外文翻译--常用的结构体系 原件.pdf -- 5 元

CommonlyCommonlyUsedUsedstructuralstructuralSystemsSystemsWithloadsmeasuredintensofthousandskips,thereislittleroominthedesignofhighrisebuildingsforexcessivelycomplexthoughts.Indeed,thebetterhighrisebuildingscarrytheuniversaltraitsofsimplicityofthoughtandclarityofexpression.Itdoesnotfollowthatthereisnoroomforgrandthoughts.Indeed,itiswithsuchgrandthoughtsthatthenewfamilyofhighrisebuildingshasevolved.Perhapsmoreimportant,thenewconceptsofbutafewyearsagohavebecomecommonplaceintodaystechnology.Omittingsomeconceptsthatarerelatedstrictlytothematerialsofconstruction,themostcommonlyusedstructuralsystemsusedinhighrisebuildingscanbecategorizedasfollowsMomentresistingframes.Bracedframes,includingeccentricallybracedframes.Shearwalls,includingsteelplateshearwalls.Tubeintubestructures.Tubeintubestructures.Coreinteractivestructures.Cellularorbundledtubesystems.Particularlywiththerecenttrendtowardmorecomplexforms,butinresponsealsototheneedforincreasedstiffnesstoresisttheforcesfromwindandearthquake,mosthighrisebuildingshavestructuralsystemsbuiltupofcombinationsofframes,bracedbents,shearwalls,andrelatedsystems.Further,forthetallerbuildings,themajoritiesarecomposedofinteractiveelementsinthreedimensionalarrays.Themethodofcombiningtheseelementsistheveryessenceofthedesignprocessforhighrisebuildings.Thesecombinationsneedevolveinresponsetoenvironmental,functional,andcostconsiderationssoastoprovideefficientstructuresthatprovokethearchitecturaldevelopmenttonewheights.Thisisnottosaythatimaginativestructuraldesigncancreategreatarchitecture.Tothecontrary,manyexamplesoffinearchitecturehavebeencreatedwithonlymoderatesupportfromthestructuralengineer,whileonlyfinestructure,notgreatarchitecture,canbedevelopedwithoutthegeniusandtheleadershipofatalentedarchitect.Inanyevent,thebestofbothisneededtoformulateatrulyextraordinarydesignofahighrisebuilding.Whilecomprehensivediscussionsofthesesevensystemsaregenerallyavailableintheliterature,furtherdiscussioniswarrantedhere.Theessenceofthedesignprocessisdistributedthroughoutthediscussion.Theprojectisonespecial,thismeantanengineermustacceptthecollegeeducation.Intheverymanygovernmentsincludesisemployedthepermissionprocedurefront,requestsofengineeringgraduatestobeemployedmustthroughe,isemployedlikeattorneymustthequalificationstestbeattorney.Becausewhensolvestheseproblems,involvestothe,thereforeinthepresentnearlyallengineeringallincludesthecomputerprogramming.Certainly,canbequickerthanthehumanity,accuratelysolvesthecomputationsaspectproblem.But,onlyifthecomputerclearandtheaccurateinstructionortheinformation,insistheprocedure,otherwisethecomputerwillbeuseless.Althoughtheengineeringcoursecurriculumemphasispointalwaystechnologyclasssubject,thecurrenttendencyrequeststotakeasanelectivethesocialsciencesandthedisciplinecurriculum.Theengineeringandthesocialaremoreandmoreclose,thushasthefullreasontomoreEngineerswork,isdifferent,theimportantwaywhichwithbyisaffectingthesociety.Engineeralsoneedstograsptherichlanguage,inorderorderlinessisclearmoreoverhasthepersuasivepowermanysituationsthereport.inordertopublishitspaperalsotoneedindetailitsdiscovery.Theengineeringcoursestudentfinallytwoyearswantstothespecializeddomainthespecializedsubject.assubjectandgeodesy,sorhydraulics.Inengineeringcoursestudentuniversitystagelastbefore,hasbeenextremelyactivetotheprojectactivity.Inrecentyears,verymanyandthegovernmentapparatusforattracttheengineersstocompete.Innowthescienceandtechnologysociety,theprocessskilltrainingtalentedextremelyisscarce.Forexample,youngengineerpossiblycanchoosetheascenthygienicengineering,becausethepeoplehavecreatedtheemploymentopportunitytotheenvironmentattention,perhapsenteraroadbuildingconstructionenterprise,ortheywillinginaresearchwaterresourcesgovernment.Inbrief,maychoosetheotrulyverymany.Wuniversitystageobtains.Heispossiblyappointedatthebeginningoftheworktowithgroupofengineers,obtainsinofficeengineertobeallowedtoexaminetheabilitywhichandthepracticeunifies.Civilengineeringispossiblyengagedintheworkhasthedesign,theconstructcontrol,theservice,evenisthemanagementThesedifferenttypeswork,tothe,theemphasispoint,theknowledgeandtherequestarevarious.Thescientificresearchisthescienceandtheprojectpracticesimportantaspect.Aresearcherusuallyis,hewantswithotherscientists,engineertoworktogetherpublicofficetothelaboratorysthegovernmentorthenewstructuralmaterialdevelopmentandexperiment.Civilengineeringdomainverymanyseniorengineersareengagedinwork.Justlikewesaw,civilengineeringsworkinvolveskindsoftypesthestructure,thereforespeakingofanthespecialtyinsomekindofstructureisonlyonekindofWhenarchitecturaldesign,engineerusuallyisdesigncompanyorconstructsenterprisesdike,thebridge,usuallyhireengineerfortheaqueoussystemprojectprojects,underinisresponsiblefortheentireengineerleadsthejointoperation.Alsocanhavesomeengineersamongverymanysituationstoinvolve,inadikeproject,electricpowerengineerandcanparticipateinthepowerstationthedesignanditssetup.Moreover,civilengineeringalsocanappointtoworkforotherforexample,whenimplementationspaceprogram,needstoparticipateinsuchasthelaunchingpadandthemagazinesuchstructuredesignandtheconstruction.Thenearlyallengineeringprojectconstructionprocessveryis.Whenconstructionmustformulatetheworkplan,theequipmentandthematerial,thusreducestheprojectfaraspossible.Thesafetyfactoralsomustconsider,becauseprocessisextremelydangerous,thereforeneedsveryengineeringtobeengagedintheconstructionstagethework.Inconsideringthissystem,isimportanttounderstandclearlythedifferencebetweentheshearandtheflexuralcomponentsofdeflection,thetermsbeingtakenfrombeamanalogy.Inaframedtube,theshearcomponentofdeflectionisassociatedwiththebendingdeformationofcolumnsandgirdersi.e,thewebsoftheframedtubewhiletheflexuralcomponentisassociatedwiththeaxialshorteningandlengtheningofcolumnsi.e,theflangesoftheframedtube.Inabracedtube,theshearcomponentofdeflectionisassociatedwiththeaxialdeformationofdiagonalswhiletheflexuralcomponentofdeflectionisassociatedwiththeaxialshorteningandlengtheningofcolumns.Followingbeamanalogy,ifplanesurfacesremainplanei.e,thefloorslabs,thenaxialstressesinthecolumnsoftheoutertube,beingfartherformtheneutralaxis,willbesubstantiallylargerthantheaxialstressesintheinnertube.However,inthetubeintubedesign,whenoptimized,theaxialstressesintheinnerringofcolumnsmaybeashigh,orevenhigher,thantheaxialstressesintheouterring.Thisseeminganomalyisassociatedwithdifferencesintheshearingcomponentofstiffnessbetweenthetwosystems.Thisiseasiesttounderstandwheretheinnertubeisconceivedasabracedi.e,shearstifftubewhiletheoutertubeisconceivedasaframedi.e,shearflexibletube.Coreinteractivestructuresareaspecialcaseofatubeintubewhereinthetwotubesarecoupledtogetherwithsomeformofthreedimensionalspaceframe.Indeed,thesystemisusedoftenwhereintheshearstiffnessoftheoutertubeiszero.TheUnitedStatesSteelBuilding,Pittsburgh,illustratesthesystemverywell.Here,theinnertubeisabracedframe,theoutertubehasnoshearstiffness,andthetwosystemsarecouplediftheywereconsideredassystemspassinginastraightlinefromthehatstructure.Notethattheexteriorcolumnswouldbeimproperlymodelediftheywereconsideredassystemspassinginastraightlinefromthehattothefoundationsthesecolumnsareperhaps15stifferastheyfollowtheelasticcurveofthebracedcore.Notealsothattheaxialforcesassociatedwiththelateralforcesintheinnercolumnschangefromtensiontocompressionovertheheightofthetube,withtheinflectionpointatabout5/8oftheheightofthetube.Theoutercolumns,ofcourse,carrythesameaxialforceunderlateralloadforthefullheightofthecolumnsbecausethecolumnsbecausetheshearstiffnessofthesystemisclosetozero.