2014电大英语国家概况考试小抄（最新完整版复习小抄）

CHAPTER1LANDANDPEOPLE一、本章知识点1重点DIFFERENTNAMESFORBRITAINANDITSPARTS2难点、考点BRITAINSOFFICIALNAMEBRITISHCOMMONWEALTH三、课本内容（一）DIFFERENTNAMESFORBRITAINANDITSPARTSSTRICTLYSPEAKING,THEBRITISHISLES,GREATBRITAINANDENGLANDAREALLGEOGRAPHICALNAMES1THEBRITISHISLESAREMADEUPOFTWOLARGEISLANDSANDHUNDREDSOFSMALLISLANDS（SEEMAPOFUK）THETWOLARGEISLANDSAREGREATBRITAINANDIRELANDGREATBRITAINISTHELARGEROFTHESETWOISLANDS2THEOFFICIALNAMEOFTHEUNITEDKINGDOMISTHEUNITEDKINGDOMOFGREATBRITAINANDNORTHERNIRELANDBUTITISTOOMUCHOFAMOUTHFULTOSAYSUCHALONGNAMEFORACOUNTRY,SOPEOPLEJUSTSAYBRITAIN,THEUNITEDKINGDOMORSIMPLYUK（UK）CAPITALLONDONTHEREPUBLICOFIRELAND爱尔兰共和国HASBEENANINDEPENDENTREPUBLICSINCE1949ANDITSCAPITALISDUBLIN3THEREARETHREEPOLITICALDIVISIONSONTHEISLANDOFGREATBRITAINENGLAND,SCOTLAND,ANDWALESENGLANDISTHELARGEST,MOSTPOPULOUSANDRICHEST,SOPEOPLETENDTOUSE“ENGLAND”AND“ENGLISH”WHENTHEYMEAN“BRITAIN”AND“BRITISH”4THEBRITISHEMPIRE大英帝国ONEFOURTHOFTHEWORLDSPEOPLEANDONEFOURTHOFTHEWORLDSLANDAREA5THEBRITISHEMPIREGRADUALLYDISAPPEAREDANDITWASREPLACEDBYTHEBRITISHCOMMONWEALTHORTHECOMMONWEALTHOFNATIONSIN1931THECOMMONWEALTHISAFREEASSOCIATIONOFINDEPENDENTCOUNTRIESTHATWEREONCECOLONIESOFBRITAINMEMBERNATIONSAREJOINEDTOGETHERECONOMICALLYANDHAVECERTAINTRADINGARRANGEMENTSTHECOMMONWEALTHHASNOSPECIALPOWERSTHEDECISIONTOBECOMEAMEMBEROFTHECOMMONWEALTHISLEFTTOEACHNATION如果出简答,则只需要第一句话（二）OTHERSGEOGRAPHICALFEATURES1THEUNITEDKINGDOMISSEPARATEDFROMTHERESTOFEUROPEBYTHEENGLISHCHANNELINTHESOUTHANDTHENORTHSEAINTHEEASTTHEENGLISHCHANNELLIESBETWEENBRITAINANDFRANCE（P4）TAIWANSTRAIT台湾海峡2“CHUNNEL”CHANNELTUNNEL,OPENEDTOTRAFFICIN1994（P5）SMOGSMOKEFOGMORTELMOTORHOTELKIDULTKIDADULT3THEHIGHESTMOUNTAININBRITAINBENNEVIS,1,343MINSCOTLAND（P6）THELONGESTRIVERTHESEVERNRIVER（338KM）THESECONDLARGESTANDMOSTIMPORTANTRIVERTHETHAMESRIVER（336KM）（P7）490OFTHEPOPULATIONISURBANANDONLY10ISRURAL（P11）5THEENGLISHAREANGLOSAXONS盎格鲁撒克逊人,BUTTHESCOTS,WELSHANDIRISHARECELTS凯尔特人（P12）四、总结BRITAINSOFFICIALNAMEBRITISHCOMMONWEALTHCHAPTER2THEORIGINSOFANATION（5000BCAD1066）一、本章知识点1重点ARRIVALANDSETTLEMENTOFTHECELTSBASISOFMODERNENGLISHRACETHEANGLOSAXONSTHEVIKINGANDDANISHINVASIONSKINGALFREDANDHISCONTRIBUTIONSTHENORMANCONQUESTANDITSCONSEQUENCES2难点、考点THEANGLOSAXONSHEPTARCHY七王国FOUNDATIONOFTHEENGLISHSTATEKINGALFREDNORMANCONQUEST三、课本内容（一）ARRIVALANDSETTLEMENTOFTHECELTS（P17）1BEGANTOARRIVEABOUT700BC2ORIGINALLYHAVECOMEFROMEASTERNANDCENTRALEUROPE,NOWFRANCE,BELGIUMANDSOUTHERNGERMANY3THREEMAINWAVES1STGAELS盖尔人,ABOUT600BC2NDBRYTHONS布列吞人,400BC,（BRITAIN）3RDBELGAE比利其人,150BC,（BELGIUM）GAELIC盖尔语4THECELTICTRIBESAREANCESTORSOFHIGHLANDSCOTS,THEIRISHANDTHEWELSH,ANDTHEIRLANGUAGESARETHEBASISOFBOTHWELSHANDGAELIC5RELIGIONDRUIDISMTHECELTSRELIGIONWASDRUIDISMTHEDRUIDSWORSHIPPEDANDPERFORMEDTHEIRRITESINWOODSBYTHELIGHTOFTHEMOON6ROMANBRITAIN（55BCAD410）P18BRITISHRECORDEDHISTORYBEGINSWITHTHEROMANINVASIONFORNEARLY400YEARSBRITAINWASUNDERTHEROMANOCCUPATIONTHEROMANCAPITALWASLONDON（LONDINIUM）（二）BASISOFMODERNENGLISHRACETHEANGLOSAXONS（P2023）1MID5THCENTURY,THREETEUTONICTRIBESJUTES朱特人（FROMSOUTHERNDENMARK）,SAXONS,ANDANGLES（BOTHFROMNORTHERNGERMANY）ANGLESWERETOGIVETHEIRNAMETOTHEENGLISHPEOPLE2HEPTARCHY七王国SEVENPRINCIPALKINGDOMSSETUPBYTHEANGLOSAXONSKENT,ESSEX,SUSSEX,WESSEX,EASTANGLIA,MARCIAANDNORTHUMBRIA（英国版的战国七雄）MONARCHY君主制THEANGLOSAXONTRIBES部落WERECONSTANTLYATWARWITHONEANOTHER,EACHTRYINGTOGETTHEUPPERHAND,SOTHATTHEKINGDOMSWEREOFTENBROKENUPANDOFTENPIECEDTOGETHERAGAIN3IN829,EGBERT伯特BECAMEANOVERLORDOFALLTHEENGLISH4TEUTONIC日耳曼人的RELIGIONTIUWAR,WODENHEAVEN,THORSTORMS,FREYAPEACE5STAUGUSTINE奥古斯丁THEFIRSTARCHBISHOPOFCANTERBURY坎特伯雷大教主6ANGLOSAXONSLAIDTHEFOUNDATIONSOFTHEENGLISHSTATEDIVIDETHECOUNTRYINTOSHIRES（郡）,LATERCOUNTIESTHENARROWSTRIP,THREEFIELDFARMINGSYSTEM（三田轮作）MANORIAL庄园SYSTEMWITAN（议会）（COUNCILORMEETINGOFTHEWISEMEN,贤人会议）,THEBASISOFTHEPRIVYCOUNCIL枢密院WHICHSTILLEXISTSTODAY（三）THEVIKINGANDDANISHINVASIONS（P2324）1FROMTHEENDOF8THCENTURY,NORWEGIANVIKINGSANDDANESFROMDENMARK挪威海盗和丹麦人2THEDANESGAINEDTHE“DANELAW”（丹麦法区）,THENORTHANDEASTOFENGLAND3THEWITANCHOSECANUTE,THEDANISHLEADER,ASKINGIN1016CANUTEMADEENGLANDPARTOFASCANDINAVIANEMPIRE（四）KINGALFREDANDHISCONTRIBUTIONS1KINGOFWESSEX（871899）（抗击北欧海盗入侵的国家英雄）2HISCONTRIBUTIONS“THEFATHEROFTHEBRITISHNAVY”REORGANIZEDTHEFYRD英国民兵（THESAXONARMY）TRANSLATEDINTOENGLISHBEDESECCLESIASTICALHISTORYOFTHEENGLISHPEOPLEESTABLISHEDSCHOOLSANDFORMULATEDALEGALSYSTEM3“ALFREDTHEGREAT”（五）THENORMANCONQUESTANDITSCONSEQUENCES（P2425）1KINGEDWARD,KNOWNAS“THECONFESSOR”,WASFARMORENORMANTHANSAXON心向着诺曼第人法国,而不是撒克逊人英国24MENLAIDCLAIMTOTHEENGLISHTHRONETHEKINGOFNORWAY,THEDUKEOFNORMANDY,TOSTIGANDHAROLD（TWOBROTHERSOFEDWARDSQUEEN）4人对英国有继承权,挪威国王,诺曼底公爵和爱德华国王王后的两个兄弟3OCT14,1066,HASTINGS,ANGLOSAXONENGLANDPERISHEDWITHHAROLDSDEATH因为HAROLD的死亡,英国被诺曼人打败4WILLIAMWASCROWNEDKINGOFENGLANDONCHRISTMASDAY5WILLIAMTHECONQUERORTHEBESTKNOWNEVENTINENGLISHHISTORYTHEFEUDALSYSTEMWASCOMPLETELYESTABLISHED法国诺曼第人征服后,威廉成为英国国王,成为英语历史最著明的事件,并且完本建立了封建制度四、总结历史上定居和入侵英国的不同民族CELTS,（ROMANS）ANGLOSAXONS,VIKING/DALES,ANDNORMANSCHAPTER3THESHAPINGOFTHENATION10661381本章知识点1重点1ENGLANDSFEUDALISMUNDERTHERULEOFWILLIAMTHECONQUEROR2CONTENTSANDTHESIGNIFICANCEOFTHEGREATCHARTER3ORIGINSOFTHEENGLISHPARLIAMENT4THEHUNDREDYEARSWARWITHFRANCEANDITSCONSEQUENCES5CONSEQUENCESOFTHEBLACKDEATH2难点考点ENGLISHFEUDALISMDOMESDAYBOOKGREATCHARTERENGLISHPARLIAMENT3课本内容IENGLANDSFEUDALISMUNDERTHERULEOFWILLIAMTHECONQUEROR1UNDERWILLIAM,THEFEUDALSYSTEMINENGLANDWASCOMPLETELYESTABLISHEDACCORDINGTOTHISSYSTEM,THEKINGOWNEDTHELANDPERSONALLYWILLIAMGAVEHISBARONS男爵LARGEESTATESINENGLANDINRETURNFORAPROMISEOFMILITARYSERVICEANDAPROPORTIONOFTHELANDSPRODUCETHEBARONSPARCELEDOUT分配LANDTOTHELESSERNOBLES,KNIGHTSANDFREEMEN,ALSOINRETURNFORGOODSANDSERVICESATTHEBOTTOMOFTHEFEUDALSCALEWERETHEVILLAINSOFSERFS,UNFREEPEASANTSWHOWERELITTLEBETTERTHANSLAVESCLASSSTRUCTURE等级结构THEKINGBARONSTENANTSINCHIEFLESSERNOBLES,KNIGHTS,ANDFREEMENVILLAINSSERFS补充BARONSOATHOFALLEGIANCE誓词FORTHEKING“WEWHOAREASGOODASYOUSWEARTOYOU,WHOARENOBETTERTHANWE,TOACCEPTYOUASOURKINGANDSOVEREIGNLORDPROVIDEDYOUOBSERVEALLOURSTATUTESANDLAWSIFNOT,NO”国王与贵族在封建法规所规定的权力和义务范围内平起平坐2REPLACETHEWITANWITHTHEGRANDCOUNCIL大会议WILLIAMREPLACEDTHEWITAN,THECOUNCILOFTHEANGLOSAXONKINGS,WITHTHEGRANDCOUNCILOFHISNEWTENANTSINCHIEF,ONWHICHTHEYWEREREQUIREDTOSERVEWHENSUMMONED3DOMESDAYBOOKRECORDOFLANDS,TENANTS,ANDTHEIRPOSSESSIONS,FORTAXESNOTUNLIKETHEBOOKOFDOOM末日审判书INORDERTOHAVEARELIABLERECORDOFALLHISLANDS,HISTENANTSANDTHEIRPOSSESSIONSANDTODISCOVERHOWMUCHTHEYCOULDBECALLEDUPONTOPAYBYWAYOFTAXES,WILLIAMSENTHISCLERKSTOCOMPILEAPROPERTYRECORDKNOWNASDOMESDAYBOOKBECAUSEITSEEMEDTOTHEENGLISHNOTUNLIKETHEBOOKOFDOOMTOBEUSEDBYTHEGREATESTFEUDALLORDOFALLONJUDGMENTDAY注WILLIAMTOOKADEEPINTERESTINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECHURCHINENGLANDHISPOLICYTOWARDSTHECHURCHWASTOKEEPITCOMPLETELYUNDERHISCONTROL,BUTATTHESAMETIMETOUPHOLDITSPOWERBUTHETOOKCARETOMAINTAINHISOWNINDEPENDENCE4HENRY,FOUNDEROFTHEPLANTAGENETDYNASTY金雀花王朝,RULEDFOR35YEARSHENRY,FOUNDEROFTHEANGEVINDYNASTY,USUALLYKNOWNASTHEPLANTAGENETDYNASTY,BECAMEKINGANDWENTONTORULEFOR35YEARSINHENRYSREIGNACOMMONLAW,WHICHOVERRODELOCALLAWANDPRIVATELAW,WASGRADUALLYESTABLISHEDINPLACEOFTHECUSTOMSOFTHEMANORWHICHHADPREVIOUSLYVARIEDNOTONLYFROMSHIRETOSHIREBUTEVENFROMONECOMMUNITYTOANOTHERTHECOMMONLAWISTHEUNWRITTENLAWCOMMONTOTHEWHOLEPEOPLEASDISTINCTFROMLAWGOVERNINGONLYSECTIONSOFIT,ANDIS“CASEMADE”,IE,BASEDONPRECEDENTJUDGMENTS,ANDDERIVEDFROMACKNOWLEDGEDCUSTOMINHENRYSDAYTHEJURYSYSTEMWHOSEORIGINSCANBETRACEDTOPRIMITIVETRIALSINWHICHWITNESSESWERECALLEDFORWARDTOSWEARTOTHEINNOCENCEOFTHEACCUSEDWASATLASTREPLACINGOLDENGLISHORDEALSBYFIREANDWATERANDOLDNORMANTRIALSBYBATTLEIICONTENTSANDTHESIGNIFICANCEOFTHEGREATCHARTER1CRUSADES十字军东征THERESULTWASCONFRONTATIONBETWEENKINGJOHNANDHISBARONSIN12152MAGNACARTA,1215THEBARONSCHARTER,ORMAGNACARTAASITCAMETOBEKNOWN,WASPRESENTEDBYADELEGATIONOFTHEIRCLASSTOTHEKINGANDHISADVISERSINTHESUMMEROF1215ATACONFERENCEATRUNNYMEDE,ANISLANDINTHETHAMESFOURMILESDOWNSTREAMFROMWINDSOR3CONTENTS63CLAUSESNOTAXSHOULDBEMADEWITHOUTTHEAPPROVALOFTHEGRANDCOUNCILNOFREEMANSHOULDBEARRESTED,IMPRISONED,ORDEPRIVEDOFHISPROPERTYEXCEPTBYTHELAWOFTHELANDTHECHURCHSHOULDPOSSESSALLITSRIGHTS,TOGETHERWITHFREEDOMOFELECTIONSLONDONANDOTHERTOWNSSHOULDRETAINTHEIRANCIENTRIGHTSANDPRIVILEGES,ANDTHERESHOULDBETHESAMEWEIGHTSANDMEASURESTHROUGHOUTTHECOUNTRYALTHOUGHMAGNACARTAHASLONGBEENPOPULARLYREGARDEDASTHEFOUNDATIONOFENGLISHLIBERTIES,ITWASASTATEMENTOFTHEFEUDALANDLEGALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHECROWNANDTHEBARONS,AGUARANTEEOFTHEFREEDOMOFTHECHURCHANDALIMITATIONOFTHEPOWERSOFTHEKING4SIGNIFICANCEREGARDEDASTHEFOUNDATIONOFENGLISHLIBERTIESTHESPIRITTHELIMITATIONOFTHEPOWERSOFTHEKINGIIIORIGINSOFTHEENGLISHPARLIAMENT1KINGJOHNANDHISSONHENRYIIIDEFIEDMAGNACARTATHEBARONS,UNDERSIMONDEMONTFORT,REBELLEDKINGJOHNDEFIEDMAGNACARTATHEBARONS,UNDERSIMONDEMONTFORT,HENRYIIISBROTHERINLAW,REBELLED2PROVISIONSOFOXFORDGRANDCOUNCILOF24MEMBERS,HALFTOBENOMINATEDBYTHEBARONSTHEMSELVESAPERMANENTBODYOFADVISORS,WITHOUTWHOSEAUTHORITYTHEKINGCOULDNOTACTACIVILWARBROKEOUTBETWEENTHEKINGSSUPPORTERS,MOSTLYFOREIGNMERCENARIES,ANDTHEBARONIALARMYLEDBYSIMONDEMONTFORT1264THEKINGWASDEFEATEDBYDEMONTFORTANDTAKENPRISONER3THEEARLIESTPARLIAMENTIN1265,2KNIGHTSFROMEACHCOUNTY,2BURGESSESCITIZENSFROMEACHTOWNTHEGREATCOUNCILDEVELOPEDLATERINTOTHELORDSANDTHECOMMONSKNOWNASPARLIAMENT3METONLYBYROYALINVITATIONITSROLEWASTOOFFERADVICEATTHISPOINTPARLIAMENTONLYMETBYROYALINVITATIONITSROLEWASTOOFFERADVICE,NOTTOMAKEDECISIONS4UNDEREDWARDI,WALESWASCONQUEREDTHESTATUTEOFWALESIN1284PRINCEOFWALES,ATITLEHELDBYTHEHEIRTOTHETHRONEUNDEREDWARDI,HENRYIIISSON,WALESWASCONQUERED12771284ANDCAMEUNDERTHEENGLISHCROWNTHESTATUTEOFWALESIN1284PLACEDTHECOUNTRYUNDERENGLISHLAWENDEDWARDIPRESENTEDHISNEWBORNSONTOTHEWELSHPEOPLEASPRINCEOFWALES,ATITLEHELDBYTHEHEIRTOTHETHRONEEVERSINCEIVTHEHUNDREDYEARSWARWITHFRANCEANDITSCONSEQUENCES1THEINTERMITTENTWAR,13371453THENAMEISGIVENTOTHEINTERMITTENTWARBETWEENFRANCEANDENGLANDTHATLASTEDFORM1337TO14532THECAUSESPARTLYTERRITORIALANDPARTLYECONOMIC3EDWARDIIIDECLAREDWARWHENEDWARDIII13271377CLAIMEDTHEFRENCHCROWNBYRIGHTOFHISMOTHERISABELLA,DAUGHTEROFPHILIPIVIN1337EDWARDDECLAREDAWARTHATWASTOLASTFORAHUNDREDYEARSTHEREWERETHREEOUTSTANDINGSTAGESOFTHEWAR4ENGLANDWASSUCCESSFULATFIRST,BUTWASDEFEATEDATLASTJOANOFARC圣女贞德AFTERHISDEATHIN1422,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