[院校资料]英语词汇学lexic5 minor processes of word-formation ppt

Minor Processes of Word-formation,Minor processes of word formation,Blending back formationAcronyms and initialismClippingAphesis (字首音省略)Analogy Reduplication Words from proper nounsNeologism,Look at the following examplesidentify the ways of word-formation,ZigzagChairman-Chairperson-, 网吧、聊吧、杯具，洗具，餐具BikeABCSARSPeddle (from pedlar)Obamanomics,LA billionaires sued over Calif. water sales (AP)WEEKLY MAG FOR STAMP LOVERS TO BE LAUNCHED QUAKE DEATH TOLL MAY TOP 2000NEW GROUPS BOOST HITECH RESEARCH,5.1 Blending,a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two or more words or a word plus a part of another word. The result of such a process is called a blend, or a portmanteau word n.语紧缩词,混合词 or a telescopic word.,Structurally blends may be divided into four types:,1. The first part of the first word + the last part of the second one.aviation+electronics = beauty+utility = binary+digit = boat+hotel = light+radar = mean+stingy = smoke+fog =stagnation+inflation =,avionics,beautility,bit n. 位,botel n. 汽艇游客旅馆,lidar n. 激光雷达,mingy a. 吝啬的,smog,stagflation 不景气状况下之物价上涨,2. The first part of the first word + the first part of the second word,communication+satellite =formula+translation =Situation+comedy =science+fiction =modulator + demodulator =3. The whole form of the first word + the last part of the second wordtalk+marathon = talkathon n.,comsat.,fortran n. 语言, 公式翻译程序语言,sitcom,sci-fi n.,modem n.计调制解调器,4. First part of the first word +whole form of the second word,documentary+drama =medical+care =motor+town = network + meeting =,docudrama n.文献电视片,medicare n.医疗保险,Motown 汽车城 （底特律）,netmeeting,Back-formation refers to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language. e.g. burgle burglar Q: The relationship of affixation and backformation?Back-formation is also known as a reverse derivation because a derived form has preceded the word from which it is derived.,5.2 Back-formation,1) Verbs created from nouns ending in -er, -or, -ar, e.g.butler-to butle editor- to edit pedlar - to peddle escalator - to escalate house sitter - to house sit vacuum cleaner- to vaccum clean,2) Verbs created from abstract nounse.g. diagnosis - to diagnose television - to televise enthusiasm - to enthuse automation - to automate concordance - to concord 3) Verbs created from adjectives:e.g. lazy - to laze cosy - to cose complicity - to complicit4) Nouns created from adjectives:e.g. gloomy - gloom greedy - greed (few in number),5) Verbs created from compound nouns:e.g. book-keeper - to book-keep match-maker - to match-make merry-making- to merry-make dress-maker - to dress-make,5.3.1 Initialisms a type of shortening, using the first letter of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; initialism is pronounced letter by letter. e.g.BBC-British Broadcasting CorporationAPC- aspirin, phenacetin乙酰对氨苯乙醚, 非那西汀(解热镇痛剂的一种), caffeine咖啡因, usually a white tablet used for reducing fever, relieving headache, etc. /ei pi:si:/VIP-a very important person /vi:aipi:/,5.3 Acronymy - Initialisms and Acronyms,5.3.2 Acronyms,Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialism in that they are pronounced as words rather as sequences of letters; NATO - BASIC /beisik/ - OPEC /oupek/-TEFL /tef l/ -UNESCO/ju:5neskEJ/-ROM =SARS =,the North Atlantic Treaty Organization,Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code,Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries,teaching English as a foreign language,the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.,severe acute respiratory syndrome,rad-only memory,Read the following passage and identify the word formation processes involved,Little GM food makes it onto European plates, says EUGM fears pull rice from shelvesThe UKs official food watchdog (监察者) has changed its advice to retailers about genetically modified rice. Stores must remove any rice known to contain GM strains (同类有机体) from their shelves, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) said. It follows ongoing concerns over the presence of GM strains in batches of long grain rice from the US.,5.4 Clipping,the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.e.g. plane , phone , gym, taxi,Four types of Clipping,1. Back clippingsThe deletion may occur at the end of the word. e.g. ad. = auto = homo = vet =,2. Front clippings,The deletion occurs at the beginning of the word:e.g. bus = chute = copter = plane = phone = quake = scope =,omnibus,parachute,helicopter,aeroplane/airplane,telephone,earthquake,telescope; microscope; radarscope etc.,3. Front and back clipping,The deletion occurs at both ends of a word:e.g. flu = fridge = tec =,influenza,refrigerator,sl. detective novel,4. Phrase clippings,This involves the shortening of a phrase:e.g. narc/nark = non-com = perm = pop = prefab = lube = zoo =,narcotics agent缉查毒品的刑警,noncommissioned officer; 未受任命的士兵,permanent wave,popular music, concert, or record.,prefabricated,lubricating oil,zoological garden,Clippings often alter spelling:e.g. biz, bike, fridge, pram (perambulator), sarge (sergeant )Some clipped forms are altered by the addition of such endings as -y, -ie, or -o. e.g. comfy , hanky , teeny , telly, veggies , ammo some are informal use, e.g., ad, dorm, bike, exam, sym, lab, math,trig ,etc. , others are slang sarge, combo, tec ,etc,combination 社团, 小型爵士乐团,5.5 Aphesis 5Afisis(字首音省略),Aphetic forms are a special kind of shortening characterized by the omission of the initial unstressed syllable (词首非重读短元音的脱落).e.g. acute - cute adown down alone lone esquire squire (乡绅、侍从) defender fender defence fence,5.6 Analogy (类推法),A new word or a new phrase is coined by an analogy between a newly created one and an existing corresponding one.e.g. marathon telethon, talkathon, etc. sit-in teach-in, wade-in, Two types:1. Single words sunrise earthrise, earthriseearthquake starquake, youthquakeChairman chairone, chairperson, chairwomanhamburger cheeseburger, beefburger, shrimpburgerCafeteria candyteria, lunchateria hijack seajack (海上劫持)和 skyjack(空中劫持),2. phrases:,Environmental pollution air pollution, cultural pollution, sound pollution, etc.On-the-job off-the-jobFuture shock cultural shock未来冲击; 未来震憾(指对未来社会的发展, 技术的进步, 价值观念及行为准则的变化, 担心不能适应而产生的不安情绪)文化冲击(指一旦置身于异国文化的生活方式中, 由于心理或生理上的不习惯而产生的不安情绪) Analogically created words in modern English are often used in colloquial and journalistic styles, sometimes in scientific style.e.g., Watergate, zippergate, Iraqgate, 电话门、艳照门、捐款门,一.数字,色彩类比First Lady(第一夫人 ), Fist Family(第一家庭) First Mother(第一母亲)Black Power (黑人权力) ,印第安人提出了Red Power,美籍墨西哥人也提出了 Brown Power, 老年人为维护自身权益则提出Gray Powerblue-collar (蓝领阶层的),white-collar(白领的)“体力工作者的”和“脑力工作者的pink-collar(粉领的)和gray-collar(灰领的)“典型女性职业工作者的”和“维修保养行业工作者的”. gold-collar (金领阶层的)和bright-collar(亮领阶层的)高级专业人士的和电脑及通讯专业人士的.,二.反义,对义类比nightmare (梦魇)daymare(昼魇),brain-drain(人材流失)brain-gain(人材流入)flashback(倒叙)flash-forward(超前叙述),high- tech(高技 术的)low-tech(低技术的),等等.,三.近似情形类比Olympiad(奥运会) Asiad(亚运会);Eurodollar -Asiadollarbaby-sit(临时代人照看孩子)house-sit(临时代人照看房子);chain- smoke (一支接一支地抽烟)chain-drink(一杯接一杯地喝酒或饮料);human rights(人权)animal rights(动物权);hunger strike (绝食罢工或抗议)sleep strike(绝眠罢工或抗议);,Analysis of analogy from memetic view,Meme: the spreading of culture through languageFor example,明星,做广告要厚道(新闻晨报2004年8月20日).做人要厚道 电影手机Analogy inAdvertisements Comedies,Analogy in advertisements,“高级车新趋势，安全才是硬道理”（中国汽车网2006年8月29日）. 家装行业，发展才是硬道理（千龙新闻网2001 年11月21日）.城市营销，效益才是硬道理（中国企业报2004年3月4日）.发展才是硬道理,“大石化小，小石化了” （a medicine for gallstone ）“All trails lead to ice-cold Coca-Cola” All loads lead to Rome “天有不测风云，人有人寿保险”,Analogy in comedy,女朋友：你瞎说什么呢，哎，我告诉你，我这次回来，就是要重操旧业，我正式通知你，从今起这摊的一半就是我的。冯巩：什么叫就是你的，明抢？生牵？豪夺？你所纳里海盗啊！你都这么大海“龟”了，跟我们”极地虾”抢什么。,女朋友：要说对这片热土的感情我可不如你。这么多年了，还依然在秀水守望着这个摊位，难怪你妈说你小时侯尿床，一晚上尿湿两回，都湿透了就是不挪窝冯巩：所以从小邻居就夸我有一种大“湿”的风范,邵：哎呀！（唱）我的老父亲我最疼爱的人！爹（跌）！爹（跌）呀！冯：别冲我喊！我昨儿刚买的股票！我这么会儿跌（爹）停板了！,黄宏：等会儿，我得跟她对暗号黄宏：春眠不觉晓金玉婷：睡前不洗脚（处处闻啼鸟）黄宏：夜来风雨声 金玉婷：天天闻臭脚（花落知多少）黄宏：没错，是我熏出来的，绝对是她。,赵本山：当时没有征兆，那是不可能的当时这个鸡心里特别矛盾，一个公鸡，居然它要下蛋，不是它的活它要干。当公鸡孵出鸡仔后，别人管它叫啥？叫爸，叫妈，还是叫姑，叫大姨？有蛋不下又憋得慌，于是乎 宋丹丹：它坚定了自己的信念，下自己的蛋，让别人说去吧。,徒弟：请问，范师傅在吗？ 范：哪位？请问你们咨询（看着赵）哎呀！哎呀！呀！呀！呀！这是什么造型啊？挺别致呀！非常6+7呀？！,昨夜饮酒过度，误入校园深处。呕吐，呕吐，惊起鸳鸯无数。(仿李清照词),5.7 Reduplication,a type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1) of one word like go-go; (2) of two almost identical word with a change in the vowels such as ping pong; (3) of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teeny-weeny小的.Reduplicatives are characterized by being rhymed or alliteratedwilly-nilly-wishy-washy dilly-dally shilly-shally,不管愿意不愿意,缺乏特点或决心的,hesitate犹豫不决,磨蹭、闲混,The common uses of reduplicatives,1) to imitate sounds:tick-tick (of a watch), quack-quack (of ducks) 2) to suggest alternating movements: seesaw, zigzag 3) to express ones contempt of the character, appearance and behavior of a person: clever-clever (ostentatiously clever); hocus-pocus (play tricks哄骗)4)To disparage by suggesting that something is in disorder,or of small value,or of inferior quality: hurry-scurry .慌乱的, topsy-turvy .颠倒地, 乱七八糟地 5) to show ones approval : superduper极出色的, 非常好的, tip-top .出色的, 极好的,5.8 Words From Proper Nouns,The transition from proper names to common words is a gradual one. They come from all sources, from names of scientists, politicians and statesmen to trademarks, and place names. Some have originated from characters in literature,TV films and movies, but some also come from book titles.,Work in pairs to find examples for each category,Words from names of scientistsWords from the names of politicians and statesmenWords from the names of placesWords from trademarksWords from literature,For example,Watt,Volt,ohm, AmpereNicotinechina,japan,afghan,champagne,Berlin Wall, Watergatekodak, xerox, kleenex(面巾纸), vaseline,Uncle Tom, Utopia, Odyssey, catch-22Finish Exercise 4 p. 73.,2. Words from the names of politicians and statesmen,Nicotine: John Hancock: Quisling : McCarthyism:,a poisonous alkaloid found in tobacco leaves,is named after Jean Nicot,a French diplomat who introduced tobacco into France in the sixteenth century.,ones signature, comes from John Hancock (1737-1793), one of the American revolution leaders, who was the first to sgne his name on the Declaration of Independence, and who did so in bold and legible letters.,from the name of a Norweigian army officer, V.A.I Quishing (1887-1954), who helped the Germans invade his own country; he yield to the German occupation in 1940, and became the head of a puppet state from 1940-1945. He was executed for treason in 1945.- a person who cooperates with the authorities of an enemy country who are occupying his country.,from the name a U.S. Senator J.R. McCarthy (1909-1957), meaningpolicy of hunting out (suspecte) communists and removing them esp. from Government departments McCarthy was closely associated with this notorious policy.,4. Words from trademark,e.g. kodak, xerox, Kleenex(面巾纸), Vaseline, sallotape, derivatives: xeroxer, xeroxable.5. Words from literature Judas, Solomon:Shylock:Lilliputian: Scrooge: Uncle Tom:Godfather:,the name of the miserly money lender Ebenezer Scrooge in A Chr