2017四川高三英语二轮 三轮总复习重点突破 专题三 阅读理解 试题分析与技巧点拨课件

专题三阅读理解试题分析与技巧点拨,一、阅读理解题的命题特点综观近几年高考英语试题，我们不难发现阅读材料大都直接选自国外的媒体，保持了语言纯正地道，原汁原味的特点。同时阅读材料富有时代气息，能体现现代文明，体现外语教学突出文化意识和情感态势的要求。而且题材新颖，有短篇故事、社会文化、广告说明、科普小品等方面的内容；体裁多样化，有记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文。,从语言知识的角度来看，阅读材料中对词汇运用要求高，活用词比比皆是。一词多义、熟词生义现象频繁出现，但是命题人还是坚持了不出现超纲词的原则，也就是说“那个词考纲里是有的”，根据考纲要求，凡是能利用构词法知识判断出词性和词义的都不视为生词，不再给出汉语注释，但在某些省市高考卷中纯超纲词汇也偶有所见。,由于阅读材料基本保留了其原有的语言风格，其篇章结构都有一定难度。原文作者在阐述问题时都使用了多种语篇的手段和修辞方法，文章的展开不全是平铺直叙，而是间有倒叙、插叙等多种方式；一词多义，多种时态混用，简单句、复合句、结构复杂的长句，倒装、省略、插入等语言现象也随处可见。行文的跳跃性强，陈述次序富于变化，隐含信息较多，再加上阅读材料的文化含量加大，文章的遣词造句趋于地道，因此，许多文段读起来感到“生涩”，常常需要阅读几次才能读懂。,二、阅读理解题型分类从题目设置情况看，高考阅读理解题一般包括以下四种题型：细节理解题，推理判断题，主旨大意题和词义猜测题。,20082010年全国卷(新课标卷)辽宁、四川、重庆阅读理解题型分类统计表,(一)细节理解题细节是文章的有机组成部分，是作者表达中心思想的具体手段。读者要准确理解一篇文章，就必须重视人名、日期、事实、数据和地点等具体细节。以下就是细节理解题型考查的内容：1以who, what, when, where等疑问词开头提问短文具体内容。2句意转换理解。3就文中具体内容进行简单计算、排序、识图等。,4以According to the text, From the text开头，考查某一细节。这类题型主要有三种形式：问句式、不完整的陈述句和排除式。(1)问句式How did something happen?Which of the following people should (not) do it?Where should somebody do something?,(2)不完整的陈述句Something can be best classified as _.According to the author, “it” was caused by _.(3)排除式Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?Which of the following is not included in the passage?细节理解型题目又分直接信息题型、间接信息题型以及信息综合类题型。,1直接信息题直接信息题型能直接从原文中找到信息，而且选项和原文在语言表述上也没有大的变化或有时候仅仅在表达方式上稍作转化。在解这类题时，大家可以先看后面的题目，然后带着问题去阅读短文，最后采用“对号入座”的办法，即先找到原文的关键信息，然后把原文信息跟后面的题目对照，从而得到答案。,例：(2010全国，A篇)Shakespeares Birthplace and Exhibition of Shakespeares WorldWelcome to the worldfamous house where William Shakespeare was born in 1564 and where he grew up. The property (房产) remained in the ownership of Shakespeares family until 1806. The House has welcomed visitors travelling from all over the world, for over 250 years.,OPENING TIMES: 20 Mar to 19 OctMon to Sat: 900 am. to 500 pm.Sun: 930 am. to 500 pm.20 Oct to 19 MarMon to Sat: 930 am. to 400 pm.Sun: 1000 am. to 400 pm.,Enter through the Visitors Centre and see the highlypraised exhibition Shakespeares World, a lively and full introduction to the life and work of Shakespeare.Stand in the rooms where Shakespeare grew up.Discover examples of furniture and needlework from Shakespeares period.Enjoy the traditional (传统的) English garden, planted with trees and flowers mentioned in the poets works.,ADMISSION：Adult 4.90Child 2.20Family 12.00(2 adultsup to 3 children) 56. How much is the admission for a family of two grownups and two children?A. 9.80.B. 12.00.根据第二个方框里的信息Family 12.00可知全家(包括两个大人三个孩子)门票为12英镑。故答案为B项。C. 14.20.D. 16.40.,The Birthplace is within easy walking distance of all the car parks shown on the map；nearest isWindsor Street (3 minutes walk).,57. Where is the nearest parking place to Shakespeares Birthplace?A. Behind the exhibition hall.B. Opposite the Visitors Centre.C. At Windsor Street.根据第二个方框右边第一段的信息可知，最近的停车场是Windsor Street，到莎士比亚故居步行仅需三分钟。故答案为C项。D. Near the Coffee House.,The House may present difficulties but the Visitors Centre, its exhibition, and the garden are accessible (可进入的) to wheelchair users.The Shakespeare Coffee House (opposite the Birthplace),2.间接信息题这类题目我们能够从文章中找到信息，但原文信息又不是解题所直接需要的，需要我们对原文信息进行合理地加工处理，根据信息做简单推理或鉴别。它是介于直接信息题和推理判断题之间的一种题型。,例：(2010安徽，A篇)The engineer Camillo Olivetti was 40 years old when he started the company in 1908. At his factory in Ivrea, he designed and produced the first Italian typewriter. Today the companys head office is still in Ivrea, near Turin, but the company is much larger than it was in those days and there are offices all around the world.,By 1930 there was a staff of 700 and the company turned out 13,000 machines a year.,56. From the text we learn that _.A. by 1930 Olivetti produced 13,000 typewriters a year根据第二段第一句中的内容可判断A项正确。其他选项文中没有信息支持。B. Olivetti earned more in the 1960s than in the 1950s.C. some of Olivettis 700 staff regularly visited customers in Italy.D. Olivetti set up offices in other countries from the very beginning.,Some went to customers in Italy，but Olivetti exported more typewriters to other countries.Camillos son, Adriano, started working for the company in 1924 and later he became the boss. He introduced a standard speed for the production line and he employed technology and design specialists. The company developed new and better typewriters and then calculators (计算器). In 1959 it produced the ELEA computer system. This was the first mainframe (主机) computer designed and made in Italy.,After Adriano died in 1960, the company had a period offinancial problems. Other companies, especially the Japanese，made faster progress in electronic technology than the Italian company.,57. What was probably the direct result of Olivettis falling behind in electronic technology?A. Adrianos death.B. A period of financial problems.根据第四段可知，它之所以在电子技术方面开始落后，直接原因是有一段时期财政困难，而在此期间，其他公司尤其是日本在电子技术方面有了较大的进步。故答案为B项。C. Its faster progress.D. Its agreements with other companies.,3.信息综合类这类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话，还可能涉及文章的几句话，而且有时可能散落在文章的不同地方，因此要求考生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析，而不能“断章取义”，也不能张冠李戴。,例：(2010山东，C篇)Rae Armantrout, who has been a poetry professor at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) for two decades, has won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize in the poetry category for her most recent book, “Versed”.,“Im delighted and amazed at how much media recognition thatthe Pulitzer brings, as compared to even the National Book Critics Award, which I was also surprised and delighted to win，” saidArmantrout.,66. According to Rae Armantrout, _.A. her 10th book is much betterB. her winning the Pulitzer is unexpected由第二段最后一句中的“also surprised”可知，她对于自己的作品赢得“Pulitzer Prize(普利策奖)”感到很吃惊，也就是说这是她所没有预料到的。另外，倒数第二段的第一句话中的“shocked”也是提示。C. the media is surprised at her worksD. she likes being recognized by her readers,“For a long time, my writing has been just below the media radar, and to have this kind of attention, suddenly, with my 10th book, is really surprising.”,Armantrout, a native Californian, received her bachelors degree at UC Berkeley, where she studied with noted poet Denise Levertov，and her masters in creative writing from San Francisco State University. She is a founding member of Language Poets, a group inAmerican poetry that analyzes the way language is used and raises questions to make the reader think. In March, she won the National Book Critics Award for “Versed”“This book has gotten more attention，” Armantrout said, “but I dont feel as if its better.”,The first half of “Versed” focuses on the dark forces taking holdof the United States as it fought the war against Iraq. The second half looks at the dark forces casting a shadow over her own life afterArmantrout was diagnosed with cancer in 2006.Armantrout was shocked to learn she had won the Pulitzer butmany of her colleagues were not. “Rae Armantrout is a unique voice in American poetry，” said Seth Lerer, head of Arts and Humanities at UCSD.,“Versed，” published by the Wesleyan University Press, did appear in a larger printing than her earlier works, which is about 2,700 copies. The new edition is scheduled to appear in May.,67. Which of the following is TRUE of Rae Armantrout?A. She published a poetry textbook.B. She used to teach Denise Levertov.C. She started a poets group with others.由第四段的最后一句话可知，她和其他人一起发起了一个诗歌小组。由第四段首句可知她是在UC Berkeley与著名诗人Denise Levertov一起学习并取得学士学位，并在San Francisco State University获得创造性写作方面的硕士学位。可排除B、D两项；从第七段对“Versed”的内容介绍，可知它不是教材，可排除A项。D. She taught creative writing at UC Berkeley.,(二)推理判断题推理判断题与细节理解题最大的区别是前者需要根据文中内容去推断言外之意；后者只需在原文中找出对应内容。我们所读的文章往往比较含蓄，作者经常把需要我们理解的意思不直接表达出来，而是期待我们去领悟文章的内在含义。命题人恰恰就是在这方面命题。考生做题时要对文章已给的信息进行合理的分析判断，做到“有理有据”。要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的信息；要对文章的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，通过分析、综合、判断，进行逻辑推理；同时应注意不能主观臆断、凭空想象，要忠实于原文，以文章提供的信息为依据。,1组织结构题这类题目要求考生判断作者的写作方法、情节的发生顺序以及文章的后续内容、前后关系以及延伸意义等等。做这一类题目时，大家应该结合篇章结构知识去判断或根据文章的内容合理推测、想象。,例：(2010福建，A篇)F. Scott Fitzgerald, born on September 24, 1896, an American novelist， was once a student of St. Paul Academy, the Newman School and attended Princeton University for a short while. In 1917he joined the armyand was posted in Alabama, where he met hisfuture wife Zelda Sayre. Then he had to make some money to impress her.,His life with her was full of great happiness, as he wrote in his diary: “My own happiness in the past often approached such joy that I could not share it even with the person dearest to me but had to walk it away in quiet streets and take down parts of it in my diary.”,This Side of Paradise, his first novel, was published in 1920. Encouraged by its success, Fitzgerald began to devote more time to his writing. Then he continued with the novel The Beautiful and Damned (1922), a collection of short stories Tales of the Jazz Age (1922), and a play The Vegetable (1923)But his greatest successwas The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, which quickly brought him praise from the literary world.Yet it failed to give him the needed financial security. Then, in 1926, he published another collection of short stories All the Sad Young Men.,However, Fitzgeralds problems with his wife Zelda affected his writing.During the 1920s he tried to reorder his life, but failed. By 1930, his wife had her first breakdown and went to a Swiss clinic. During this period he completed novels Tender Is the Night in 1934 and The Love of the Last Tycoon in 1940.While his wife was in hospital in the United States, he got totally addicted to alcohol.Sheila Graham, his dear friend, helped him fight his alcoholism.,57. Which of the following is the correct order to describe Fitzgeralds life according to the passage?a. He became addicted to drinking.b. He studied at St. Paul Academy.c. He published his first novel This Side of Paradise.d. The Great Gatsby won high praise.e. He failed to reorder his life.f. He joined the army and met Zelda.,A. fceabdB. beafcdC. fdecbaD. bfcdea这篇短文是人物介绍，从少年到老年的先后顺序着笔，他出生于1896年，在St. Paul Academy就读，1917年参军，结婚，1920年出版第一部小说，进入写作旺期，1925年出版the Geat Gatsby，由此在文学界出名，最后一段讲述了1930年前后他的生活变化和创作活动。,2.文章的体裁出处题这类题目主要针对那些文体较为复杂的文章。大家在判断时，应该注意文章的整体特点或主体内容，不要被其纷繁的结构或“掺杂”的内容所迷惑。,例：(2010辽宁，D篇)On May 23, 1989, Stefania Follini came out from a cave at Carlsbad, New Mexico. She hadnt seen the sun for eighteen and a half weeks.Stefania was in aresearch program, and the scientists in the program were studying body rhythms(节奏). In this experiment Stefania had spent 130 days in a cave, 30 feet in depth.,During her time in the cave, Stefania had been completely alone except for twowhite mice.Her living place had been very comfortable, but there had been nothingto tell her the time. Shed had no clocks or watches, no television or radio. There had been no natural light and the temperature had always been kept at 21.,The results were very interesting.Stefania had been in the cave for over fourmonths, but she thought she had been there for only two. Her body clock had changed. She hadnt kept to a 24hour day, she had stayed awake for 2025 hours and then had slept for 10 hours. She had eaten fewer meals and had lost 171bs in weight as a result! She had also become rather depressed (抑郁),How had she spent her time in the cave？,As part of the experiment shed donesome physical and mental tests. Shed recorded her daily activities and the results of the tests on a computer. This computer had been specially programmed for the project. Whenever she was free, shed played cards, read book and listened to music. Shed also learned French from tapes.,The experiment showed that our body clocks are affected by light andtemperature.For example, the pattern of day and night makes us wake up and go to sleep. However, people are affected in different ways. Some people wake up naturally at 5:00 am., but others dont start to wake up till 9:00 or 10:00 am. This affects the whole daily rhythm. As a result, the early risers are at their best in the late morning. The late risers, on the other hand, are tired during the day and only come to life in the afternoon or evening！,70. Where does the text probably come from?A. A novel.B. A news story.这篇文章为读者介绍了一项关于人体生理节奏的研究。第一段讲斯蒂芬尼奥从事了一项科学研究项目，是研究身体节奏的。她需要在一个深洞里住130天进行这项实践。第二段讲她在洞里的生活状况。第三段讲这次实验中，Stefania的生活节奏发生的变化。第四段讲实验实施的过程。最后一段讲实验结果。通篇文章是在报道一项科学实验的新闻，所以这篇文章应出现在报纸杂志等通俗读物上，故答案为B项。C. A pet magazine.D. A travel guide.,3写作意图题有些文章作者的写作目的比较明确，如议论文、说明文等，但有些作者不点明自己的写作意图，而是让读者自己去体会，这种情况多出现在记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章中。作者往往叙述自己或别人的一段经历，经历中往往隐含某些人生哲理或观点，而这些哲理或观点往往就是作者的写作意图，因此在体会纯记叙文作者的意图时，大家必须弄清故事的结局，从故事的结局中挖掘出作者的用意。在夹叙夹议的文章中，作者往往是先叙述，然后发表自己对此事的看法，因此议论部分往往蕴涵着作者的写作意图。,例：(2010四川，C篇)Alex London Research Laboratory (ALRL) is part of Alex CO., Ltd., a major Australian medicinemaking company. Opened in 1992, ALRL specialises in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases. A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager (ROM) tosupport our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield, due toopen in the autumn of 2010.,Reporting to the Director, you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction. You will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areas of ALRLs Health and Safety, and to communicate (沟通) with support employees at ALRLs laboratories based at University College London. Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees, you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories.,Candidates (申请人) will have experience of both management and researchsupport/ technical services. Knowledge of research operations and excellentcommunication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable.If you are interested in this position, please send your CV (简历) to AlexLondon Research Laboratory, University College London, HatfieldLondon，W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRLalex.co.uk. For more information, please visit www.alex.co.uk.,52. What is the purpose of the text?A. To describe the job of a ROM.B. To provide information about ALRL.C. To announce an open position at ALRL.这是一篇征聘广告。第一段对这家研究机构做了介绍。第二段第一句用“A position is now open.”开门见山地点明了主题。最后两段对申请人的应聘条件和联系方式及内容做了说明。由此可推断这篇。文章的目的是让大家知晓一个空缺的职位：a Research Operations Manager (ROM)，满足条件的人可应聘该职位。D. To make known theopening of the new laboratories.,4深层推理题这类题目往往要求考生根据原文中某一句凝练、含蓄的语言推断其中暗含的意义。在做这类题目时，我们不能局限于仅仅理解一句话，而是要注意它与整篇的联系以及和上下文之间的关系。,例：(2010全国，C篇)Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly, flies like a fat chicken, eats green leaves, has the stomach of a cow and ,hasclaws (爪) on its wings when young.They build their homesabout 4.6m above the river, an important feature (特征) for the safety of the young. It is called the hoatzin.,In appearance, the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back and cream and red on the underside. The head is small, with a large set of feathers on the top, bright red eyes, and blue skin. Its nearest relatives are the common birds, cuckoos. Its most striking feature, though, is only found in the young.,Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end of each wing tip.Using these fourclaws, together with the beak (喙), they can climb about inthe bushes, looking very much like primitive birds must havedone. When the young hoatzins have learned to fly, they losetheir claws.,During the drier months between December and March hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20 to 30 birds, but April, when the rainy season begins, they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes.,64. Young hoatzins are different from their parents in that _.A. they look like young cuckoosB. they have claws on the wings根据第一段中讲到的幼鸟翅膀上长着爪子，第三段讲幼鸟用爪子攀爬，但当它长大并学会飞时，爪子就会消失。可知麝雉幼鸟与成鸟不同的是幼鸟翅膀上长有爪子。答案为B项。C. they eat a lot like a cowD. they live on river banks,65. What can we infer about primitive birds from the text?A. They had claws to help them climb.根据第三段中讲幼鸟能像原始的鸟一样在树丛中用爪子和喙攀登。可知，原始的鸟使用爪子攀爬。注意must have done是对过去情况的肯定性推测。答案为A项。B. They could fly long distances.C. They had four wings like hoatzins.D. They had a head with long feathers on the top.,5.结论推理题结论推理题多出现在说明文或议论文中，作者往往，不直接点明事物的好坏、积极或消极，而是通过介绍或论证让读者自己去判断，得出结论。这类题目要求考生根据文章所提供的事实去推断其结论或蕴涵的哲理。,例：(2010安徽，E篇)The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the worlds supply of water.With 97% of the worlds water too salty to bedrunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide supply of water needs careful management, especially in agriculture. Although the idea of a water shortage (短缺) seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country, many of the worlds agricultural industries experience constant water shortages.,Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dryareas and dry seasons, the costs of water redistribution (重新分配) are veryhigh.Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself, but there is also anenvironmental cost to be considered. Where valleys (山谷) are flooded to create dams, houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed. Besides, water may flow easily through pipes to fields, but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other. Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.,This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries inareas dependent on irrigation (灌溉)In Texas, farmers overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores. In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA, a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys, but much of the water use has been poorly managed.,Saudi Arabias attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves.Because there is no rainfall in these areas, such reserves can only decrease，and it i