外文资料翻译-可持续性和城市扩展的新陈代谢模型

SUSTAINABILITYANDCITIESEXTENDINGTHEMETABOLISMMODELPETERWGNEWMANPROFESSOROFCITYPOLICY,MURDOCHUNIVERSITY,ABSTRACTTHEUSEOFTHEMETABOLISMCONCEPT,EXPANDEDTOINCLUDEASPECTSOFLIVABILITY,ISAPPLIEDTOCITIESTODEMONSTRATETHEPRACTICALMEANINGOFSUSTAINABILITYITSAPPLICATIONININDUSTRIALECOLOGY,URBANECOLOGY,URBANDEMONSTRATIONPROJECTS,BUSINESSPLANSANDCITYCOMPARISONSAREUSEDTOILLUSTRATEITSPOTENTIALKEYWORDSSUSTAINABILITY；CITIESMETABOLISM；LIVABILITY；ECOSYSTEM；INDICATORS1、INTRODUCTIONSUSTAINABILITYHASBEENDEFINEDTHROUGHTHEUNITEDNATIONSASAGLOBALPROCESSOFDEVELOPMENTTHATMINIMISESENVIRONMENTSRESOURCESANDREDUCESTHEIMPACTONENVIRONMENTALSINKSUSINGPROCESSESTHATSIMULTANEOUSLYIMPROVETHEECONOMYANDTHEQUALITYOFLIFEUNWORLDCOMMISSIONONENVIRONMENTANDDEVELOPMENT,1987THISPAPERTRIESTOSHOWHOWASIMPLEMODELDEVELOPEDFORTHEAUSTRALIANSTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTREPORTINGPROCESSNEWMANETAL,1996CANBEUSEDTOGIVESOMESUBSTANCETOTHEAPPLICATIONOFSUSTAINABILITYTOCITIESDATAFROMTHEAUSTRALIANAPPLICATIONSANDSOMEOTHERCASESTUDIESAREPROVIDEDTOILLUSTRATEHOWTHEMODELWORKS2、APPLICATIONOFSUSTAINABILITYTOCITIESTHEPRINCIPLESOFSUSTAINABILITYCANBEAPPLIEDTOCITIESTHOUGHTHEGUIDANCEONHOWTHISCANBEDONEWASNOTVERYCLEARINAGENDA21OROTHERUNITEDNATIONSDOCUMENTSKEATING,1993ITISPROBABLYTRUETOSAYTHATTHEMAJORENVIRONMENTALBATTLESOFTHEPASTWEREFOUGHTOUTSIDECITIESBUTTHATAWARENESSOFTHENEEDTOINCLUDECITIESINTHEGLOBALSUSTAINABILITYAGENDA,ISNOWUNIVERSALLYRECOGNISEDBYENVIRONMENTALISTS,GOVERNMENTSANDINDUSTRYTHEORGANISATIONFORECONOMICANDCULTURALDEVELOPMENT,THEEUROPEANCOMMUNITYANDEVENTHEWORLDBANKNOWHAVESUSTAINABLECITIESPROGRAMSIN1994THEGLOBALFORUMONCITIESANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTHEARDFROM50CITIESMITLINANDSATTERTHWAITE,1994ANDIN1996THEUNHELDHABITATII,THESECONDUNITEDNATIONSCONFERENCEONHUMANSETTLEMENTSINISTANBULATTHECITYSUMMITTHENATIONSOFTHEWORLDREPORTEDONPROGRESSINACHIEVINGSUSTAINABILITYINTHEIRCITIESUNCENTREFORHUMANSETTLEMENTS,1996ANDERS1991,INAGLOBALREVIEWOFTHESUSTAINABLECITIESMOVEMENT,POINTEDOUTTHESUSTAINABLECITIESMOVEMENTSEEMSUNITEDINITSPERCEPTIONTHATTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTDEMANDSACTIONANDTHATCITIESAREANAPPROPRIATEFORUMINWHICHTOACTOTHERSSUCHASYANARELLAANDLEVINE1992SUGGESTTHATALLSUSTAINABILITYINITIATIVESSHOULDBECENTREDAROUNDSTRATEGIESFORDESIGNING,REDESIGNINGANDBUILDINGSUSTAINABLECITIESFROMAGLOBALPERSPECTIVE,THEYSUGGESTTHATCITIESSHAPETHEWORLDANDTHATWEWILLNEVERBEGINTOIMPLEMENTTHESUSTAINABILITYPROCESSUNLESSWECANRELATEITTOCITIES3、ANEMERGINGFRAMEWORKTHECITYASANECOSYSTEMTHROUGHOUTTHISCENTURYTHECITYHASBEENCONCEIVEDBYSOCIOLOGISTS,PLANNERSANDENGINEERSASABAZAAR,ASEATOFPOLITICALCHAOS,ANINFERNALMACHINE,ACIRCUIT,ANDMOREHOPEFULLY,ASACOMMUNITY,THEHUMANCREATIONPAREXCELLENCEBRUGMANNANDHERSH1991,CITEDINROSELAND1992ONEOFTHESTRONGESTTHEMESRUNNINGTHROUGHTHELITERATUREONURBANSUSTAINABILITYISTHATIFWEARETOSOLVEOURENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSWENEEDTOVIEWTHECITYASANECOSYSTEMASTJALLINGII1993PUTSITTHECITYISNOWCONCEIVEDASADYNAMICANDCOMPLEXECOSYSTEMTHISISNOTAMETAPHOR,BUTACONCEPTOFAREALCITYTHESOCIAL,ECONOMICANDCULTURALSYSTEMSCANNOTESCAPETHERULESOFABIOTICANDBIOTICNATUREGUIDELINESFORACTIONWILLHAVETOBEGEAREDTOTHESERULESLIKEALLECOSYSTEMS,THECITYISASYSTEM,HAVINGINPUTSOFENERGYANDMATERIALSTHEMAINENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSANDECONOMICCOSTSARERELATEDTOTHEGROWTHOFTHESEINPUTSANDMANAGINGTHEINCREASEDOUTPUTSBYLOOKINGATTHECITYASAWHOLEANDBYANALYSINGTHEPATHWAYSALONGWHICHENERGYANDMATERIALSINCLUDINGPOLLUTANTSMOVE,ITISPOSSIBLETOBEGINTOCONCEIVEOFMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSANDTECHNOLOGIESWHICHALLOWFORTHEREINTEGRATIONOFNATURALPROCESSES,INCREASINGTHEEFFICIENCYOFRESOURCEUSE,THERECYCLINGOFWASTESASVALUABLEMATERIALSANDTHECONSERVATIONOFANDEVENPRODUCTIONOFENERGYTHEREMAYBEONGOINGACADEMICDEBATEABOUTWHATCONSTITUTESSUSTAINABILITYORANECOSYSTEMAPPROACHSLOCOMBE,1993,BUTWHATISCLEARISTHATMANYSTRATEGIESANDPROGRAMSAROUNDTHEWORLDHAVEBEGUNTOAPPLYSUCHNOTIONSBOTHFORNEWDEVELOPMENTANDREDEVELOPMENTOFEXISTINGAREAS4、THEEXTENDEDMETABOLISMMODELHOWDOESACITYDEFINEITSGOALSINAWAYTHATENABLESITTOBEMORESUSTAINABLEHOWDOYOUMAKEASYSTEMATICAPPROACHTHATBEGINSTOFULFILTHEGLOBALANDLOCALSUSTAINABILITYAGENDATHEAPPROACHADOPTEDHEREISBASEDONTHEEXPERIENCEOFTHEHUMANSETTLEMENTSPANELINTHEAUSTRALIANSTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTREPORTINGPROCESSSEENEWMANETAL,1996ANDONTHEEXPERIENCEOFMAKINGASUSTAINABILITYPLANFORPHILADELPHIAWITHTHEGRADUATESTUDENTSATTHEUNIVERSITYOFPENNSYLVANIAIN1995AND1997,ASWELLASAWARENESSOFTHEWORLDBANK/UNHABITATPROJECTONDEVELOPINGSUSTAINABILITYINDICATORSFORCITIESWORLDBANK,1994ITISPOSSIBLETODEFINETHEGOALOFSUSTAINABILITYINACITYASTHEREDUCTIONOFTHECITYSUSEOFNATURALRESOURCESANDPRODUCTIONOFWASTESWHILESIMULTANEOUSLYIMPROVINGITSLIVABILITY,SOTHATITCANBETTERFITWITHINTHECAPACITIESOFTHELOCAL,REGIONALANDGLOBALECOSYSTEMSMETABOLISMISABIOLOGICALSYSTEMSWAYOFLOOKINGATTHERESOURCEINPUTSANDWASTEOUTPUTSOFSETTLEMENTSTHISAPPROACHHASBEENDEVELOPEDBYAFEWACADEMICSOVERTHEPAST30YEARS,THOUGHITHASRARELYIFEVERBEENUSEDINPOLICYDEVELOPMENTFORCITYPLANNINGWOLMAN,1965BOYDENETAL,1981GIRARDET,1992FIG1SETSOUTHOWTHISBASICMETABOLISMCONCEPTHASBEENEXTENDEDTOINCLUDETHEDYNAMICSOFSETTLEMENTSANDLIVABILITYINTHESESETTLEMENTSITWASDEVELOPEDASTHEBASISOFTHEAPPROACHADOPTEDBYTHEAUSTRALIANSTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTREPORTNEWMANETAL,1996INTHISMODELITISPOSSIBLETOSPECIFYTHEPHYSICALANDBIOLOGICALBASISOFTHECITY,ASWELLASITSHUMANBASISTHEPHYSICALANDBIOLOGICALPROCESSESOFCONVERTINGRESOURCESINTOUSEFULPRODUCTSANDWASTESISLIKETHEHUMANBODYSMETABOLICPROCESSESORTHATOFANECOSYSTEMTHEYAREBASEDONTHELAWSOFTHERMODYNAMICSWHICHSHOWTHATANYTHINGWHICHCOMESINTOABIOLOGICALSYSTEMMUSTPASSTHROUGHANDTHATTHEAMOUNTOFWASTEISTHEREFOREDEPENDENTONTHEAMOUNTOFRESOURCESREQUIREDABALANCESHEETOFINPUTSANDOUTPUTSCANBECREATEDITALSOMEANSTHATWECANMANAGETHEWASTESPRODUCED,BUTTHEYREQUIREENERGYINORDERTOTURNTHEMINTOANYTHINGUSEFULANDULTIMATELYALLMATERIALSWILLEVENTUALLYENDUPASWASTEFOREXAMPLE,ALLCARBONPRODUCTSWILLEVENTUALLYENDUPASCO2ANDTHISISNOTPOSSIBLETORECYCLEANYFURTHERWITHOUTENORMOUSENERGYINPUTSTHATINTHEMSELVESHAVEASSOCIATEDWASTESTHISISTHEENTROPYFACTORINMETABOLISMWHATTHISMEANS,ISTHATTHEBESTWAYTOENSURETHATTHEREAREREDUCTIONSINIMPACT,ISTOREDUCETHERESOURCEINPUTSTHISAPPROACHTORESOURCEMANAGEMENTISIMPLICITLYUNDERSTOODBYSCIENTISTSBUTISNOTINHERENTTOANECONOMISTSAPPROACHWHICHSEESONLYOPENCYCLESWHENEVERHUMANINGENUITYANDTECHNOLOGYAREAPPLIEDTONATURALRESOURCESHOWEVER,ACITYISAPHYSICALANDBIOLOGICALSYSTEMTHEYAPPLYTHEMETABOLISMCONCEPTTOSYDNEYTHEMETABOLICFLOWSFORSYDNEYIN1970AND1990ARESUMMARISEDTHEYSHOWTHATAPARTFROMAFEWAIRQUALITYPARAMETERSTHEREHASBEENANINCREASEINPERCAPITARESOURCEINPUTSANDWASTEOUTPUTSTHEREDUCTIONINHYDROCARBONSISBECAUSETHEYAREMORECOMPLETELYBURNTINMODERNAUTOMOBILEENGINESBUTTHISJUSTMEANSTHATTHERESMORECO2PRODUCEDIFCO2ISTOBEREDUCED,THERENEEDSTOBEMOREFUNDAMENTALCHANGE,SUCHASREDUCINGTHENEEDTOTRAVELSOMUCHNEWMANANDKENWORTHY,1999THEMETABOLISMAPPROACHTOCITIESISAPURELYBIOLOGICALVIEW,BUTCITIESAREMUCHMORETHANAMECHANISMFORPROCESSINGRESOURCESANDPRODUCINGWASTES,THEYAREABOUTCREATINGHUMANOPPORTUNITYTTSHOWSHOWTHISBASICMETABOLISMCONCEPTHASBEENEXTENDEDTOINCLUDELIVABILITYINTHESESETTLEMENTSSOTHATTHEECONOMICANDSOCIALASPECTSOFSUSTAINABILITYAREINTEGRATEDWITHTHEENVIRONMENTALTHISAPPROACHNOWBECOMESMOREOFAHUMANECOSYSTEMAPPROACH,ASSUGGESTEDBYTJALLINGIIANDOTHERSABOVESOMETYPICALSUSTAINABILITYINDICATORSFORCITIESCOVERINGMETABOLICFLOWSANDLIVABILITYAREOUTLINEDLIVABILITYISABOUTTHEHUMANREQUIREMENTFORSOCIALAMENITY,HEALTHANDWELLBEINGANDINCLUDESBOTHINDIVIDUALANDCOMMUNITYWELLBEINGLIVABILITYISABOUTTHEHUMANENVIRONMENTTHOUGHITCANNEVERBESEPARATEDFROMTHENATURALENVIRONMENTSUSTAINABILITYFORACITYISTHUSNOTONLYTHEREDUCTIONINMETABOLICFLOWSRESOURCEINPUTSANDWASTEOUTPUTS,ITMUSTALSOBEABOUTINCREASINGHUMANLIVABILITYSOCIALAMENITYANDHEALTHLIVABILITYINDICATORSWEREPRODUCEDFORSYDNEYANDOTHERAUSTRALIANSETTLEMENTSFORTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTREPORTNEWMANETAL,1996,BUTONLYFOR1YEARFURTHERSTUDIESCANTHUSDETERMINEIFTHESEASPECTSOFSUSTAINABILITYAREIMPROVINGORNOT5、APPLICATIONOFTHEEXTENDEDMETABOLISMMODELTHEEXTENDEDMETABOLISMMODELCANBEAPPLIEDATARANGEOFLEVELSANDTOARANGEOFDIFFERENTHUMANACTIVITIES,FOREXAMPLE1INDUSTRIALAREASCANEXAMINETHEIRINPUTSOFRESOURCESANDOUTPUTSOFWASTEWHILEMEASURINGTHEIRUSUALECONOMICPARAMETERSANDOTHERMATTERSSUCHASWORKERHEALTHANDSAFETYTHESEDATACOULDTHENBEUSEDTOSEEHOWMUTUALLYUSEFULSOLUTIONSCOULDBEFOUNDSUCHASTHERECYCLINGOFONEINDUSTRYSWASTEASANIMPORTANTRESOURCESUBSTITUTEFORANADJACENTINDUSTRYTHEKALUNDBORGAREAOFDENMARKHASMADEANASSESSMENTOFTHISKINDTIBBS,1992AYRESANDSIMONIS1994HAVEADOPTEDASIMILARAPPROACHFORINDUSTRIALAREASBASEDONINDUSTRIALMETABOLISM2HOUSEHOLDSORNEIGHBOURHOODSCANMAKEANASSESSMENTOFTHEIRMETABOLICFLOWSANDLIVABILITYANDTOGETHERMAKEATTEMPTSTODOBETTERWITHBOTHEXAMPLESOFTHISAPPROACHINSINGLEDEVELOPMENTSAREBEINGLABELEDURBANECOLOGYNEWMANANDKENWORTHY,19993URBANDEMONSTRATIONPROJECTSCANBEASSESSEDFORTHEIRSUSTAINABILITYUSINGTHEEXTENDEDMETABOLISMMODELFOREXAMPLE,WEWEREASKEDTOEVALUATETHEAUSTRALIANBETTERCITIESPROGRAMWHICHCONSISTSOF45DEMONSTRATIONSOFURBANINNOVATIONSTHEAPPROACHADOPTEDWASTOTRYTOSEETHEEXTENTTOWHICHEACHPROJECTWASREDUCINGRESOURCEINPUTS,LOWERINGWASTEOUTPUTSANDSIMULTANEOUSLYIMPROVINGTHELIVABILITYOFTHEURBANAREADIVERETAL,1996ANURBANDEMONSTRATIONPROJECTINJAKARTAWASEVALUATEDINTERMSOFSUSTAINABILITYUSINGTHEEXTENDEDMETABOLISMMODELARIEF,1998CITIESCANEVENEXTENDTHISEVALUATIONPROCESSTOEVENTSLIKETHEOLYMPICGAMESANDALLTHEFACILITIESANDINFRASTRUCTURETHEYREQUIRE4INDIVIDUALBUSINESSESCANAPPLYTHEEXTENDEDMETABOLISMMODELANDCREATEASUSTAINABILITYPLANTHEFIRSTBUSINESSTOMAKEASUSTAINABILITYREPORTISINTERFACEANDERSON,1998WHICHISALARGEUSCOMPANYMAKINGFLOORINGTHEYBEGANAPROCESSIN1994AFTERTHECEOHADREADPAULHAWKENSTHEECOLOGYOFCOMMERCEHAWKEN,1994ANDCHOSETOFOLLOWASWEDISHSETOFPRINCIPLESCALLEDNATURALSTEPGREYSON,1995THEIRPROCESSWASSIMILARTOTHEMETABOLISMMODELINTHATITEXAMINEDRESOURCESWHATWETAKE,DYNAMICSWHATWEMAKEANDWASTESWHATWEWASTEITDIDNOTSPECIFYLIVABILITYOUTCOMES,THOUGHTHEIRREPORTSTRESSEDTHATECONOMICPRODUCTIVITYIMPROVEDASMUCHFROMSTAFFMORALEASFROMNEWTECHNOLOGYFOURHUNDREDSEPARATESUSTAINABILITYINITIATIVESWERESPECIFIEDINTHEFIRMBASEDONTHEWORKOF18DIFFERENTTEAMS5CITYCOMPARISONSBYCOMPARINGINDICATORSFORRESOURCEUSE,WASTESANDLIVABILITYINDIFFERENTCITIES,ITISPOSSIBLETOLOCATETHOSECITIESORPARTSORCITIESTHATHAVESOMETHINGTOCONTRIBUTETOPOLICYDEBATESONSUSTAINABILITYFEWCITIESHAVEDONEFULLASSESSMENTSOFTHEIRRESOURCES,WASTESANDLIVABILITYNEWMANANDKENWORTHY,1999NEWZEALANDCITIESWEREASSESSEDUSINGTHEEXTENDEDMETABOLISMMODELPARLIAMENTARYCOMMISSIONOFTHEENVIRONMENT,1998ANDFOUNDTHATTHEAREAREQUIRINGMOSTATTENTIONWASTHEGROWTHINAUTOMOBILEDEPENDENCEAUSTRALIANCITIESWERESTUDIEDUSINGTHISAPPROACHANDSHOWEDTHEBROADTRENDSSETOUTCITIESCANOPERATETHISMODELONMANYSUCHLEVELS,BUTMOSTOFALLTHEYNEEDTOBEABLETOMEASUREHOWTHEYAREDOINGOVERALLASACITYINREDUCINGTHEIRMETABOLICFLOWSWHILSTIMPROVINGTHEIRHUMANLIVABILITYMOSTCITIESWILLBEABLETOPOINTTOAFEWINNOVATIONSTHEYAREMAKINGINSUSTAINABILITYBUTUNTILTHEYCANBRINGAFULLASSESSMENTOFTHESEMATTERSTOGETHERTHEYWILLNOTBEADDRESSINGTHEFUNDAMENTALSOFURBANSUSTAINABILITY6、CONCLUSIONTHISPAPERHASPROVIDEDEXAMPLESOFHOWTHEEXTENDEDMETABOLISMMODELCANBEUSEDTOASSESSTHESUSTAINABILITYOFCITIESTHESIMULTANEOUSACHIEVEMENTOFREDUCEDRESOURCESANDWASTESWHILSTIMPROVINGLIVABILITYPROVIDESAFRAMEWORKFORGUIDINGOURCITIESINTOTHEFUTUREREFERENCES1、ANDERS,R,1991THESUSTAINABLECITIESMOVEMENTWORKINGPAPERNO2,INSTITUTEFORRESOURCESANDSECURITYSTUDIES,CAMBRIDGE,MA,USA2、ANDERSON,R,1998SUSTAINABILITYREPORTINTERFACE,NEWYORK3、ARIEF,A,1998ASUSTAINABILITYASSESSMENTOFSQUATTERREDEVELOPMENTONJAKARTAMPHILTHESIS,INSTITUTEFORSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYPOLICY,MURDOCHUNIVERSITY,PERTH,WA4、AYRES,RU,SIMONIS,UE,1994INDUSTRIALMETABOLISMUNITEDNATIONSUNIVERSITYPRESS,JAPAN5、BELLETAL,1995ENVIRONMENTALGUIDELINESFORSYDNEY2000,SYDNEYORGANISINGCOMMITTEEFOROLYMPICGAMES,SYDNEY,AUSTRALIA6、BOYDEN,SMILLAR,SNEWCOMBE,K,ONEILL,B,1981THEECOLOGYOFACITYANDITSPEOPLEANUPRESS,CANBERRA7、BRUGMANN,J,HERSH,R,1991CITIESASECOSYSTEMSOPPORTUNITIESFORLOCALGOVERNMENTICLEI,TORONTO8、CITYOFSTOCKHOLM,1997ANENVIRONMENTALPROGRAMFORHOMMARBYSJORTADCITYOFSTOCKHOLM9、DIVER,G,NEWMAN,P,KENWORTHY,J,1996ANEVALUATIONOFBETTERCITIESENVIRONMENTALCOMPONENTDEPARTMENTOFENVIRONMENT,SPORTANDTERRITORIES,CANBERRA10、GIRARDET,H,1992THEGAIAATLASOFCITIESGAIABOOKS,LONDON11、GREYSON,J,1995THENATURALSTEP1995ACOLLECTIONOFARTICLESTHENATURALSTEP,SAUSALITO,CA12、HAWKEN,P,1994THEECOLOGYOFCOMMERCEADECLARATIONOFSUSTAINABILITYHARPERBUSINESS,NEWYORK13、KEATING,M,1993,THEEARTHSUMMITSAGENDAFORCHANGEAPLAINLANGUAGEVERSIONOFAGENDAANDTHREEOTHERRIOAGREEMENTS,CENTERFOROURCOMMONFUTURE,GENEVA14、MITLIN,D,SATTERTHWAITE,D,1994CITIESANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTDISCUSSIONPAPERFORUNGLOBALFORUM,1994,MANCHESTER,IIED,LONDON15、NEWMAN,P,KENWORTHY,J,1999SUSTAINABILITYANDCITIESOVERCOMINGAUTOMOBILEDEPENDENCEISLANDPRESS,WASHINGTON,DC16、NEWMAN,PWGETAL,1996HUMANSETTLEMENTSINAUSTRALIANSTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTREPORT,DEPARTMENTOFENVIRONMENT,SPORTANDTERRITORIES,CANBERRA17、PARLIAMENTARYCOMMISSIONOFTHEENVIRONMENT,1998THEURBANENVIRONMENTPARLIAMENTARYCOMMISSIONER,WELLINGTON,NEWZEALAND18、ROSELAND,M,1992TOWARDSSUSTAINABLECOMMUNITIESCANADIANNATIONALROUNDTABLEONTHEENVIRONMENTANDTHEECONOMY,OTTAWA19、TIBBS,HBC,1992INDUSTRIALECOLOGYANAGENDAFORENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONREVIEW,SPRING20、TJALLINGII,SP,1993ECOPOLISSTRATEGIESFORECOLOGICALLYSOUNDURBANDEVELOPMENTBACKHUYSPUBLISHERS,LEIDEN21、UNCENTREFORHUMANSETTLEMENTS,1996ANURBANISINGWORLDGLOBALREVIEWOFHUMANSETTLEMENTS1996HABITAT,NAIROBI22、UNWORLDCOMMISSIONONENVIRONMENTANDDEVELOPMENT,1987OURCOMMONFUTURE,OXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS,LONDON23、WOLMAN,A,1965THEMETABOLISMOFTHECITYSCIAM213,17924、WORLDBANK,1994WORLDDEVELOPMENTREPORT1994OXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS,NEWYORKLANDSCAPEANDURBANPLANNING,1999,9944219226可持续性和城市扩展的新陈代谢模型彼得纽曼城市政策教授,默多克大学摘要使用新陈代谢的概念,扩展到城市的适于居住性方面,验证了实用可持续发展的意义。其应用于工业生态学、城市生态学、城市示范项目、商业计划和城市比较,说明了它的应用潜力。关键词持续发展；城市；新陈代谢；适于居住性；生态系统；指标1简介可持续发展已经被联合国定义为一个全球发展的过程，在低环境资源消耗和降低了对环境的影响的前提下，采用可持续发展过程同时提高经济和生活品质。（联合国世界环境与发展委员会,1987年）。本文试图展示一个简单的模型，如何为澳大利亚国家环境报告过程纽曼、苏达权等,1996年提供一些实质性内容并应用到城市的可持续发展中等。澳大利亚实例应用的数据以及对其他案例的研究说明了该模型是工作的原理。2城市可持续发展的应用可持续发展的原则能够应用于城市，即使在21世纪议程或其他联合国家文件中还没有清晰描述是什么指导它工作的罗南基丁，1993年。确切的说，过去主要的环境斗争主要发生在城市外围，但是在全球的可持续发展议程中城市也应该需要有环境意识,在这点上，目前已得到了环保人士、政府以及工业组织的广泛认可。如今，经济文化发展组织、欧洲共同体，甚至世界银行都有可持续的城市发展计划。1994年,全球城市论坛和五十个可持续发展城市以及1996年进行的联合国民意调查和在伊斯坦布尔举行的第二次联合国人居会议。在伊斯坦布尔人类聚居地国际会议上参与世界“城市峰会”的国家报道了各自城市可持续发展过程中取得的进步。（联合国人类住区中心,1996年版）。安德斯在1991年的全球城市可持续发展运动回顾中指出“可持续城市运动基本是与现存的区域环境需求相统一的，城市本身只是可持续发展中的一部分”。另外，1992雅那瑞拉和列文建议所有的可持续性措施应该紧紧围绕城市发展策略,经过初步设计、深入设计、实施建构可持续的城市三个步骤。从全球的范围来看,他们认为城市造就了世界,除非将发展策略与城市紧密联系，否则我们将不会真正开始全面实施可持续发展计划。3一个新兴框架城市是一种生态系统在这个世纪城市已经被社会学家,设计人员和工程师构想为一种市场、政治力量的筹码,可憎的机器、巡回的电路,以及更多的希望,一个社会团体,人类创造的卓越群体存在。（BRUGMANN和HERSH，在1992的ROSELAND中引用）一个贯穿城市可持续发展的强劲主题表明，如果我们要解决现存的环境问题，我们必须去将这个城市认为是一种生态系统。正如恰林基1993年所指出的那样“现在城市被视为一个动态的复杂的生态系统。这不是一种隐喻的概念，而是一个现实的城市。社会、经济、文化系统都无法脱离这个的现存的自然规则。所有的改进策略必须适应这些规则”。城市如同所有的生态体系一样也是一个系统，具有能源和材料的输入。主要环境问题和经济成本是减少资源投入的增长和增加效用输出。将城市作为一个整体，通过实例工程分析能量和资源包括污染物质的运动途径。这将开始构想管理体制和技术，允许社会城市的自然化进程，提高资源使用效率、废物的回收利用和保护生产和消耗能量的平衡。可能会有持续的关于什么是可持续发展或者生态系统的学术争SLOCOMBE,1993，但显而易见的是，世界各地许多的策略和计划开始在新发展区域和区域改造中有积极作用。4新陈代谢模型的扩展如何定义城市目标才能让城市可持续发展如何让一种系统性的方案，能够满足全球和地方的可持续发展议程该方法采用的经验基础来自澳大利亚国家人居环境报告过程见纽曼、苏达权等,1996年和在1995年和1997年在费城宾夕法尼亚州州立大学研究生制作可持续发展规划的经验，以及人们从世界银行/联合国为城市发展所进行的可持续人居工程中得到的认识世界银行,1994年6月出版。可以将城市的可持续发展目标定义为减少自然资源的利用和生产产品的浪费,同时提高城市的适居程度这样就能有能力适合地方、区域和全球的生态系统。新陈代谢模型是从生物系统的角度看待定居点内资源投入和废弃物输出的情况。在过去的三十年里有少数学者已经研究出了这种方法，在少数的城市规划发展政策上也有使用过1965,WOLMAN1981,BOYDENGIRARDET,1992。代谢模型展示出的基本代谢理念已扩展到村庄的动态变化和住区的宜居性研究。这种代谢模型研究的方法依据了澳大利亚国家环境报告纽曼、苏达权等,1996年。在该模型中能够指定城市的物理和生物基础,以及城市本身的人力资源基础。将资源转化为有用的产品和废物的物理和生物过程就像人体的代谢过程或一个生态系统。他们都依据热力学定律，其表明任何一个生态系统必须经过这一代谢过程，并且消耗的数量依赖于资源需求的数量。这样资产输入和输出的平衡就能找到。这也意味着我们能够处理废弃物，但是需要能量才能使它们变为有用的东西，并且所有的资源最终也会转化为另一种废物。例如，所有炭素产品终将转化为二氧化碳，如果没有巨大的能量输入它将不可能再回收利用，对自己有信心有关联的废物。这就是新陈代谢的平衡因素。也就是说，以最好的方法确保降低资源的投入和减小对环境的影响。科学家能够理解资源的管理方法，但是并不是经济学家唯一的方法，无论何时人类将聪明才智和技术应用于自然资源的时候都被看作为开放周期。然而，城市是物理和生态系统。在悉尼城市中运用了可持续发展的原理。在1970年和1990年的悉尼新陈代谢研究综述中。数据表明除了一些空气质量参数之外人均资源投入和废物输出均有增加。这碳氢化合物的减少是由于他们更高效率的燃烧在现代汽车发动机中，但这也意味着产生了更多的二氧化碳。如果要降低二氧化碳的排放量，我们需要从根本上做出转变,如减少大量的旅行需求纽曼和更易,1999年。城市的代谢途径是一个纯粹的生物学观点，但城市并不是简单的处理资源和垃圾的代谢过程，它也为人类创造了很多机会。这种基本代谢的概念一直延伸到定居点的宜居性，使经济和社会方面的可持续发展综合考虑环境因素。现在这种方法已经变为被人类研究生态系统的方法，正如恰林基和以上其他人暗示的一样。一些典型的可持续发展指标如城市代谢运动和适于居住性被描述出来。宜居性是关于人类社会的舒适性、健康和良好状态，同时包括个人和社区整体的福利情况。宜居性是关于人类的生存环境，虽然它永远不能离开自然环境。城市可持续发展不仅减少新陈代谢流资源投入和废物输出，它还应该不断增加人类的适于居住感社会礼仪与健康。澳大利亚国家环境报告纽曼、苏达权等,1996年为悉尼和澳洲其他的居住区域制作了宜居性指标。进一步的研究能够确定城市可持续发展的内容是否有很好的成效。5新陈代谢模型的应用扩展的代谢模型可以运用在一系列发展水平上，和不同的人类活动中，例如11原材料工业区在测量平常的经济因素和其他事项如员工健康及安全时就能够检查出他们的资源输入和废物的输出量。这些数据可能被用来寻找更好的方法将一种工业