中考英语精品复习资料--高频语法考点总结

中学英语要点汇总1宾语从句怎样判断出一个从句是宾语从句在动词后作宾语动宾1DOYOUKNOWWHEREHECOMESFROM划线部分是动词KNOW的宾语在有些接双宾结构的动词后作宾语2HEASKEDMEWHENWEWOULDLEAVE此句中ME与从句WHEN分别是ASK的宾语。在介词后作宾语介宾LETSTALKABOUTHOWWESOLVETHISPROBLEM3在IMSORRY,IMAFRAID,IMSURE等结构后的句子也被认为是宾语从句4宾语从句需注意的时态问题主句若是一般现在时，从句根据不同情况用不同时态。1HESAYSTHATHEWILLHAVEAWALKSOON（SOON指将来，从句用将来时）THETEACHERASKSWHOISTHECLEVERESTINTHESCHOOL（暗指目前谁最聪明，从句用现在时）IWANTTOKNOWWHOCAMEHERELATETHISMORNING（今早已过去，从句用过去时）主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时。2HEWONDEREDIFIWOULDCOMESHETOLDMETHATHERSONHADGOTWELLSHESAIDTHATSHELIKEDWATCHINGTVWETHOUGHTJIMWASWRONG无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用一般现在时。3MRLISAIDTHEMOONISSMALLERTHANTHEEARTH宾语从句无论有何引导词，句子都要用陈述句语序。4COULDYOUTELLMEWHENYOUWILLGETBACKTOWUHAN（不是WILLYOU）DOYOUKNOWWHICHSWEATERSHEISWEARING不是ISSHE2状语从句此处所说的状语从句用法仅包括条件IF和UNLESS引导状语从句和时间WHEN等引导,见下文状语从句。状语从句需注意以下问题主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则IF如果,UNLESS除非，1WHEN当的时候,ASSOONAS一就，BEFORE,AFTER,UNTIL,TILL,AS当的时候所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。YOUMAYTAKEARESTWHENYOUFINISHDOINGYOURWORK（主句有情态动词）COULDYOULOOKAFTERMYSONAFTERILEAVEHOME（情态动词COULD是为了让语气委婉，并不指过去时，从句仍用一般现在时）IWILLGOOUTASSOONASITSTOPSRAININGTHISAFTERNOON（主句是将来时）WAITFORYOURBROTHERATTHEBUSSTATIONUNTILHEARRIVES（主句是祈使句）而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用表过去时的适当时态，如2IWOULDGIVETHEMONEYTOTHECHARITYIFIHADAMILLIONDOLLARSWHENHEGOTTOTHEPARK,HISCLASSMATESHADLEFTMYSONRANTOWARDSMEASSOONASHESAWMEONTHESTREET3定语从句定语从句是指修饰前面名词或代词的句子。从句前面的名词或代词叫先行词，从句中的引导词叫关系代词或关系副词。关系代词WHO只指人，WHICH只指物。THAT既可指人又可指物。WHOSE后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。WHOM只指人，只作宾语。关系副词WHERE指“在那里”，WHEN指“在那时”。（以下所给例子凡斜体字部分均作定语从句。）SHEISAGIRLWHO/THATISBEAUTIFULANDKINDHEARTEDTHEGIRLWHO/THATISTALLISMYSISTER（以上关系词作主语，不可省略。）SHEISAGIRLWHO/WHOM/THATIKNOWVERYWELL（关系词做KNOW的宾语，可以省略。）THATBOYWHOSEHAIRISVERYLONGISMYBROTHERIOWNABIKEWHOSEPRICEISHIGH关系词WHOSE表所属，后需接名词。前句指人，译为“这个孩子的”；后句指物，译为“这个自行车的”。）IBOUGHTAWATCHWHICH/THATIPAID100YUANFOR（指物,作PAY的宾语，可以省略。）IPREFERAPLACEWHICH/THATISCLEANANDQUIET（关系词译为“这个地方”，主语，不可省）IPREFERAPLACEWHEREICANLIVEAQUIETLIFE（关系词译为“在这个地方”，是地点副词。）ISHALLNEVERFORGETTHEDAYWHENABOYHELPEDMEFINDMYDOG（“在这一天”，是时间副词）4WISH和HOPEWISH既可接TODOSTH也可接SBTODOSTH也可接THAT从句1IWISHTOSPENDMYSUMMERHOLIDAYINQINGDAOIWISHYOUTOJOINMYPARTYTHISSUNDAYIWISHTHATICOULDBEASCIENTIST（注接THAT从句时，从句用虚拟语气。）HOPE接TODOSTH或THAT从句但不接SBTODOSTH2IHOPETORECEIVEALETTERFROMYOUSOMEDAYIHOPEYOUWILLGETWELLSOONIHOPETHATEVERYTHINGGOESWELL（接从句时不用虚拟）5THANKSFOR和THANKSTOTHANKSFORYOURHELPINGMEWITHTHEWORK此句表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢，后无补充的结果。THANKSTOYOURSUGGESTION,IDIDNTMAKESUCHMISTAKES此句表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事，出现了后面的结果。6感官动词用法之一SEE,HEAR,LISTENTO,WATCH,NOTICE等词，后接宾语，再接动词原形或ING形式。前者表全过程，后者表正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。IHEARDSOMEONEKNOCKINGATTHEDOORWHENIFELLASLEEP我入睡时有人正敲门IHEARDSOMEONEKNOCKATTHEDOORTHREETIMES听的是全过程12IOFTENWATCHMYCLASSMATESPLAYVOLLEYBALLAFTERSCHOOL此处有频率词OFTEN若以上词用于被动语态，后面原有动词原形改为带TO不定式WESAWHIMGOINTOTHERESTAURANTHEWASSEENTOGOINTOTHERESTAURANTIHEARTHEBOYCRYEVERYDAYTHEBOYISHEARDTOCRYEVERYDAY7感官动词用法之二LOOK,SOUND,SMELL,TASTE,FEEL可当系动词，后接形容词。HELOOKSANGRYITSOUNDSGOODTHEFLOWERSSMELLBEAUTIFULTHESWEETSTASTESWEETTHESILKFEELSSOFTIFELTTIREDTHEYALLLOOKEDTIRED这些动词都不用于被动语态。如THESWEETSARETASTEDSWEET是错误的。注意如果加介词LIKE,则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词HELOOKSLIKEHISMOTHERTHATSOUNDSLIKEAGOODIDEAITSOUNDSLIKEGREATFUNITSMELLSLIKEAFLOWERITTASTESLIKESALT8FIND和THINK部分用法FIND/THINK宾语宾语补足语。代替宾从宾补有以下情况名词短语JOHNFOUNDHISSONACLEVERBOY1形容词短语MRSSMITHTHINKSHERHUSBANDKINDOFLAZY2有时宾补后可接带TO不定式IFOUNDITHARDTOFOOLTHEGIRL3FIND后也有VING形式作宾语补足语。IFOUNDHIMREADINGABOOKJUSTNOW49WOULDLIKE/WANT/FEELLIKEWOULDLIKE，和WANT类似1都可接名词短语IWOULDLIKE/WANTANOTHERTHREEDESKS都可接带TO不定式IWOULDLIKE/WANTTOGOOUTFORAWALK都可接SB,然后再跟带TO不定式IWOULDLIKEYOUTOGIVEMEAHANDFEELLIKE后也可接名词短语DOYOUFEELLIKESOMETEA2后若接动词，须用动词ING形式DOYOUFEELLIKEHAVINGAWALKIDONTFEELLIKEDRINKINGTEA【注FEELLIKE常用于疑问句或否定句中。】10词序易错的短语形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。1ISTHEREANYTHINGDELICIOUSINTHEFRIDGENOTHINGSERIOUSTHEREISSOMETHINGWRONGWITHTHECOMPUTERIWANTTOGOSOMEWHEREWARMELSE修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。2WHATELSECANYOUSEEINTHEPICTUREWHOELSEISINTHEROOMDOYOUHAVEANYTHINGELSETOSAYWHEREELSECANYOUSEEITENOUGH修饰形容词和副词，ENOUGH放在后面。3THISSWEATERISCHEAPENOUGHNEMOISOLDENOUGHTOWORKHERANFASTENOUGHTOCATCHUPWITHTHEDOGSHEDOESNTLISTENCAREFULLYENOUGH11对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别WHATDOYOUTHINKOF1HOWDOYOULIKEHOW/WHATDOYOUFEELABOUT“你对怎么看”HOW句中有LIKE，是动词。WHATSTHEWEATHERLIKEINHOWISTHEWEATHERIN“的天气什么样”2WHAT句中有LIKE，是介词，“像”。而HOW句中无LIKE12TAKE,COST,PAY,SPEND区别ITTAKESBSOMETIMETODOSTHITTOOKUSHALFANHOURTOCUTDOWNTHETREE1物COSTSB钱THEBAGCOSTMETHIRTYYUAN2若COST后无SB,则译作“价钱是”THEBAGCOSTS30YUAN人PAYSB钱FORSTHIPAIDTHESELLER200YUANFORTHEBIKE3PAY后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。切记FOR后接的是物，而不是人或钱。人SPEND时间/钱ONSTH/INDOINGSTH4THEGIRLSPENTTWOHOURSINSEARCHINGTHEINTERNETTHEGIRLALWAYSSPENDSMUCHMONEYONHERCLOTHESSPEND有时可指“度过”SPENDHOLIDAY/WEEKENDS/WINTER13双宾结构PASS/GIVE/TEACH/OFFER/LEND/SEND/SELL/CALL/SHOW/BUY/ASK/TELL等可加双宾结构。也就是接SBSTHPASSMETHEBOOK,PLEASEHEGAVEUSSOMEPENS其中PASS,GIVE,OFFER,LEND,SEND,SELL,SHOW等也可接STHTOSB如LENDTHEBOOKTOMEBUY,BUILD等可接STHFORSBMYBROTHERBOUGHTADICTIONARYFORME另外，若STH是代词时，不用双宾结构。PLEASESHOWITTOME而不说SHOWMEIT14部分词作连词与介词（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词）KEEPCAREFULWHENYOUARELISTENINGTOTHETEACHER（斜体部分是句子，WHEN是连词）KEEPCAREFULWHENLISTENINGTOTHETEACHER（斜体部分是名词短语，WHEN是介词）类似的，WHILE,THAN,BEFORE,AFTER,AS,SINCE,UNTIL等。如ILLWAITUNTILIHEARFROMHER（连词）ILLWAITUNTILHEARINGFROMHER介词ILLWAITUNTILNEXTFRIDAY/SEPTEMBER/1100（接的都是表时间的短语，UNTIL是介词）15动词ED与动词ING作形容词用法之一动词ED作形容词表示被动或已发生,常作1定语。THEBOYNAMEDPETERISMYFRIEND那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。此处是后置定语，划线部分起修饰作用，下同。HESEATINGFRIEDCHICKEN“他在吃炸鸡。”做CHICKEN的前置定语。THEREISNOTIMELEFT“没时间剩余了。”做TIME的后置定语。IHAVEREADANOVELWRITTENBYLUXUN我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。做后置定语。下同。34HELIVESINAHOUSEBUILTTWENTYYEARSAGO他住在一个二十年前被建造的房子里。一般来说，定语部分不只一个词时，常放在名词的后面。动词ING作形容词表示正在进行或表示功能，常作定语。2THECRYINGBOY,ARUNNINGBUS,THERISINGSUN,ABUSRUNNINGONTHEROAD,THEBOYCRYINGINTHECORNER以上表示正在进行ASITTINGROOM,THEBATHINGSUIT,ACUTTINGMACHINE,WRITINGPAPER本行表示功能16动词ED与动词ING作形容词用法之二由一些及物动词派生而来，和心理感受有关，但ED修饰人，ING常修饰物。以下词凡是译为“使”的及物动词，其ED形式的形容词都译为“感到的”，其ING形式的形容词都译为“令人感到的”。以下带ED形式的词的各个短语一般都译为“对感到”。及物动词,后接人ED形式及常见短语ING形式EXCITE（使兴奋，使激动）SURPRISE（使惊讶，使吃惊）AMAZE（使吃惊）EMBARRASS（使尴尬）ENCOURAGE使受鼓舞,鼓励FRUSTRATE（使失望，使沮丧）INTEREST（使感兴趣）THRILL（使激动/紧张）TERRIFY（使恐怖，使害怕）PLEASE（使高兴，使满意）SATISFY使满意FRIGHTEN（使害怕，使惊惧）TIRE（使厌烦）BORE（使厌烦）RELAX（使放松）FASCINATE（使着迷）ANNOY（使烦恼）MOVE（使感动）WORRY（使担忧）CONFUSE（使困惑）HISWORDSAMAZEDMETHENEWSFRUSTRATEDUSVERYMUCH都是及物动词，后接人HISWORDSWEREAMAZING修饰物IWASAMAZEDATHISWORDS修饰人HOWEXCITINGTHEFILMIS（修饰物）HEWASMOVEDBYTHEMOVIE修饰人17动词ING和带TO不定式作主语TOBEATEACHERISMYDREAMWORKINGHARDBRINGSYOUSUCCESSTAKINGCAREOFOURENVIRONMENTISVERYIMPORTANTTOPLANTTREESMAKESMEHAPPYREADINGBOOKSGIVESYOUKNOWLEDGE以上各句谓语都用单数，见黑体部分LISTENINGANDWRITINGAREBOTHDIFFICULT此句主语因指两件事，谓语用复数18LATER/AFTER/AGO/BEFORELATER“时间后”结构时间段LATER1常用于一般过去时。THEYWENTTOBEIJINGFIVEDAYSLATERLATER前无时间段，单独在句尾，常用于将来时ILLSEEYOULATERAFTER“时间后”结构AFTER时间段，常用于一般过去时，和相同。21THEYWENTTOBEIJINGAFTERFIVEDAYSTHEDOGDIEDAFTERAWEEKAFTER也可加句子,但主句不一定用一般过去时ILLSENDYOUANEMAILAFTERIGETHOMERETURNITTOMEAFTERYOUFINISHIT见2AGO“时间前”结构时间段AGO,用于一般过去时。3THEGREENSMOVEDTOSHANGHAIFOURWEEKSAGOISAWITTENMINUTESAGO若有SINCE时间段AGO，常用现在完成时MRLIHASWORKEDHERESINCE5YEARSAGOBEFORE单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时“以前”4IHAVEBEENTOLONDONBEFOREHEHASSEENTHEFILMBEFORE若是时间段BEFORE,常用过去完成时，“前”IHADSEENTHEFILMTWOWEEKSBEFOREWEHADFOUNDOUTTHEANSWERTOTHEPROBLEMANHOURBEFORE19四季SPRING春；SUMMER夏；AUTUMN秋；WINTER冬；SEASON季20月JANUARY,一月；FEBRUARY,二月；MARCH,三月；APRIL,四月；MAY,五月；JUNE,六月；JULY,七月；AUGUST,八月；SEPTEMBER,九月；OCTOBER,十月；NOVEMBER,十一月；DECEMBER,十二月。21星期SUNDAY,周日；MONDAY,周一；TUESDAY,周二；WEDNESDAY,周三；THURSDAY,周四；FRIDAY,周五；SATURDAY,周六。SUNDAY是一周的第一天，SATURDAY是最后一天。22“也”EITHER,用于否定句的末尾。ALSO,通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。TOO,通常在句尾，前常有逗号。ASWELL,只用于句尾,前无逗号。注意后三个词都不用于否定句。23带TO不定式用法之一带TO不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，TO后动词用及物动词；不及物时需跟介词。THEWORKISTOOHARDFORMETODO（WORK做及物动词DO的逻辑宾语）IHAVENOTHINGTOSAY（NOTHING做及物动词SAY的逻辑宾语）IHAVEALETTERTOWRITE（LETTER是及物动词WRITE的逻辑宾语）而以下情况有介词56EXCITEDBEDABOUTSURPRISEDBEDATAMAZEDBEDATEMBARRASSEDBEEDINENCOURAGEDBEEDAT/BYFRUSTRATEDBEDOFINTERESTEDBEEDINTHRILLEDBEEDATTERRIFIEDBETERRIFIEDAT/OF/WITHPLEASEDBEDWITHSATISFIEDBESATISFIEDWITHFRIGHTENEDBEEDAT/OFTIREDBEDOFBOREDBEDWITHRELAXED无固定搭配FASCINATEDBEDBYANNOYEDBEEDWITHMOVEDBEDBYWORRIEDBEWORRIEDABOUTCONFUSEDBECONFUSEDABOUTEXCITINGSURPRISINGAMAZINGEMBARRASSINGENCOURAGINGFRUSTRATINGINTERESTINGTHRILLINGTERRIFYINGPLEASING,PLEASANTSATISFYINGFRIGHTENINGTIRINGBORINGRELAXINGFASCINATINGANNOYINGMOVINGWORRYINGCONFUSINGIHAVEAPENTOWRITEALETTERWITH（用钢笔写信，所以要有“用”字，故加WITH）THEZOOISNOTAGOODPLACEFORANIMALSTOLIVEIN（“住在动物园里”，ZOO是LIVEIN的逻辑宾语，故不及物动词LIVE加介词IN）TOMHASNOFRIENDSTOTALKTO（FRIENDS是TALKTO的逻辑宾语，TO不可少。）HERUNSTOOFASTFORUSTOCATCHUPWITH（HE是CATCHUPWITH的逻辑宾语，带WITH）THEREARENOSEATSTOSITON（坐在座位上，故SIT后要加ON）24ALITTLE/AFEWFEW，LITTLE“几乎没有；少”否定词。FEW加可数名词复数,LITTLE加1不可数名词。THEREISLITTLEWATERINTHEBOTTLE,ISTHERE前否定，后肯定TOMISSOSHYTHATHEHASFEWFRIENDSAFEW“一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数ALITTLE“一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数2名词。TOMISNOTANENGLISHMAN,BUTHEKNOWSALITTLEENGLISH另外，在TOO,VERY,SO等词后用FEW,LITTLE在ONLY,JUST,STILL等词后用AFEW,ALITTLE而3QUITEAFEW/ALITTLE都译为“很多”，分别相当于MANY和MUCH（注有时ALITTLE并不是固定短语。如ALITTLESHEEP译为“一只小羊”）25及物动词副词PUTON穿上/PUTOFF推迟/PUTAWAY把整理好/PUTUP举起，搭起，挂起，张贴/PUTDOWN放下/PUTOUT扑灭BREAKDOWN损坏，倒塌TURNON打开/TURNOFF关闭/TURNUP调大/TURNDOWN关小GETBACK取回USEUP用光CUTUP切碎）EATUP吃光）SELLOUT卖完）CHEERUP振作）GIVEAWAY赠送/GIVEOUT发放/GIVEUP放弃/GIVEBACK归还PICKUP捡起、拿起TRYOUT验证/TRYON试穿RINGUP/CALLUP打电话CLEANUP/OUT（打扫干净）SETUP（成立）THINKUP（想出；想起）HANDIN上交/HANDOUT分发；散发FIXUP修理WORKOUT算出DRESSUP打扮HELPOUT帮人解决KEEPOFF/KEEPOUT阻止；挡住；TAKEOFF脱下/TAKEAWAY拿走/TAKEOUT拿出LOOKUP查找/LOOKOVER仔细查看THROWAWAY/OFF抛弃WAKEUP叫醒WRITEDOWN写下LETDOWN使沮丧MAKEUP编造、组成；SETOFF激起、触发注名词做以上短语的宾语，可放在它们中间或后边；而代词做宾语，只放在中间。26ASAS用法中间加形容词和副词原级。和一样HISROOMISASBIGASMINE1HERUNSASFASTASIDO/ME/IYOUSHOULDKEEPTHEROOMASCLEANASYOURBROTHERSASASPOSSIBLE/SBCAN“尽可能”WEWENTTHEREASSOONASPOSSIBLE2LISTENTOTHETEACHERASCAREFULLYASYOUCANHEWENTTHEREASQUICKLYASHECOULD有些短语有几个意思ASSOONAS和一样快；一就；ASMUCHAS和一样多；多3达；ASLONGAS和一样长；长达；只要；ASWELLAS和一样好；和一样；ASFARAS远达；就来说ASAS在否定句中也可说SOAS也可表示倍数THISROOMISTWICEASBIGASTHATONE这个房间是那个房间的两倍大。27PREFER用法PREFERSTHTOSTH或PREFERDOINGSTHTODOINGSTH“比起更喜欢”PREFERTODOSTHRATHERTHANDOSTH宁愿也不愿若单独一个PREFER，和LIKE用法类似，后接TODOSTH或DOINGSTH“更喜欢做某事”28SOME,ANY,EVERY用法SOME“某，一些”，用于肯定的陈述句中。1IHAVESOMETHINGTOTELLYOUMAYBESOMEBODYHASTAKENIT若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议WHYNOTASKSOMEBODYTOHELPYOUSHALLWEGIVEHIMSOMETHINGTOEATWHATABOUTSOMEMILKCOULDYOUPLEASELENDMESOMECHAIRSWILLYOUBUYMESOMEBOOKSMAYIGIVEYOUSOMETEAWOULDYOULIKESOMEMILK在一些”DOSOME”短语中,即使是疑问句中,SOME也不变为ANY如WILLYOUDOSOMEWASHINGNEXTSUNDAY这些短语有DOSOMESHOPPING/CLEANING/COOKING/SWEEPING/WASHING等。ANY,在疑问句中仍译为“某，一些”DOYOUHAVEANYTHINGTOSAY2ISANYBODYINTHEHOUSEHAVEYOUSEENITANYWHERE在IF引导的句中，常用ANY如IFYOUHAVEANYWATER,PLEASEGIVEMESOME在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何”YOUMAYPUTTHEBOXANYWHEREINTHEROOMHEISTALLERTHANANYOTHERSTUDENTINTHECLASSWEWONTHAVEANYTHINGTOEATNOWEVERY“每”，强调所有，既包括此也包括彼。3ISEVERYBODYHERENO，TOMANDLUCYHAVEASKEDFORLEAVETHEGLASSWASBROKEN,ANDTHEWATERWENTEVERYWHERE29动词时态和形式八个时态一般现在时、现在进行时AM/IS/AREVING、一般将来时WILL/SHALL/BEGOINGTO动词原形、一般过去时、过去进行时WAS/WEREVING、现在完成时HAVE/HASV过去分词、过去完成时HADV过去分词、过去将来时WOULDV原形六个形式原形；过去式规则的加ED；过去分词规则的加ED；第三人称单数加S/ES；现在分词VING；带TO不定式。30IF/WHETHER区别IF如果引导条件状语从句/是否引导宾语从句DOYOUKNOWIFHEWILLGOTOTHEPOSTOFFICEIFHEGOESTHERE,IWILLASKHIMTOBUYMESOMESTAMPS两个IF,前者“是否”；后者“如果”，观察其后时态的不同。各见语法1、2WHETHER“无论”引导让步状语从句/“是否”引导宾语从句（相当于IF）都译为“是否”时，WHETHER可接ORNOT,也可接带TO不定式。而IF则不可。78另外，IF可接ANY单词，常不接SOME单词。见语法2831因为BECAUSE,常是对WHY的回答，语气最强。位置BECAUSE,或,BECAUSESINCE,表显然的或已知的理由SINCEITSALREADYLATE,IMUSTGONOWFOR,位置，FOR语气最弱。IDROVECAREFULLY,FORITSSNOWINGAS有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。ASIAMILL,IWONTGO32表推测MUST,MAY,MIGHT,COULD,CAN,CANTMUST“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。THEREISTHEDOORBELL,ITMUSTBETOM门铃响了，一定是汤姆来了。MAY/MIGHT“也许”一般用于肯定句，MAY比MIGHT可能性大。SHEISCOMINGTOUSSHEMIGHTBEOURNEWTEACHERCAN/COULD“可能”COULD比CAN语气更委婉。但CAN多用于否定。YOUCOULDBERIGHT,BUTIDONTTHINKYOUARETHELIGHTINTHEOFFICEISOFFTHETEACHERCANTBETHERENOW33SO与SUCH区别SO是副词，后跟形容词/副词，SOTALL/SLOWLY/CAREFULLY/YOUNGSUCH是形容词，后跟名词短语。SUCHBADWEATHER/GOODNEWS/BEAUTIFULMUSICSUCHABEAUTIFULGIRL/ANIMPORTANTLESSON/AHEAVYSTONE/ANINTERESTINGLESSONSUCHKINDBOYS/NEWDESKS/FRIENDLYPEOPLE/AMAZINGMOVIES/CLEVERCHILDREN若名词前形容词是MANY,MUCH,FEW,LITTLE时，不用SUCH,而用SOSOMANYFLOWERS/MUCHRAIN/FEWFRIENDS/LITTLEWATER也常有“SO/SUCHTHAT”句型，译为“如此以致于”。34SO的另两个用法SOBE/情态动词/助动词主语，“也”1上下文所指不是同一个人或物。THETWINSAREWORKING,SOAMIIWILLLEAVETONIGHT,ANDSOWILLPETERIFYOUGOTHERE,SOWILLI最后一句参见语法2又如AIWOKEUPLATETHISMORNINGBSODIDISO主语BE/情态动词/助动词，“的确是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。2AWEHAVELUNCHATSCHOOLBSOYOUDO又如ABRUCECANWORKOUTTHEPROBLEMBSOHECAN（注意以上黑体字的照应）35NEITHER/NOR用法之一NEITHER/NORBE/情态动词/助动词主语“也不”上文是否定句。SHEDIDNTGETWELL,NORDIDHERBROTHERTIMISNTGOINGTODOHISWORK,NEITHERISJOHN又如AJIMHASNTHADBREAKFASTBNEITHERHAVEI（注意以上黑体字的照应）36KEEP,MAKE,GET,HAVE用法KEEPSB/STHDOINGSTH“让一直做”IMSORRYFORKEEPINGYOUWAITINGSOLONG区1别KEEPDOINGSTH“坚持做某事，一直做某事”MAKESB/STHDOSTH让做某事接动原）ILLTRYTOMAKEYOUUNDERSTANDWHATIMEAN2IFEELSORRYTHATIHAVEMADEHIMWAITFORLONGMAKE若用于被动语态，原有后接动词原形要改为带TO不定式另见语法6的类似说法IMADEHIMWAITFORLONGHEWASMADETOWAITFORLONGGETSB/STHTODOSTH让做某事。HEGOTPETERTOBUYHIMAPEN3HAVE宾语动词原形/ING/过去分词4HAVEHIMDOIT,PLEASE让他做它吧。（HIM和DO逻辑上形成主谓关系，DO用原形。）WEHADTHEMACHINEWORKING我们让机器一直工作着。（让某物一直在进行着某事。）WEHADTHEMACHINEREPAIRED我们让人修理了那台机器（让机器被修理了，表被动。）也都可接形容词KEEPSAFE/BUSY,KEEPTHEDOORCLOSED/OPEN,5MAKEUSHAPPY,GETTHEDOORCLOSED,HAVEEVERYTHINGREADYGETHEREARSPIERCED37USED短语USEDTO动原，“过去常常”HEUSEDTOSMOKEBEUSEDTO译为“被用于”，后接动原。ITISUSEDTOCUTTHINGS（主语是物）BEUSEDTO译为“习惯于”，后接动词ING或名词/代词（主语常是人）如HESUSEDTOWORKINGLATEWEAREUSEDTOTHECOUNTRYLIFEAREYOUUSEDTOITBEUSEDFOR“被用于”，后接名词或动词ING（主语也是物）如ENGLISHISUSEDFORBUSINESSKNIVESAREUSEDFORCUTTINGTHINGS38THROUGH/PAST/ACROSS区别都可作介词，“穿过”，前常有位移动词以下黑体部分。HECLIMBEDTHROUGHTHEWINDOWANDSAWWHATHECOULDTAKEAWAY（从窗户内部经过）HEWENTPASTMEWITHOUTSAYINGANYWORDS（从我旁边经过）HESWAMACROSSTHERIVER（从河的表面经过）【THROUGH,内部PAST,旁边ACROSS,表面】位移动词PAST有时相当于动词PASS位移动词ACROSS有时相当于动词CROSS39THENUMBEROF/ANUMBEROF前者“的数量”；后者“许多的”都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。THENUMBEROFTHETREESISTWOTHOUSAND（用单数谓语另注意TREES前有限定词）ANUMBEROFTREESHAVEBEENCUTDOWN（用复数谓语另注意TREES前无限定词）40延续性动词HOWLONG，SINCE，FOR，以上见84）UNTIL/TILL等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词以下划线部分WEHAVEBEENINZHENGZHOUFORTENYEARSHOWLONGMAYIKEEPTHISNOVELIVELIVEDHERESINCE2002LETSWAITUNTILHECOMESBACK但否定句中可用短暂性动词，如下面的SEE与LEAVE910IHAVENTSEENYOUFORALONGTIMETHEYWONTLEAVEUNTILITSTOPSRAINING另外，请观察以下短暂性动词转换成延续性动词的常见表达LOSEBELOSTSTART/BEGINTODODOGOOFFBEOFFSTART,BEGINBEONTURNONBEONMOVETOLIVEINENDBEOVERGET,BUYHAVE,OWNBORROWKEEPDIEBEDEADGOOUTBEOUTFALLASLEEPBEASLEEPGET/BECOMEADJBEADJOPEN动词，“打开”BEOPEN形容词，表状态ARRIVEIN,GETTO,REACHBEIN,STAYINLEAVE,GOAWAYFROMBEAWAYFROM如以下例子的划线部分并注意黑体部分的变化THEDOGDIEDFIVEHOURSAGOTHEDOGHASBEENDEADFORFIVEHOURSILOSTMYDICTIONARYTWOWEEKSAGOMYDICTIONARYHASBEENLOSTSINCETWOWEEKSAGOHEBEGANTOTEACHENGLISHLASTYEARHEHASTAUGHTENGLISHFORONEYEARLUCYARRIVEDINBEIJINGTHEDAYBEFOREYESTERDAYLUCYHASBEENINBEIJINGFORTWODAYSIBOUGHTTHISBIKESIXMONTHSAGOIHAVEOWNEDTHISBOOKSINCESIXMONTHSAGOMYFRIENDBORROWEDTHEBOOKLASTMONTHMYFRIENDHASKEPTTHEBOOKFORAMONTHHELEFTBEIJINGIN1990HEHASBEENAWAYFROMBEIJINGSINCE1990注意以上的“FOR时间段”与“SINCE时间段AGO”或“SINCE时间点”可互换41ALL/EACH/BOTH/NONE/EITHER/NEITHER不定代词或形容词的用法ALLBOYS/ALLOFTHEBOYSAREFROMCHINA（ALL若接可数复数，谓语也用复数。）1ALLOFTHEWATERISPOLLUTED（若接不可数，谓语用单数。）EACHBOY/EACHOFTHEBOYSHASADIFFERENTBAG2EACH接名词单数或接OF限定词复数，其后谓语都用单数。BOTHOFTHETWINSARECLEVER后面谓语用复数。3NONEOFTHESTUDENTSHAS/HAVEBEENTHEREBEFORE4NONEOF限定词复数,谓语用单、复数都可。另见88WHENSHALLWEMEET,SATURDAYORSUNDAY5EITHERDAYISOK/EITHEROFTHEDAYSISOK谓语用单数。WHENSHALLWEMEET,SATURDAYORSUNDAY6SORRY,IHAVETOLOOKAFTERMYMOTHERTHESETWODAYSTHATIS,NEITHERTIMEISOK/NEITHEROFTHEDAYSISOK谓语用单数。【ALL/EACH/NONE分别指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一个”/“没有一个”。BOTH/EITHER/NEITHER分别指两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个”】42计量表达法数量单位形容词。THESTREETISTWOKILOMETERSLONGTHATBOYCANJUMPFOURMETERSAWAY（此处不用FAR,见49）THEFISHISFIVEKILOSHEAVYTHESTREETISFORTYMETERSWIDETHISBABYISONLYSIXMONTHSOLD若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。THEYDUGANEIGHTMETERDEEPHOLE/IBOUGHTA10KILOHEAVYFISHITSAPIECEOF2METERTHICKICE/THEYBUILTA50METERWIDESTREETITSATWOMONTHHOLIDAYSHEISATHREECHILDMOTHER最后两句计量中省略了形容词43MUSTI/MAYI/NEEDI用法MUSTI“我必须吗”1AMUSTIFINISHTHEWORKBYES,YOUMUST/NO,YOUNEEDNTNEEDI“我有必要吗”或“我需要吗”2ANEEDICLEANTHEHOUSEBYES,YOUMUST/NO,YOUNEEDNTMAYI“我可以吗”表示请求。3AMAYIGOOUTFORAWALKNOWBYES,YOUCAN/NO,YOUMUSTNT/CANT44HUNDRED/THOUSAND/MILLION/BILLION前有具体数字，这些词不加S及OF如NINEHUNDREDPEOPLE,TENTHOUSANDSTUDENTS等。这些词前若无具体数字，后加S和OF如THOUSANDSOFTREESMANYMILLIONSOFPEOPLEHUNDREDSOFCARSBILLIONSOFSTARS但前若有SEVERAL,后常不加S和OFSEVERALMILLIONPOUNDS45反意疑问句此处用QT表示反意疑问句后一部分内容的部分用法SOMETHING,NOTHING,ANYTHING,EVERYTHING作主语，QT主语用IT1SOMETHINGISWRONG,ISNTIT/NOTHINGISDIFFICULT,ISIT当主句中THINK的主语是第一人称时，QT要结合THINK后的从句而定2ITHINKLUCYCANDOWELLINTHEEXAM,CANTSHEIDONTTHINKHEWILLCOMEHEREONTIME,WILLHE祈使句的QT一般用WILLYOU（包括LETUS）,而LETS用SHALLWE3GETUPNOW,WILLYOUDONTBENOISY,WILLYOUBEQUIET,WILLYOUPLEASEDONTTALK,WILLYOULETUSDOITNOW,WILLYOUDONTTALKINCLASS,WILLYOULETSDOITNOW,SHALLWELETSSINGASONG,SHALLWETHEREBE句型，QT主语用THERE4THEREISAMANWORKINGINTHEFIELD,ISNTTHERETHEREUSEDTOBEAMEETINGONFRIDAY,DIDNTTHERETHEREWONTBEAMOVIEINTHETHEATRE,WILLTHERE111246PUTON,WEAR,DRESS,INPUTON,“穿上”后接物。表行为，是短暂动词。1YOUSHOULDPUTONYOURCOATWHENYOULEAVEWEAR,“穿，穿着”后接物，表状态，是延续性动词。2HEALWAYSWEARSTHEYELLOWSWEATERINWINTERILIKEWEARINGBEAUTIFULCLOTHESDRESS,“给穿衣”后接人。YOUCANDRESSYOURSELF,BABY3LUCYISDRESSINGHERLITTLEBROTHERNOWBEDRESSEDIN后常接具有某种特征的衣物。也可直接加表示颜色的词。THELADYISDRESSEDINAWHITESKIRTTHESTUDENTSAREALLDRESSEDINYELLOWGETDRESSED“穿好衣服”，常不接宾语HEWENTOUTASSOONASHEGOTDRESSEDDRESSUPAS“装扮（成）”HEDRESSEDUPASACLOWN他装扮成小丑。IN,“穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语。4也可以直接加表示颜色的词。THEWOMANINAWHITESKIRTISMYTEACHERDOYOUKNOWTHEGIRLINAREDCOAT（你认识那个穿着红外套的姑娘吗）IWANTTOTALKTOTHEBOYINBLACK我想找那个穿着黑衣服的男孩谈谈。47虚拟语气部分用法在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气，即IF从句中用一般过去时，而主句动词用WOULD/SHOULD动词原形，表示与现在相反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。（注意虚拟语气中的BE动词都要用WERE）IFTHEREWERENOAIR,PEOPLEWOULDDIE与现在事实相反IFIGOTRICH,IWOULDTRAVELAROUNDTHEWORLD可能性很小48OTHER/OTHERS/THEOTHER/THEOTHERS/ANOTHER如果不特定指出哪一个，是泛指，“另一个”要用ANOTHER,后加可数名词单数。1IFYOUARESTILLTHIRSTY,YOUMAYHAVEANOTHERCUPOFTEA（没特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。CUP是单数。）ANOTHER也可数字可数复数THEMEETINGWILLLASTANOTHERTWOHOURS（再持续两小时）WENEEDANOTHERSIXDESKS此处两句分别相当于TWOMOREHOURSSIXMOREDESKS如果只有两个或只有两部分，就给出了范围，其中另一个或另一部分是特指OTHER前2有THE，有如下用法第一种，所说内容只有两个MRSGREENHASTWOSONS,ONEISINTERESTEDINMATH,THEOTHERONE/SONISGOODATSCIENCE【只有两个，用THEOTHER,不加S,后面名词可省略。】又如THISPAIROFSHOESISSTRANGEONEISBLUE,YETTHEOTHERISGREEN“这双鞋子很怪，一只蓝色，而另一只绿色。”第二种，只有两部分此种情况下THEOTHER后接可数名词复数，或不接名词而只在THEOTHER后加STWOCHILDRENWENTTHERE,BUTTHEOTHERCHILDREN/THEOTHERSSTAYEDTWOFIFTHSOFTHESTUDENTSINOU