2012.9翻译理论与实践课讲义.ppt

翻译理论与实践Theory2.Exerciseourselvesingainingmoretranslativepower;Inordertomakeourselvesqualifiedtranslators.,TeachingContents,1.AccomplishmentsofTranslators（译者综合素质）2.OutlineofTranslationHistory（翻译的语义策略精要）5.CasesofPragmaticStrategiesinTranslating（翻译的使用策略举隅）,TeachingArrangements,1Outlineofhistoricalfactsandelucidationoflinguistsviewpoints（概介史实，阐析观点）2Assignafter-classtranslationexercisesandmakecommentsinclass（布置练习，课上讲评）3Paneldiscussion(askstudentstoexchangetheirideasontheirowntranslatedpiecesorcomparenotesonwhattheyread)（小组讨论）4Bookreport(askstudentstoreadoneortwohitoryortheorybooksandthenwriteabookreporttoenhancetheirunderstandingofsomeoutstandingtheoristsideas)（读书报告）5Role-play(eachstudentisrequiredtogivea5-minutespeechaboutyourfavoritetranslaor,translatedworks,dubbedfilmorseveralstudentsmayformagrouptostageanadaptedplay(inChinese),recitepoemsorsingsongsbilingually.（角色扮演）,BasicRequirementsfortheTranslator,Asatisfactoryknowledgeofthesourcelanguage1Thefirstandmostobviousrequirementofanytranslatoristhathehasasatisfactoryknowledgeofthesourcelanguage.Rather,hemustunderstandnotonlytheobviouscontentofthemessage,butalsothesubtltiesofmeaning,thesignificantemotivevaluesofwords,andthestylisticfeatureswhichdeterminethe“flavorandfeel”ofthemessage.(fromNidas“TowardaScienceofTranslating)（对译者首要和最明显的要求是：他应当具备令人满意的源语/译出语水平。更确切地讲，他不仅必须理解文章需要了解的内容，而且要懂得意义的微妙性，懂得词语的重要情感价值，懂得确定文章“风味和感受”的语体特征.。）Theparagraphtellsusthattranslatorsshouldebewellversedinaforeignlanguageandthisrequirementisessentialforallgoodtranslators.Ifwewanttobegoodtranslators,weshouldmakeeveryendeavortoimproveourEnglishthroughavarietyofmechanisms.Toattainthelevelhementionedissohard,butnotimpossible.AnaveragelearnerofEnglishcandoreading,cancommunicateatsuperficiallevelandcanpassmanykindsofproficiencytests,buthecannevertranslatewell.OnlyanadvancedlearnerofEnglsih,solongashedevelopeshimselfhighcomprehesionabilityandequipshimselfwithadequateknowledge/encyclopedicinformation,hecanstarttotranslate.Inall,atranslatorshouldbeofstrongcomprehensivepowerandbeencyclopedic/eruditeenough.,Completecontrolofthereceptorlanguage,2Evenmoreimportantthanknowledgeoftheresourcesofthesourcelanguageisacompletecontrolofthereceptorlanguage.butthereisnosubstituteforthoroughmasteryofthereceptorlanguage.Certainlythemostnumerousandseriouserrorsmadebytranslatorsarisepartlyfromtheirlackofthoroughknowledgeofthereceptorlanguage.（比了解译入语各种来源更重要的事情是对译入语的全盘驾驭，没有任何其他东西可代替对译入语的娴熟掌握。不容置疑，译者所犯的多数严重错误部分是由于缺乏对译入语全面了解所致。）Whatisemphasizedinthisparagraphistohaveamasteryofyourmothertongue/nativelanguage.Payattentiontotheword“thorough”.DareyousaythatyouhaveathoroughmasteryofChineselanguage.I.mafraid,Ineverdaretosayso.Toundothisproblem,IsuggestreadingmoreChinesebooksorcallinginsomeasyourChineselanguageteacher.WeneedtoputstrengeouseffortintotheimprovementofChineselanguageproficiency.(要恶补汉语）,Thoroughacquaintancewiththesubjectmatterconcerned,3Itisonething,however,toknowalanguageingeneralandanothertohaveaspecilknowledgeofaparticularsubjectinadditiontoaknowledgeofthetwoormorelanguagesinvolvedinthetranslationprocess,thetranslatormusthaveathoroughacquaintancewiththesubjectmatterconcerned.（然而，大体上通晓一门语言是一回事，对某一特定领域的专业知识了解则是另一回事。除了了解涉及翻译过程的一、两门语言外，译者必须透彻了解相关的主题。）AChineseproverbsays:Cryoutwhatyousell.Thismayhelpyoutobringhometothisviewpoint.Asalawtranslator,youshouldhavelawatyourfingertips,andasatranslatorofforeignfilms,youshouldatleasthavegeneralknowledgeofthefilmart.Personally,Imaspare-timetranslatorintheautotrade,IofcourseoftenchoosetoreadcarmagazinesconcerningallABCknowledge/rudimentsofcars.Inthisway,Idofindmytranslatingeasier.Inall,youshoulddevelopyourselfthestrondinterestinallwalksoflifeandturnyourselfintoajackofalltrades.,Emphaticspirit,4Evenifthetranslatorpossessesallthenecessarytechnicalknowledge,heisnotreallycompetentunlesshehasalsoatrulyempathicspirit.(即使译者具备了一切必备专业知识，如果他没有和作者心灵相通，就不是有真正能力的译者。）Thisrequiresustohaveaundestanding/orguessing/perceptivepoweratdeeperlevel.Eachtimeyoureadtheoriginaltext,youshouldcrackyourbrainstocomprehendtherealintentionofthewriterseachstatement.Yououttohavethepowertoseethroughthewritersimpliedmeanings.Thisisperhapsthemostdifficultthingtodoinoneslife.Ittookmetwodaystofinishthistranslation.(askastudenttotranslate)Inall,tomakeagoodmatchofyourideaswiththoseofthewriters.翻阅这一本邮册，品评流年剪影，是欣然回忆，是默然思考，更是淡泊于心，志存高远的悟道！Leafingthroughthisstampalbumandcommentingonpicturesofthefleetingtimeisasgoodashavingpleasingreminiscencesaboutthepastorlapsingintoaquietcontemplation,andallthemore,asgainingsuchaphilosophyasnothankeringafterfamebutafterloftyaspirations.,Acapacityforliteraryexperssion,5Eventhoughknowledgeofthelanguagesandthesubjectmatter,combinedwithempathy,willnotsufficetoguaranteereallyeffectivetranslatingunlessthetranslatoralsohasacapacityforliteraryexpression.(纵然通晓语言，了解相关主题，加之能和作者沟通,译者没有文学表述能力，不足以保证译出上佳译作。）Literaryexpressionisalevelveryhardtoattain.Imyselfdonothavethispowerandthisoftenworriesmeandmakesmesomiserable.WhatIcandoistomakemytranslatedpiecereadable,andunderstandable.IfIwereborninancienttimes,Iwouldhavegotthechancetoreceiveold-styleschooleducationandIcouldbewellversedinancientChinese.Themyworrieswillsurelyvanish.,Devoutrecognition,6IntranslatingtheBible,mostoustandingtranslatorshavealsoinsisteduponafurtherrequirement,namely,adevoutrecognitionofdependenceupondivinegrace（在翻译圣经过程中，多数著名翻译家还坚持提出了一项进一步的要求，即：依赖于天恩的虔诚认识。）Thisrquiresustohavesturdy/firmfaithinourtranslationcareer.YoutreattranslationasyourenderservicetotheGod.WhatIdocanconformtothisruleasIamaworkahoicofthetranslation.,7.Tobealwaysreadytoteamupwithothersforatranslationproject.译者一定要具备于别人合作的精神。8.Tobegoodatsensibleadaptationintheprocessoftranslation,technicallyandotherwise.译者还要在翻译过程中善于变通。ThesetwoviepointsareaddedbyHeGangqiang,atranslationforefatgerofourtimesandthewriterof“AConciseCourseofTranslation”,whomdeservesmuchofmyrespect.HestatesthatwearelivinginanInternetage,thetranslationprojectswearetotakeup/assumeareusuallylarge,urgentandjointones.Suchatranslationprojectcanbedonesingle-handedly.Hence,teamwokspiritisneeded.Astothelastpoint,Mr.Hestressesweneedtodevelopourselvesthepower/competenceoutsidetranslation.Tomyroughunderstanding,weneedtobeadaptableandversatile.Tobeexact,youcanjumponoccasionandmakeitasatranslator.（随机应变做个成功的译者）何刚强总结到：精通外文，驾驭母语，熟悉题材，神合作者，具备才气，虔诚敬业，乐于合作，善于变通。,Topicsfordiscussion,1.Doyoueverwanttobecomeatranslator?Ifyes,why?2.Whatdoyouthinkofatranslatorscareer?Istranslatingaprofitablebusiness?3.ExplainNidassixbasicrequirementsforthetranslatorinyourownwords.4.Whatareyourreflectionsonbeingatranslator?,人物注释,Born（November11,1914）OklahomaCity,OklahomaDiedAugust25,2011)(aged96)Madrid,SpainOccupationLinguistSpouseAltheaSprague(m.19431993)Dr.ElenaFernandez(1997to2011)尤金A奈达（EugeneA.Nida），语言学家，翻译家，翻译理论家。1914年11月11日，出生于美国俄克拉何马市。2011年，8月25日，于布鲁塞尔与世长辞，享年94岁。1943年获密歇根大学语言学博士学位，接着长期在美国圣经学会主持翻译部的工作，曾任美国语言学会主席，1980年退休后任顾问。奈达是一位杰出的语言学家，他到过96个国家，在一百多所大学过讲座，来中国有13次之多，直至2003年，奈达89岁高龄时，仍到非洲讲学。,相关理论与著作这位在学术界赫赫有名的人物，偏偏远离学术重镇，默默地在美国圣经协会供职半个多世纪。他一生的主要学术活动都围绕圣经翻译展开。在圣经翻译的过程中，奈达从实际出发，发展出了一套自己的翻译理论，最终成为翻译研究的经典之一。奈达理论的核心概念是“功能对等”。所谓“功能对等”，就是说翻译时不求文字表面的死板对应，而要在两种语言间达成功能上的对等。为使源语和目的语的之间的转换有一个标准，减少差异，尤金A奈达从语言学的角度出发，根据翻译的本质，提出了著名的“动态对等”翻译理论，即“功能对等”。在这一理论中，他指出，“翻译是用最恰当、自然和对等的语言从语义到文体再现源语的信息”(郭建中,2000,P65)。奈达有关翻译的定义指明，翻译不仅是词汇意义上的对等，还包括语义、风格和文体的对等，翻译传达的信息既有表层词汇信息，也有深层的文化信息。“动态对等”中的对等包括四个方面：,人物注释,1.词汇对等；2.句法对等；3.篇章对等；4.文体对等。在这四个方面中，奈达认为，“意义是最重要的，形式其次”(郭建中,2000,P67)。形式很可能掩藏源语的文化意义，并阻碍文化交流。因此，在文学翻译中，根据奈达的理论，译者应以动态对等的四个方面，作为翻译的原则，准确地在目的语中再现源语的文化内涵。奈达著作等身，他单独或合作出版著作40多部，发表论文250馀篇，另外，还有13本专供圣经译者使用的参考书。奈达的第一本专著是1946年出版的翻译（BibleTranslating），最有影响的是1964出版的翻译的科学探索（TowardaScienceofTranslating），其次要数翻译理论与实践（TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation），系与查尔斯泰伯合著（1969）。,TranslationExercise1,一、特区是个窗口，是技术的窗口，管理的窗口，知识的窗口，也是对外政策的窗口。Thespecialzoneisawindow.Itisawindowforintroducingtechnology,managementandknowledge.Itisalsoawindowforforeignpolicy.Thisversionisaword-by-wordtranslation,poorinqualitythoughgrammaticallyacceptable.Obviously,theextendedmeaningisnotgivenbythetranslator.Theremustbesomewordsomittedinthesoucetext.Whatwordsareomitted,weneedtoreconsiderthesentencethisway:特区是个对外部世界开放的窗口；是个引进先进技术、管理知识和最新知识的窗口；特区还是个宣传中国对外政策的窗口。Afterthe“understanding”procedure,wegetdowntothe“expressing”procedure.Whatwordsorexpressionsoridiomsweshouldchooseinthistranslation?Thesentencestructureisthusorganized:awindowopeningontotheoutsideworld;awindowthroughwhichtobringin;alsoawindowthroughwhichto宣传,翻译时要补齐省略的部分,Draft:Thespecialeconomiczoneisawindowopeningontotheoutsideworld.Itisawindowthroughwhichtobringinfromabroadsophisticatedtechnology,advancedmanagerialexpertiseandup-to-dateknow-how.ItisalsoawindowthroughwhichtodisseminateChinasexternalpolicies.Choiceofwords:对外开放openingonto;通过这个窗口引进throughwhichtobringinthroughwhichtodisseminate;最先进的wedbetteruse:sophistacated/state-of-the-art/mostadvanced/up-to-datetechnology；Revisied:Thespecialeconomiczoneisawindowopeningontotheoutsideworld,awindowthroughwhichtobringinfromabroadstate-of-the-arttechnology,up-to-datemanagerialexpertiseandknow-howandalsoawindowthroughwhichtodisseminateChinasexternalpolicies.Awell-donejob.Thetranslatorfillsinthewordsthatareomittedinthesourcetextandexpressesthemintheversion.Inmyopinion,hisversionistrulyauthenticandcanbeeasilyunderstoodbyforeignreaders.,是免费送机票还是送免费机票？,2.一小时内免费送机票上门（航空公司的一则广告）Wegiveyouticketsfreeofchargewithinonehour.（误）我们一小时内送免费机票上门。Weofferfreedeliveryofyourairticketswithinonehourafteryourbookingconfirmation.（正）Comments:Averystupidmistakeismadebythisstudenttranslatorforhehasinformedwronglytothecustomers.Thetruthisthattheacttodeliverticketsisfree,butnottheairtickets.Suchtranslationissurelyridiculous.Theairflightwillsufferabigeconomiclossduetothisstudentscarelessness.,3.公司举办2008圣诞联欢晚会,12月6日，公司在长春香格里拉大饭店举办了气氛热烈、祥和的2008圣诞联欢晚会。总经理安铁成，副总经理米万德、马晨，工会主席王泽义，德籍员工携家属，中方伙伴共进人员，共400余人参加了晚会。中德嘉宾欢聚一堂共迎圣诞，增进了中德双方的友情，促进了伙伴共进计划的向前推进。晚会首先播放了2008年公司业绩短片。在圣诞乐曲背景下的激光秀之后，公司领导共同点燃了圣诞花环的首支蜡烛，这种德国传统迎接圣诞的方式，与德国嘉宾在情感上产生互动，为晚会带来了浓郁的欧洲风情，全场掌声与音乐形成交响。总经理安铁成与副总经理米万德在致辞中，对中德员工及家属致以节日的问候，并表示在中德员工的共同努力下，公司克服了市场低迷的不良影响，取得了诸多不凡的业绩。同时，伙伴共进计划的实施，促进了中德员工之间的友谊，使双方的合作更加深入。（350）,理解过程ourcomprehensionprocess,Incomprehensionprocess,thefirstthingtodoistodistinguishthemajormessagesfromtheminorones.（分清主次信息）Themajormessagesareconveyedbytranslatorsthroughtheiruseofsubjectsandpredicates,andminorones,theiruseofallkindsofmodifersandadverbials.Tomakeourversionagoodexpressiveeffect,weneedtopayattentionto“diction”(choiceofwords);andtoarrangeallsentenceelementsinagood/logicorder.Forexample,Duringthetranslation,firstdeterminethemajormesaage(usingthepredicates)andthentheminor(usingtheadverbialsandmodifers).Inthefirstpargraph,Ifinndout举办（hold,conduct,give,run,sponsor,hostetc.）；参加（attend，joinin,participatein,takepartinetc.)；欢聚(gather,meet,convergeetc.)shouldbefunctionedaspredicates.Inthesecondparagraph,播放；点燃;inthethirdparagraph,致以问候；克服；取得成绩；促进；使深入.IdeterminethemasthePelement.For举办；参加；欢聚;Irespectivelyuse“host”,“attend”and“happilygather”.Choiceofwords气氛热烈、祥和的radiant:beamingwithloveandjoy洋溢幸福的；congenial:pleasanttospendtimewith意气相投的，和气的auspicious:promisingasignoffuturesuccess吉利的，吉祥的Employmentofprepsandnounsintheversion.,SampleAnswer,OurCompanyHosted2008ChristmasGalaOnDecember6inShangri-LaHotelofChangchun,andinaradiantandcongenialatmosphere,ourcompanyhostedagalapartyincelebrationof2008Christmas.PresidentAnTiecheng,VicePresident,MiWandeandMaChen,ChairmanofTradeUnion,Mr.WangZeyi,alongwithGermanstaffandtheirfamilies,Chinesepersonnelinvolvedinthecollaborationproject,altogetherinanumberofover400people,attendedtheparty.Forenhancementofthefriendshipbetweenthetwosidesandforfurtheradvancementofthisproject,thehonoredguestsfrombothChinaandGermansidehappilygatheredinthesamehalltogreetthearrivalofthisChristmas.,Sampleanswer,Abriefdocumentaryaboutthecompanysachievementsof2008wasfirstbroadcastattheparty.ThenafteralasershowagainsttheChristmasmusicbackground,ourcompanyleaderstogetherlitthefirstcandleontheChristmasgarlandinatraditionalGermanwaytowelcomeChristmas,producinganeffectofemotionalinteractivitywiththeGermanguests,bringingforthastrongflavorofEuropeanlifetotheparty,andtheentirehallapplausebeingmixedwiththemusicsoundsintoasymphonypiece.,Intheirrespectiveaddresses,PresidentAnTiechengandVicePresidentMiWandeextendedtheirfestivegreetingstoSino-GermanemployeesandtheirfamiliesandnotedthatthroughthejointeffortsbySino-Germanstaffthecompanyhasovercometheadverseeffectsofthemarketdownturnandmadesomeextraordinaryachievements.Meanwhile,theimplementationofthecollaborationschemehaspromotedthefriendshipbetweentheChineseandGermanemployeesandenabledadeepercooperatationbetweenthetwoparties.,Usepredicateelementtotoexpressmajorinformationandthenuseadverbialsandmodiferstoexpressminorinformation,1先注意谓语的使用以表达主信息第一段：举办；参加；欢聚第二段：播放；点燃第三段：致以问候；克服；取得成绩；促进；使深入2其次注意介词和名词的大量使用介词短语作状语：在热烈、祥和的气氛下；增进了中德双方的友情，促进了伙伴共进计划的向前推进分词短语的使用3汉译英时最难处理的既是状语、定语。处理好他们一切困难就迎刃而解了。,LectureTwoABriefOutlineofChinasTranslationHistory,FourpeakperiodsoftranslationinChinaFirstperiodfromEasternHantoTangandSongSturatranslationisusu.furtherdevidedintothreestages:BetweentheendofEasternHanandThreeKingdoms(AD148265)四十二章经“TheSutrainForty-twoSections”“theearliestBuddhistscripturetranslatedby迦叶摩腾Kasyapa-matanga竺兰法Dharmarakcha,twomonksfromHinducametoChinatodomissionarywork.安般守意经“AnapanasatiSutta”,oneofthemostinfluentialtranslatedscripturesbyAnShigaoaParthian,isgenerallyacceptedasthefoundingfatherofsutratranslationinChina.FeaturesofEarlySutraTranslationtoteachthescripturethroughoralinstructionbutnotthroughtakingnotes,WesternandEasternJinDynasties;SouthernandNothernDynasties(AD265589)众经目录“AComprehensiveCatalogofScriptures”byDaoAn;Kumarajiva(鸠摩罗什344413)totallytranslated384volumes,whosetranslationwasconsideredappropriateinwordingandexpressionandascloseaspossibletotheoriginalinstyle.HecontributedagreatdealtoBuddhistcultureofChinaandleftvaluablelegacytotheposterityintermsoftranslationtheory.Paramatha(真谛499569):histranslatedworkstotalled48in232volumes,whosetranslationwasremarked“mostlyremainingfaithfultotheoriginalthoughhislanguageisabitobscure”.HemadealecturetouraroundancientChinaland.Inallheisaprolifictranslatorandworthyoftherespectandadmirationfromhisposterity.,Sui,Tang,NorthernSongDynasty(AD5891100)XuanZang(玄奘602664):theprototypeofTangMonkintheclassicnovelentitled“AJourneytotheWest”,thebest-knowntranslatorofChina,evenoftheworld.Hetotallytranslated1335volumes,whosetranslationwasthelargestinquantityandhighestinquality.Heisquitewell-informedof,consceintiousandmeticulousinhisstudies,alsoquitegoodatliteraltranslationapproachandskillfulintheuseofidiomsforhistranslatedworks.,Sanskrit(梵语）:anancientlanguageofIndia,SanskritisanINDO-EUROPEANlanguageandtheholybooksoftheHindureligionarewritteninSanskrit.ThemodernlanguagesofN.India,suchasHindiandPunjabi,developedfromSanskrit.(朗文当代英语大辞典1548）Buddhism:areligonofE.S.andCentralAsia,growingoutoftheteachingoftheBuddhathatonemustbefreeofhumandesiresinordertoescapefromthesufferingthatisnecessarypartoflife.FollowersofBuddhismbelieveinREINCARNATION（=theideathatpeoplearebornagainaftertheydie,andthatthenextlifedependsonhowwelltheybehaveinthepreviouslife.(朗文当代英语大辞典212)Sutra:apieceofHinduholywriting(朗文当代英语大辞典1777）佛经是对佛教经典的一种简略说法。有广义和狭义两种。汉文佛教经典总称为“大藏经”，包括印度和中国的佛教主要著述在内。狭义的佛经专指经藏。,鸠摩罗什（梵文：，Kumrajva，334年413年，一说350年409年，又名鸠摩罗什婆、鸠摩罗耆婆，汉语的意思为童寿，常略称为罗什），是中国佛教史上四大译师之一，南北朝时期佛教高僧。真谛（499569），梵文Paramrtha，原籍西天竺优禅尼国，出身婆罗门族。少时博访众师，学通内外，尤精于大乘之说。少时博览群书，精通佛理，立志周游诸国，弘阐佛法，不畏艰险，到达扶南国(约当今柬埔寨)。真谛的翻译，大都保存了原本的面目。文字虽然有些艰涩，或杂入他自己的解释，但从其师承来说，大体是正确的。后来玄奘门下对其译文批判未免有过分之处。真谛本人，也因其卓绝精神和丰富的译业(关于他译经的数量，诸书记载不同，或说共译48部232卷，或说38部117卷，要之都远比同时代的译人丰富)而受到后人的尊敬和纪念。在中国佛教史上，他与鸠摩罗什(344413)、玄奘（602664）、义净（700711）（另有一说为不空（743774），并称为四大译师而名垂不朽。玄奘（602年664年），唐朝著名的三藏法师，汉传佛教史上最伟大的译经师之一，中国佛教法相唯识宗创始人。俗姓陈，名袆，出生于河南洛阳洛州缑氏县（今河南省偃师市南境）。他是中国著名古典小说西游记中心人物唐僧的原型。（上文注释均出自于百度百科）,Significanceofsutratranslation,AccordingtoProf.SunPing(1)ItenhancedthespreadingofBuddhisminChina;(2)ItenrichedthemindofancientthinkersinChina;(3)ItlargelyinfluencedChineselanguage,Chineseliteratureinlanguageuse,styleandforms,etc.(4)Itsubsequentlypromotedthecommunicationbetweenthetwocivilizednations:ancientChinaandIndia;(5)Allpursuitsdevotedtotranslationwasthemakingofsomefamedtranslatorsandwasappraisedbyposterityas“havingpavedthewayfortheestablishmentoftranslationtheoriesofChinasownsystem.”为我国自成一体的翻译理论体系打下了基础。(参见孙萍Culturetoturndemon)，魔力(magicpower,charm)，魔头(devil,demon)，魔窟(denofmonsters)，魔王(princeofthedemons)，魔爪(devilsclaws)，魔掌(devilsclutches)；心：心地(mind,stateofmind,mood)，心田(heart)，心猿意马(fancifulandfickle,unsettledinmind)，心心相印(perfectcommunionofaffectionandthought)等,源自于佛经典籍的四字成语Four-letterChineseidiomsderivedfromBuddhistsutra,Itissaidthatabout90percentofthefour-letterChineseidiomsarederivedfromBuddhistsutra.Forexample:天花乱坠（accodingtoaChineselegend,HeavenwassodeeplytouchedbythepreachingofMonkYunguangduringtheEmperorWuoftheLiangDynastythatitrainedflowers）togiveanexaggeratedaccount/descriptionofsth;shootonemouthoff.作茧自缚spinacocoonaroundoneself;fallintoapitofonesowndigging;workagainsonesowninterests借花献佛presentBuddhawithborrowedflowers;totaketheopportunitytotoastsb.万劫不复beyondredemption,bedoomedforever,对牛弹琴playlutetoacow，castpearlsbeforeswine,wasteonesbreath,addressthewrongaudience五体投地:prostrateoneselfonthegroundinadmiration,beknockedoutwithadmiration三生有幸consideritagrathonortodosth本来面目,therealityof/thenature/truthofsth,inonestruecolors.,译经对汉语语法的影响TheimpactofsutratranslationonChinesegrammar,Inverted-ordersentencesareintroducedinChinesewritings.倒装：如是我闻Modalparticlessuchas“于”arealsointroducedintotheChineselanguage.引入助词“于”的被动式句：打骂于我；取笑于他。引入“把”“将”“着”“了”“便”“就”Inall,thesutratranslationhascontributedagreatdealtothebirthofVernacularChinese.(对白话文的产生起了巨大作用）,佛经翻译对中国文学的影响TheimpactofsutratranslationonChineseLiterature,文学题材方面：1志怪小说（魏晋南北朝时期Inliterarysubjects,anewgenre/typenovel“WeirdFictionsbegantoappearintheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.志怪小说是中国古典小说形式之一，以记叙神异鬼怪故事传说为主体内容，产生和流行于魏晋南北朝，与当时社会宗教迷信和玄学风气以及佛教的传播有直接的关系。志怪，就是记录怪异，主要指魏晋时代产生的一种以记述神仙鬼怪为内容的小说，也可包括汉代的同类作品。志怪小说是受当时盛行的神仙方术之说而形成的侈谈鬼神、称道灵异的社会风气的影响之下形成的。Itisoneofthetypica