【英语论文】由中西文化差异谈 “羊”翻译策略：直译、意译、异化discussion translation strategies from cultural comparison of “sheep”

由中西文化差异谈“羊”翻译策略直译、意译、异化DISCUSSIONTRANSLATIONSTRATEGIESFROMCULTURALCOMPARISONOF“SHEEP”论文摘要语言植根于文化，宗教又是文化的重要组成部分。中西方文化中，“羊”有着迥然不同的文化内涵。西方基督教文化中，圣经常用羊来象征或比喻人。把神称为牧羊人（SHEPHERD），把民众称之为羊（SHEEP），用羊形容人性容易迷失，必须依靠信仰的力量感化；东方道教文化中，因“羊”“阳”谐音，故“三羊”含祝吉语“三羊开泰”意。据周易，正月为泰卦，三阳生于下，即寓意冬去春来，阴消阳长，祥瑞吉庆。作者对比分析了不同版本的中英文圣经，从中摘抄出较有代表性的32个章节作为本文分析的基础。所涉及到的不同版本的中英文圣经如下ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE、新译新约全书、和合本新修订标准版、HTTP/WWWGNPCBORG/ESV、HTTP/WWWDIGITALBIBLESOCIETYORG/BIBLES/LZZ/B5/INDEXHTM。在语料分析中，本文试图运用“直译”“意译”与“异化”等翻译理论，兼顾到东西方文化中对羊的理解，对比“SHEEP”在不同版本中文圣经中的翻译。作者发现，圣经在对羊的翻译过程中，把“直译”和“意译”相结合的翻译策略。他们根据实际情况交替使用，没有绝对的直译,也没有绝对的意译。虽然在形式上有所不同,却服务于共同的翻译目的，就是实现不同语言之间的信息和文化的传递。使读者完全、准确地感受到圣经源文中所承载的精神，使目标读者更容易理解。本研究透过中西方文化对羊的理解的不同，初步探讨了在中文圣经中的羊的翻译，以及在翻译中的策略和方法，可供参考。但由于语料样本的局限性以及片面性可能导致结论的缺陷和不足，期待能引起读者的兴趣和深入的研究。关键词文化，圣经，羊，直译，意译，异化ABSTRACTLANGUAGESAREROOTEDINSPECIFICCULTURALBACKGROUND,ANDREFLECTTHESPECIFICCULTURALCONTENTRELIGIONASPARTOFCULTUREALSOHASALARGEIMPACTINTHEWESTERNCHRISTIANCULTURE,THEBIBLEOFTENUSESSHEEPTODESCRIBEHUMANSINASYMBOLICMANNERBUTINORIENTALTAOISMCULTURE,“羊“AND“阳“AREHOMONYMS,CONTAINTHEMEANINGOFGOODNESSTOCOMPAREANDANALYZETHEDIFFERENTVERSIONSOFTHEBIBLEINBOTHCHINESEANDENGLISH,WECANCHOOSEFROM32DIFFERENTVERSESFROMALLOVERTHEBIBLETHATBESTREPRESENTTHEUSEOFTHEWORD“SHEEP”ACCORDINGTODATAWHICHWASUSEDINTHETRANSLATIONOFDIFFERENTVERSIONSOFTHEBIBLEINBOTHENGLISHANDCHINESEAREASFOLLOWSENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE,新译新约全书,和合本新修订标准版,HTTP/WWWGNPCBORG/ESV,HTTP/WWWDIGITALBIBLESOCIETYORG/BIBLES/LZZ/B5/INDEXHTMINTHISPAPER,THROUGHTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHEDIFFERENTSTRATEGIESOFLITERALTRANSLATION,FREETRANSLATIONAND“FOREIGNIZING,”WEWILLTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHEDIFFERENTCULTURALUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESHEEPANDCOMPARE“SHEEP“INTHEDIFFERENTVERSIONSOFTHECHINESETRANSLATIONOFTHEBIBLETHEAUTHORFOUNDTHATINTHETRANSLATIONPROCESS,THEREWASACOMBINATIONOF“LITERALTRANSLATION,“FREETRANSLATION“AND“FOREIGNIZING“INTHETRANSLATIONBASEDSTRATEGYTHEYAREUSEDINTERCHANGEABLYACCORDINGTOTHEACTUALSITUATION,ASTHEREISNOABSOLUTELITERALTRANSLATION,BUTTHEREALSOISNOABSOLUTEFREETRANSLATIONALTHOUGHTHEYVARYINFORM,THECOMMONTRANSLATIONISAIMEDATTRANSFERRINGINFORMATIONBETWEENDIFFERENTLANGUAGESANDCULTURALTRANSMISSIONSOTHATREADERSCANFULLYANDACCURATELYUNDERSTANDTHESOURCEOFTHETEXTINTHEBIBLEINTHISSTUDY,THROUGHTHEDIFFERENTUNDERSTANDINGOF“SHEEP”INCHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURE,WEWILLSTUDYTHEWORDSHEEPSTRANSLATIONINTHEBIBLEFACIALLY,ASWELLASINTHETRANSLATIONOFSTRATEGIESANDAPPROACHESFORREFERENCEHOWEVER,BECAUSEOFTHELIMITATIONSOFCORPUSSAMPLES,ASWELLASTHECONCLUSIONSOFONESIDEDNESSMAYLEADTODEFECTSANDDEFICIENCIESBUTNEVERTHELESSHOPESTOAROUSETHEREADERSINTERESTANDINDEPTHSTUDYKEYWORDSSHEEP,BIBLE,LITERALVENUTI199519。HTTP/BAIKEBAIDUCOM/VIEW/934416HTMLAWRENCEVENUTIINDICATESTHEDEFINITIONOFDEMESTICATIONISTHETRANSLATIONSTRATEGYINWHICHATRANSPARENT,FLUENTSTYLEISADOPTEDINORDERTOMINIMIZETHESTRANGENESSOFTHEFOREIGNTEXTFORTARGETLANGUAGEREADERSTHETRANSLATORLEAVESTHEREADERINPEACE,ASMUCHASPOSSIBLE,ANDMOVESTHEAUTHORTOWARDSHIMADAPTATIONTOTHEORIGINALFOREIGNIZATIONISTHATITDESIGNATESTHETYPEOFTRANSLATIONINWHICHATARGETTEXT“DELIBERATELYBREAKSTARGETCONVENTIONSBYRETAININGSOMETHINGOFTHEFOREIGNNESSOFTHEORIGINAL”THETRANSLATORLEAVESTHEAUTHORINPEACE,ASMUCHASPOSSIBLE,ANDMOVESTHEREADERTOWARDSHIM3DATADESCRIPTIONOF32SELECTEDEXAMPLES31SOURCEOFDATATOCOMPAREANDANALYZETHEDIFFERENTVERSIONSOFTHEBIBLEINBOTHCHINESEANDENGLISHINTHISCHAPTERINORDERTOHAVEABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWTOTRANSLATE“SHEEP”,WECHOOSE34DIFFERENTVERSESFROMALLOVERTHEBIBLETHATBESTREPRESENTTHEUSEOFTHEWORD“SHEEP”ASTHEBASISOFDATAWHICHINVOLVEDINTHEDIFFERENTVERSIONSOFTHEBIBLEINBOTHENGLISHANDCHINESEAREASFOLLOWSENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE；新译新约全书；和合本新修订标准版；HTTP/WWWGNPCBORG/ESV；HTTP/WWWDIGITALBIBLESOCIETYORG/BIBLES/LZZ/B5/INDEXHTMASTHEBESTSELLERINTHEWORLD,THEHOLYBIBLEHASBEENTRANSLATEDINTOMANYLANGUAGESALMOSTEVERYCOUNTRYHASTRANSLATIONSINITSLANGUAGESNOWADAYS,YOUCANGOOGLEITONTHEINTERNETWHENEVERANDWHEREVERBYJUSTTYPINGINAWORD“BIBLE”YOUCANFINDMANYDIFFERENTVERSIONSOFTHEENGLISHBIBLE,SUCHASESVENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONYOUCANALSOBUYTHEBOOKATXINHUABOOKSTOREORMANYCHRISTIANBOOKSTORESINANYBIGCHINESECITIESLIKEBEIJING,SHANGHAI,WUHAN,GUANGZHOU,XIAMEN,HONGKONG,MACAOETCTHEREARESEVERALTRANSLATIONSINCHINAATPRESENTWHICHAREPUBLISHEDBYTHECHINACHRISTIANCOUNCIL,（中国基督教协会）SUCHAS和合本新修订标准版圣经以及新译新约全书圣经。32PRESENTATIONOFTHEDATAINDETAILSST1NEXTSHEBOREHISBROTHERABELNOWABELWASAKEEPEROFSHEEP,ANDCAINATILLEROFTHEGROUND（GENESIS42,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT1她又生了该隐的兄弟亚伯。亚伯是牧羊的，该隐是种地的。圣经创世记42，和合本新修订标准版ST2ANDFORHERSAKEHEDEALTWELLWITHABRAMANDHEHADSHEEP,OXEN,MALEDONKEYS,MALEANDFEMALESLAVES,FEMALEDONKEYS,ANDCAMELS（GENESIS1216,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT2法老因这妇人就厚待亚伯兰，亚伯兰得了许多牛羊、骆驼、公驴、母驴、仆婢。圣经创世记1216，和合本新修订标准版ST3THENABIMELECHTOOKSHEEPANDOXEN,ANDMALEANDFEMALESLAVES,ANDGAVETHEMTOABRAHAM,ANDRESTOREDHISWIFESARAHTOHIM（GENESIS2014,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT3亚比米勒把牛羊、仆婢赐给亚伯拉罕，又把他的妻子撒拉归还他。圣经创世记2014，和合本新修订标准版ST4ASHELOOKED,HESAWAWELLINTHEFIELDANDTHREEFLOCKSOFSHEEPLYINGTHEREBESIDEITFOROUTOFTHATWELLTHEFLOCKSWEREWATEREDTHESTONEONTHEWELLSMOUTHWASLARGE（GENESIS292,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT4看见田间有一口井，有三群羊卧在井旁，因为人饮羊群，都是用那井里的水，井口上的石头是大的。圣经创世记292，和合本新修订标准版ST5WHENTHEANIMAL,WHETHEROXORDONKEYORSHEEP,ISFOUNDALIVEINTHETHIEFSPOSSESSION,THETHIEFSHALLPAYDOUBLE（EXODUS224,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT5若他所偷的，或牛，或驴，或羊，仍在他手下存活，他就要加倍赔还。圣经出埃及记224，和合本新修订标准版ST6IFYOURGIFTFORABURNTOFFERINGISFROMTHEFLOCK,FROMTHESHEEPORGOATS,YOUROFFERINGSHALLBEAMALEWITHOUTBLEMISH（LEVITICUS110,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT6“人的供物若以绵羊或山羊为燔祭，就要献上没有残疾的公羊。圣经利未记110，和合本新修订标准版ST7TOBEACCEPTABLEINYOURBEHALFITSHALLBEAMALEWITHOUTBLEMISH,OFTHECATTLEORTHESHEEPORTHEGOATS（LEVITICUS2219,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT7是献给耶和华作燔祭的，要将没有残疾的公牛，或是绵羊，或是山羊献上，如此方蒙悦纳。圣经利未记2219，和合本新修订标准版ST8FROMTHESHAREOFTHEWARRIORSWHOWENTOUTTOBATTLE,SETASIDEASTRIBUTEFORTHELORD,ONEITEMOUTOFEVERYFIVEHUNDRED,WHETHERPERSONS,OXEN,DONKEYS,SHEEP,ORGOATS（NUMBERS3128,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT8又要从出去打仗所得的人口、牛、驴、羊群中，每五百取一，作为贡物奉给耶和华。圣经民数记3128，和合本新修订标准版ST9THESEARETHEANIMALSYOUMAYEATTHEOX,THESHEEP,THEGOAT（DEUTERONOMY144,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT9可吃的牲畜就是牛、绵羊、山羊、圣经申命记144，和合本新修订标准版ST10THENTHEYDEVOTEDTODESTRUCTIONBYTHEEDGEOFTHESWORDALLINTHECITY,BOTHMENANDWOMEN,YOUNGANDOLD,OXEN,SHEEP,ANDDONKEYS（JOSHUA621,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT10人往前直上，将城夺取。又将城中所有的，不拘男女老少、牛羊和驴，都用刀杀尽。圣经约书亚记621，和合本新修订标准版ST11KINGSOLOMONANDALLTHECONGREGATIONOFISRAEL,WHOHADASSEMBLEDBEFOREHIM,WEREBEFORETHEARK,SACRIFICINGSOMANYSHEEPANDOXENTHATTHEYCOULDNOTBENUMBEREDORCOUNTED（2CHRONICLES56,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT11所罗门王和聚集到他那里的以色列全会众，都在约柜前献牛羊为祭，多得不可胜数。圣经历代志下56，和合本新修订标准版ST12THEYALSOATTACKEDTHETENTSOFTHOSEWHOHADLIVESTOCK,ANDCARRIEDAWAYSHEEPANDGOATSINABUNDANCE,ANDCAMELSTHENTHEYRETURNEDTOJERUSALEM（2CHRONICLES1415,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT12又毁坏了群畜的圈，夺取许多的羊和骆驼，就回耶路撒冷去了。圣经历代志下1415，和合本新修订标准版ST13THECONSECRATEDOFFERINGSWERESIXHUNDREDBULLSANDTHREETHOUSANDSHEEP（2CHRONICLES2933,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT13又有分别为圣之物公牛六百只，绵羊三千只。圣经历代志下2933，和合本新修订标准版ST14ANDBETWEENTHEUPPERROOMOFTHECORNERANDTHESHEEPGATETHEGOLDSMITHSANDTHEMERCHANTSMADEREPAIRS（NEHEMIAH332,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT14银匠与商人在城的角楼和羊门中间修造。圣经尼希米记332，和合本新修订标准版ST15THENMICAIAHSAID,“ISAWALLISRAELSCATTEREDONTHEMOUNTAINS,LIKESHEEPWITHOUTASHEPHERDANDTHELORDSAID,THESEHAVENOMASTERLETEACHONEGOHOMEINPEACE“（2CHRONICLES1816,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT15米该雅说“我看见以色列众民散在山上，如同没有牧人的羊群一般。耶和华说这民没有主人，他们可以平平安安地各归各家去。圣经历代志下1816，和合本新修订标准版ST16ASHEWENTASHORE,HESAWAGREATCROWDANDHEHADCOMPASSIONFORTHEM,BECAUSETHEYWERELIKESHEEPWITHOUTASHEPHERDANDHEBEGANTOTEACHTHEMMANYTHINGS（MARK634,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT16耶稣出来，见有许多的人，就怜悯他们，因为他们如同羊没有牧人一般，于是开口教训他们许多道理。（圣经马可福音634,和合本新修订标准版）ST17FORYOUWERESTRAYINGLIKESHEEP,BUTHAVENOWRETURNEDTOTHESHEPHERDANDOVERSEEROFYOURSOULS（1PETER225,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT17从前你们都像迷失的羊，现在已经归回，跟随着你们灵魂的牧人和监护者了。（圣经彼得前书225，新译新约全书）ST18WHENHESAWTHECROWDS,HEHADCOMPASSIONFORTHEM,BECAUSETHEYWEREHARASSEDANDHELPLESS,LIKESHEEPWITHOUTASHEPHERD（MATTHEW936,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT18当他看见一群的人，动了恻隐之心；因为他们孤苦无助，像没有牧人的羊群一般。（圣经马太福音936,新译新约全书）ST19HEANSWERED,“IWASSENTONLYTOTHELOSTSHEEPOFTHEHOUSEOFISRAEL”（MATTHEW1524，ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT19回答“我奉差遣只去寻找以色列人中迷失的羊。”（圣经马太福音1524，新译新约全书）ST20FORTHUSSAYSTHELORDGODIMYSELFWILLSEARCHFORMYSHEEP,ANDWILLSEEKTHEMOUTASSHEPHERDSSEEKOUTTHEIRFLOCKSWHENTHEYAREAMONGTHEIRSCATTEREDSHEEP,SOIWILLSEEKOUTMYSHEEPIWILLRESCUETHEMFROMALLTHEPLACESTOWHICHTHEYHAVEBEENSCATTEREDONADAYOFCLOUDSANDTHICKDARKNESSIWILLBRINGTHEMOUTFROMTHEPEOPLESANDGATHERTHEMFROMTHECOUNTRIES,ANDWILLBRINGTHEMINTOTHEIROWNLANDANDIWILLFEEDTHEMONTHEMOUNTAINSOFISRAEL,BYTHEWATERCOURSES,ANDINALLTHEINHABITEDPARTSOFTHELANDIWILLFEEDTHEMWITHGOODPASTURE,ANDTHEMOUNTAINHEIGHTSOFISRAELSHALLBETHEIRPASTURETHERETHEYSHALLLIEDOWNINGOODGRAZINGLAND,ANDTHEYSHALLFEEDONRICHPASTUREONTHEMOUNTAINSOFISRAELIMYSELFWILLBETHESHEPHERDOFMYSHEEP,ANDIWILLMAKETHEMLIEDOWN,SAYSTHELORDGODIWILLSEEKTHELOST,ANDIWILLBRINGBACKTHESTRAYED,ANDIWILLBINDUPTHEINJURED,ANDIWILLSTRENGTHENTHEWEAK,BUTTHEFATANDTHESTRONGIWILLDESTROYIWILLFEEDTHEMWITHJUSTICE（EZEKIEL341116,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT20主耶和华如此说“看哪，我必亲自寻找我的羊，将他们寻见。牧人在羊群四散的日子，怎样寻找他的羊，我必照样寻找我的羊。这些羊在密云黑暗的日子散到各处，我必从那里救回他们来。我必从万民中领出他们，从各国内聚集他们，引导他们归回故土，也必在以色列山上，一切溪水旁边，境内一切可居之处牧养他们。我必在美好的草场牧养他们；他们的圈必在以色列高处的山上。他们必在佳美之圈中躺卧，也在以色列山肥美的草场吃草。主耶和华说我必亲自作我羊的牧人，使他们得以躺卧。失丧的，我必寻找，被逐的，我必领回，受伤的，我必缠裹，有病的，我必医治；只是肥的壮的，我必除灭，也要秉公牧养他们。（圣经以西结书341116,和合本新修订标准版）ST21NOWTHEREFORETHUSYOUSHALLSAYTOMYSERVANTDAVIDTHUSSAYSTHELORDOFHOSTSITOOKYOUFROMTHEPASTURE,FROMFOLLOWINGTHESHEEP,TOBERULEROVERMYPEOPLEISRAEL（1CHRONICLES177,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT21现在你要告诉我仆人大卫说，万军之耶和华如此说“我从羊圈中将你召来，叫你不再跟从羊群，立你作我民以色列的君。”圣经历代志上177，和合本新修订标准版ST22ANDDAVIDSAIDTOGOD,“WASITNOTIWHOGAVETHECOMMANDTOCOUNTTHEPEOPLEITISIWHOHAVESINNEDANDDONEVERYWICKEDLYBUTTHESESHEEP,WHATHAVETHEYDONELETYOURHAND,IPRAY,OLORDMYGOD,BEAGAINSTMEANDAGAINSTMYFATHERSHOUSEBUTDONOTLETYOURPEOPLEBEPLAGUED“TT22大卫祷告神说“吩咐数点百姓的不是我吗我犯了罪、行了恶，但这群羊作了什么呢愿耶和华我神的手攻击我和我的父家，不要攻击你的民，降瘟疫与他们。”ST23OGOD,WHYDOYOUCASTUSOFFFOREVERWHYDOESYOURANGERSMOKEAGAINSTTHESHEEPOFYOURPASTURE（PSALM741,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT23神啊，你为何永远丢弃我们呢你为何向你草场的羊发怒如烟冒出呢（圣经诗篇741,和合本新修订标准版）ST24THENHELEDOUTHISPEOPLELIKESHEEP,ANDGUIDEDTHEMINTHEWILDERNESSLIKEAFLOCK（PSALM7852,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT24他却领出自己的民如羊，在旷野引他们如羊群。（圣经诗篇7852,和合本新修订标准版）ST25BEHOLD,IAMSENDINGYOUOUTASSHEEPINTHEMIDSTOFWOLVES,SOBEWISEASSERPENTSANDINNOCENTASDOVES（MATTHEW1016，ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT25要留意我派遣你们出去，正像把羊送进狼群中。你们要像蛇一样机警，像鸽子一样温驯。（圣经马太福音1016，新译新约全书）ST26NOWMAYTHEGODOFPEACE,WHOBROUGHTBACKFROMTHEDEADOURLORDJESUS,THEGREATSHEPHERDOFTHESHEEP,BYTHEBLOODOFTHEETERNALCOVENANT（HEBREW1320，ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT26上帝已经使我们的主耶稣从死里复活。他凭藉耶稣所流的血印证了永恒的约，使他成为群羊的大牧人。（圣经希伯来书1320，新译新约全书）ST27KNOWTHATTHELORDISGODITISHETHATMADEUS,ANDWEAREHISWEAREHISPEOPLE,ANDTHESHEEPOFHISPASTURE（PSALM1003,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT27你们当晓得耶和华是神。我们是他造的，也是属他的；我们是他的民，也是他草场的羊（圣经诗篇1003，和合本新修订标准版）ST28FORHEISOURGOD,ANDWEARETHEPEOPLEOFHISPASTURE,ANDTHESHEEPOFHISHANDOTHATTODAYYOUWOULDLISTENTOHISVOICE（PSALM957,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT28因为他是我们的神，我们是他草场的羊，是他手下的民。惟愿你们今天听他的话。（圣经诗篇957,和合本新修订标准版）ST29SOAGAINJESUSSAIDTOTHEM,“VERYTRULY,ITELLYOU,IAMTHEGATEFORTHESHEEPALLWHOCAMEBEFOREMEARETHIEVESANDBANDITSBUTTHESHEEPDIDNOTLISTENTOTHEMIAMTHEGATEWHOEVERENTERSBYMEWILLBESAVED,ANDWILLCOMEINANDGOOUTANDFINDPASTURETHETHIEFCOMESONLYTOSTEALANDKILLANDDESTROYICAMETHATTHEYMAYHAVELIFE,ANDHAVEITABUNDANTLY“IAMTHEGOODSHEPHERDTHEGOODSHEPHERDLAYSDOWNHISLIFEFORTHESHEEPJOHN10711,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLETT29所以耶稣又对他们说“我实实在在地告诉你们我就是羊的门。凡在我以先来的，都是贼，是强盗，羊却不听他们。我就是门，凡从我进来的，必然得救，并且出入得草吃。盗贼来，无非要偷窃、杀害、毁坏；我来了，是要叫羊（或作“人”）得生命，并且得的更丰盛。我是好牧人，好牧人为羊舍命。圣经约翰福音10711，和合本新修订标准版ST30JESUSANSWERED,“IHAVETOLDYOU,ANDYOUDONOTBELIEVETHEWORKSTHATIDOINMYFATHERSNAMETESTIFYTOMEBUTYOUDONOTBELIEVE,BECAUSEYOUDONOTBELONGTOMYSHEEPMYSHEEPHEARMYVOICEIKNOWTHEM,ANDTHEYFOLLOWMEIGIVETHEMETERNALLIFE,ANDTHEYWILLNEVERPERISHNOONEWILLSNATCHTHEMOUTOFMYHANDWHATMYFATHERHASGIVENMEISGREATERTHANALLELSE,ANDNOONECANSNATCHITOUTOFTHEFATHERSHAND（JOHN102629，ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT30耶稣回答“我已经告诉过你们，可是你们不信。我奉我父亲的名所做的事就是我的证据。但是，你们不是我的羊，所以你们不信。我的羊听我的声音，我认得它们；它们跟随我。我赐给他们永恒的生命，他们不至于死亡；无论谁都不能从我手中把他们夺走。那位把他们赐给我的父亲比一切都伟大，没有人能从父亲手里把他们夺走。（圣经约翰福音102529，新译新约全书）ST31NOTDOMINEERINGOVERTHOSEINYOURCHARGE,BUTBEINGEXAMPLESTOTHEFLOCK（1PETER53,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT31不要辖制你们所牧养的羊群，却要作羊群的榜样。（圣经彼得前书53,新译新约全书）ST32WOETOTHESHEPHERDSWHODESTROYANDSCATTERTHESHEEPOFMYPASTURESAYSTHELORDTHEREFORETHUSSAYSTHELORD,THEGODOFISRAEL,CONCERNINGTHESHEPHERDSWHOSHEPHERDMYPEOPLEITISYOUWHOHAVESCATTEREDMYFLOCK,ANDHAVEDRIVENTHEMAWAY,ANDYOUHAVENOTATTENDEDTOTHEMSOIWILLATTENDTOYOUFORYOUREVILDOINGS,SAYSTHELORDTHENIMYSELFWILLGATHERTHEREMNANTOFMYFLOCKOUTOFALLTHELANDSWHEREIHAVEDRIVENTHEM,ANDIWILLBRINGTHEMBACKTOTHEIRFOLD,ANDTHEYSHALLBEFRUITFULANDMULTIPLYIWILLRAISEUPSHEPHERDSOVERTHEMWHOWILLSHEPHERDTHEM,ANDTHEYSHALLNOTFEARANYLONGER,ORBEDISMAYED,NORSHALLANYBEMISSING,SAYSTHELORD（JEREMIAH2314,ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE）TT32耶和华说“那些残害、赶散我草场之羊的牧人，有祸了”2耶和华以色列的神斥责那些牧养他百姓的牧人如此说“你们赶散我的羊群，并没有看顾他们，我必讨你们这行恶的罪。这是耶和华说的。3我要将我羊群中所余剩的，从我赶他们到的各国内招聚出来，领他们归回本圈，他们也必生养众多。4我必设立照管他们的牧人，牧养他们。他们不再惧怕，不再惊惶，也不缺少一个。这是耶和华说的。”（圣经耶利米书2314,和合本新修订标准版）4DATAANALYSIS41THEDIFFERENTINTERPRETATIONSOFTHESHEEPINTHEDIFFERENTCULTURES411MEANINGOFSHEEPINTHEENGLISHSPEAKINGCOUNTRIESFIRSTLY,ACCORDINGTOTHELONGMANDICTIONARYOFCONTEMPORARYENGLISHNEWEDITION,ONEDEFINITIONOFSHEEPIS“SOMEONEWHOISVERYEASILYPERSUADEDINTODOINGTHINGS,WHOOBEYSORDERSWITHOUTTHINKING,ORWHOACTSINAPARTICULARWAYBECAUSEOTHERSAREDOINGSO“听摆布的人，顺服的人，没有主见的人”（朗文当代高级英语辞典,1397页）IREMEMBERTHATTHEREAREMANYPLACESTHATINTHEBIBLETHATASSOCIATESPEOPLEWITHSHEEPFOREXAMPLE,INTHEGOSPELOFJOHN101011,ITSAYS“IHAVECOMEINORDERTHATYOUMIGHTHAVELIFEINALLITSFULLNESSIAMTHEGOODSHEPHERD,WHOISWILLINGTODIEFORTHESHEEP”（ENGLISHSTANDARDVERSIONBIBLE，PAGE896）AFTERREADINGTHIS,IASKEDMYSELFTHISQUESTION“AMIASHEEP”BEINGCHINESE,INEVERHADANYCONCEPTABOUTTHATMYLIFEHASANYTHINGTODOWITHSHEEPSOIDIDSOMERESEARCHANDDISCUSSANDANALYZEHOWTHETRANSLATIONOF“SHEEP”REVEALSTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENCULTURESMOREOVER,“SHEEP”ALSOINDICATESTHOSEWHOARECRAVEN,SHY,ANDGULLIBLETHEREAREMANYEXAMPLESSUCHAS“LOSTSHEEP”,“迷途的羔羊”GOSPELOFLUKE156FOLLOWLIKEASHEEP“盲从”SHEEPSHEART“胆小”“SHEEPWITHOUTASHEPHERD”即“没有带头人的一群乌合之众”BOOKOFISAIAH1314THROUGHTHISEXPLANATIONWECANUNDERSTANDTHATTHEMEANINGOF“SHEEP”INTHEWESTERNCULTUREISUSEDTOIMPLYTHEKINDOFMANWHOHASLITTLEFAITHANDWHOISEASILYPERSUADEDBYOTHERS412MEANINGOFSHEEPINCHINESESPEAKINGCOUNTRIESINCHINESE,“SHEEP”DOESNOTHAVEANYMEANINGRELATEDTOPEOPLEOTHERTHANADELICIOUSMEAT,“羊”HASTHEPRODIGIOUSINFLUENCETOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECHINESEWRITINGINCHINESEWRITING,“SHEEP”SYMBOLIZESTHEPROPITIOUS,ASYMBOLOFPURITY,PRECIOUSNESSANDBEAUTYINCHINESETHEREAREMANYILLUSTRATIONSMEANINGCOMMENDATIONANDGOODLINESS,SUCHAS“善、義、美、祥、鲜”THEYALLHAVETHERADICALOF羊。INTHEANCIENTCHINESECHARACTER“SHEEP”羊AND“SUN”阳ISLINKINGTOGETHERTHATSWHYTHEPICTUREOF3SHEEPLOOKINGUPONTHESUNMEANS三羊开泰。INTHEBOOKOFCIYUAN辞源,“SHEEP”ISEQUATEDTOTHE“SUN”THEINSIGHTOFTHEIDIOMEXPLAINSTHATWHENWINTERFADESAWAYTHESPRINGCOMING,ALLCREATIONREGAINSTHEIRNEWLIFEBECAUSETHESUNHASPOSITIVEMEANINGREPRESENTINGLIFE,THEREFORE,THEYANGALSOREPRESENTSLIFE42ANALYSISOFTRANSLATIONTERMSLITERALANDFREETRANSLATIONTHISISBECAUSETHEWORDSFORSHEEPINCHINESEANDENGLISHHAVEDIFFERENTMEANINGSSOWHENTRANSLATING“SHEEP“FROMENGLISHINTOTHECHINESEWEMUSTTREATTHEMDIFFERENTLYACCORDINGTOTHECONTEXTNOWLETSCOMPAREANDANALYZETHE32EXAMPLESSELECTEDABOVE,TRYINGTOFINDTHETRANSLATIONSTRATEGYINGENERALAPPLICATIONAMONGALL32EXAMPLES,ALLSELECTEDEXAMPLESFOCUSONASAMETHEMETHATTHESHEEPINACCORDANCEWITHTHEMEANINGOFTHESOURCETEXTARETRANSLATEDINTOADIFFERENTTRANSLATIONFROMTHEFOLLOWINGTABLE,WEDIVIDEDTHEMINTOTWOMAJORCATEGORIESLITERALANDFREETRANSLATIONINTHEMAJORCATEGORYOFTHEFREETRANSLATIONWHICHWASDIVIDEDINTOANOTHERTHREEMINORCATEGORIESTHELOSTPEOPLE,THEGODSPEOPLE/CITIZENANDGODT1T14AREBELONGTOTHELITERALTRANSLATION,THATIS,45T15T32AREBELONGTOTHEFREETRANSLATIONWEREINTERPRETEDAS迷失的人AND神的子民，THATIS55TABLE1LITERALTRANSLATIONANDFREETRANSLATIONANALYSISLITERALTRANSLATIONFREETRANSLATIONFOREIGNIZATIONSHEEPLOSTPEOPLEGODSPEOPLE/CITIZENT1T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9T10T11T12T13T14T15T16T17T18T19T20T21T22T23T24T25T26T27T28T29T30T31T32INTHEABOVECHART,EVERYROWMEANSTHESELECTEDTEXT,REMARKEDACCORDINGTOTHENUMBERSATTHEVERYBEGINNINGOFEACHROW,SUCHAST1MEANSTHEFIRSTSELECTEDTEXT“ST1THISMEANSTHATTHEAUTHOROFTHETEXTADOPTEDTHELITERALTRANSLATIONSTRATEGYUNDERTHEMETHODOFFREETRANSLATIONWEHAVEALSOBROKENDOWNTHETWOCASESFORDISCUSSIONACCORDINGTOTHEMEANINGOFTHESOURCETEXTINTHEBIBLE,THEWORD“SHEEP”MAYBEUNDERSTOODASTWOKINDSOFMEANINGOFTHELOSTPEOPLEANDTHEGODSPEOPLE/CITIZENTHEREFORE,THECHINESETRANSLATIONALSODIDTHEFREETRANSLATIONINCORRESPONDING43TRANSLATIONSTRATEGIESFOREIGNIZINGTRANSLATIONDESPITEDIFFERENTCULTURES,THEIMAGEOFTHESHEEPISKNOWNVERYWELLTHEREFORE,BOTHWESTERNANDCHINESEWILLUSETHISIMAGEASANANALOGYTOGIVEABETTERUNDERSTANDINGTOTHELISTENERBASEDONMYPERSONALUNDERSTANDING,LANGUAGEDEVELOPMENTISAPROCESSFROMCONCRETETOABSTRACT,FROMLITERALTOIMPLIEDMEANINGORIDIOMFIRST,THEREISNODIFFERENCEBETWEENCHINESEANDWESTERNIFTHETRANSLATIONCOMESFROMORIGINALMEANINGORLITERALMEANINGBESIDESTHEDIFFERENTPRONUNCIATION,THEMEANINGISCOMPLETELYONANEQUALFOOTINGHOWEVER,INTHEDIFFERENTCULTURES,THEREAREDIFFERENTUNDERSTANDINGSOFMEANINGFROMTHELITERALMEANINGEXTENDTOTHEIMPLIEDMEANINGORIDIOMFOREXAMPLE,INCHINESE“羊“AND“阳“AREHOMONYMS,SOTHE“THREESHEEP“CONTAININGTHEPHRASE“三羊开泰“AREINTENDEDCONTAINTHEMEANINGOFGOODNESSBUTENGLISHSPEAKINGPEOPLETHINKHUMANARELIKESHEEPEASYTOGETLOSTBYNATURE,SOWEMUSTRELYONTHEPOWEROFFAITHFOREXAMPLE,“THEBLACKSHEEP”TRANSLATESINTOCHINESEIS“害群之马”。LANGUAGECHANGESINTHEPROCESSOFLANGUAGEDEVELOPMENTCLEARLYREFLECTTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENDIFFERENTCULTURESHOWDOESATRANSLATORDEALWITHTHECHINESETRANSLATIONHOWDOESHEDETERMINEAWORDORAPHRASEWHICHEXPRESSTHELITERALMEANING,IMPLIEDMEANING,ORIDIOMWHENAWORDORPHRASECANNOTBEDETERMINEDFROMCONTEXT,THEYAREUNABLETOINTERPRETTHEMEANINGISLITERALMEANING,IMPLIEDMEANINGORIDIOMONEMAYBEMOREINCLINEDTOUSEALITERALTRANSLATION,BUTONLYFROMCONTEXTCANONETRULYKNOWTHEDIFFERENCETOHAVEABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHECONTEXT,THELITERALTRANSLATIONSPRESERVETHEORIGINALEXPRESSIONTOTRANSLATETHEWORD“SHEEP”INTOTHEANIMALS“SHEEP”DIRECTLYIFTHEREISNOOTHERCULTURALSIGNIFICANCEATTACHEDTOTHEWORD“SHEEP”ANDITISRELATIV