位置的信息，比如有没有指出根据文章第几部分或哪几段数种来做此题。接着应该看一下给出的例子，例子可能是摘要题的第一个空，也可能是中间某个空，考生应该仔细阅读上下文以确定例子在原文的位置，然后应该精读摘要题的首末句以确定其在全文中的位置，,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,如果摘要题下方给出了WORD BANK，那么应先将其中词汇按照词性加以分类；如果没有，则应对空格加以分析， 判断空格中应填入词的词性、时态、语态，然后根据每一空格上下文（特别是上文）的中心词在原文中寻找对应信息，准确找到应填答案。如果所填空的词为名词，要确定其单数或复数形式；如果是动词，要查看其动词的主语；该主语为单数形式；应确定其动词是否为现在时第三人称单数形式。完成后最好通读整篇摘要。,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,PULLING STRINGS TO BUILD PYRAMIDSOthers feel there is more of a case for the theory. Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone. In addition, there is some physical evidence that the ancient Egyptians were interested in flight.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,A wooden artifact found on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks uncannily like a modern glider. Although it dates from several hundred years after the building of the pyramids, its sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long time. And other ancient civilizations certainly knew about kites; as early as 1250 BC, the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and dump flaming debris on their foes.,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,Questions 8-13Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Additional evidence for theory of kite-lifting,雅思阅读考试方法与技巧,The Egyptians had 8_, which could lift large pieces of 9_, and they knew how to use the energy of the wind from their skill as 10_. The discovery on one pyramid of an object which resembled a 11_ sugg