最新2016年电大开放教育行政法与行政诉讼法作业1参考答案小抄

作业1参考答案本题属于小论文，基本原理在教材第1719页、第24页、第201页。问答3行政救济的途径有二种行政机关救济和司法机关救济。例张三和李四打架，张三把李四打伤（轻微伤），县公安局对张三作出拘留证15天的决定，张三不服。在这种情况下，根据治安管理处罚法、行政复议法和行政诉讼法的规定，张三可以向市公安局或县人民政府申请行政复议，也可以向县人民法院提起行政诉讼。1、结合工作实际，谈谈行政法基本原则在实践中的运用在深圳的出现公安机关对于嫖客、卖淫、拉皮条和妈眯的游街示众的处罚，本人也是一个从事相关工作的工作人员，认为这样的行为是不妥当，严重违背了行政法的合法性原则的要求。（1）公安机关根据治安管理处罚法的授权，是能够管理社会治安的部门，但是，并没有规定到，作为公安机关对于卖淫嫖娼等人员有进行游街示众的处罚的权力。仅仅是规定到罚款或者行政拘留、警告的处罚手段。作为公安机关不能够自己创造相关的处罚种类来进行处罚，仍然必须是强调法律本身的规定、法律本身的授权。（2）该行为的产生，恰恰表明公安机关在执法的过程中，没有依照法律的，而是依照我们传统上的道德来执法，来进行对对方进行惩罚。某学者言，作为现代的政府没有资格去做道德的褒贬，因为褒贬已经含在立法当中了，法律并没有专门规定这样的一种处罚手段，你就不能够表露出来你的道德评价的态度，对对方进行羞辱的。你的责任就是老老实实地执法。当然，老百姓就可以，你可以对卖淫嫖娼进行道德上的辩护，在法律的范围内批评。警方的示众，其实是一种邀请，邀请公众围观，并向着被处罚者拿起第一块石头。就像圣经中那个著名的处罚妓女的故事一样。这种示众本身就是反道德的。它把羞辱者的道德水准，拉到了被羞辱者之下。本人觉得，在今后的相关的工作中，还是要避免发生类似的错误，要依法执法、科学执法。这样要做好三项工作。（1）深刻认识法治法治，就是一切以法律为依据的社会秩序和生活方式，即使是行政主体在行使行政权的过程中。这里强调公民的基本权利与自由是应当受到法律的保护，反对特权和权力的滥用等等。实质上，它不是说法律也要人去执行，而是表明当法律与个人意志相冲突的时候，作为法律所代表的意义是高于个人的意志。根据布莱克斯通的明言，“国王不应当服从任何人，但是应当服从上帝和法律”。具体行政执法而言，就是强调合法性原则（2）在执法的过程中，不仅仅遵守相关的实体法律，还要遵守相应的程序法。如当对对方作出不利事务的时候，应当是给予其申辩、反驳的机会，作为我们执法者应当是双方的意见都要认真听取，同时告知其可以申请救济，如行政复议和行政诉讼。（3）在执行的过程中，还要合理执法。也就是主观上的动机要符合法律目的，而且要适应当地的民俗、情理，在法律规定的范围来进行执法,也就是贯彻行政合理性的原则。所谓行政主体，是指享有国家行政权力，能够以自己的名义从事行政管理活动，并能够独立承担由此产生的法律责任的组织。那作为大家，如何判断对方是否是一个行政主体那我们就要把握住行政主体的基本特征（二）具有以下特征1、行政主体享有国家行政权力，实施行政活动的组织这样的一个特征与其他国家组织进行了区分。人大不是行政主体。因为人大依照宪法和组织法的规定，享有的是立法权力，它显然不是行政主体，而是立法主体；那作为法院、检察院这样的国家机关同样也不是。因为作为法院、检察院根据宪法的规定，享有的是司法权力，也不是行政主体，而是司法主体。2、行政主体是依法能够以自己名义行使行政权的组织主要是说作为行政主体应该是具有独立的法律人格。比方说，作为遇到违反治安管理处罚条例的行为，一般情况下就是公安局内部的治安科来进行处罚的，那作为汕头市公安局治安科是不是一个行政主体呢这里仍然不是，要成为行政主体必然是能够以自己的名义来行使行政权的组织。在处罚决定书上，上面的印章其实是汕头市公安局。所以，作为治安科不是行政主体，在该行政处罚的法律关系当中，真正的行政主体应该是汕头市公安局。3、行政主体是能够独立对外承担法律责任的组织（1）治安联防队不能够成为行政主体。因为它不能够独立承担行政责任。最终，作为法院仍然是根据行政诉讼法的规定，以公安机关为被告根据行政处罚法第十八条第一款的规定，行政机关可以依照法律、法规或者规章的规定，可以在法定权限内委托符合本法第十九条规定的条件的组织实行行政处罚。第三款的规定，作为受委托组织在委托范围内，以委托行政机关名义实施行政处罚。（2）公安局治安科同样也是不能够成为行政主体。因为它不能够独立承担行政责任。最终，法院仍然是将公安局列为被告。作为原告如果是要求对方进行国家赔偿，仍然是将汕头市公安局列为行政赔偿义务机关。当然,比较简单的方法，就是直接看相关的法律规定，根据规定来判断其是否为行政主体。道路交通安全法第五条规定，国务院公安部门负责全国道路交通安全管理工作。县级以上地方各级人民政府公安机关交通管理部门负责本行政区域内的道路交通安全管理工作。县级以上各级人民政府交通、建设管理部门依据各自职责，负责有关的道路交通工作。显然，作为地方公安机关的交通管理部门基于授权就可以作为行政主体，独自管理。治安管理处罚法第七条国务院公安部门负责全国的治安管理工作。县级以上地方各级人民政府公安机关负责本行政区域内的治安管理工作。治安案件的管辖由国务院公安部门规定。第九十一条治安管理处罚由县级以上人民政府公安机关决定；其中警告、五百元以下的罚款可以由公安派出所决定。这里也表明作为治安案件，就是由本地方的公安机关负责。而对于警告、五百元以下的罚款则可以有公安机关的派出机构来决定，成为法律、法规授权的组织。3、行政救济的途径有哪些（须举例说明）我国行政救济的途径主要是两种，就是行政机关救济和司法机关救济（1）行政机关救济是指行政管理相对方依法向有权的国家行政机关请求对行政主体的行政违法或者行政不当的具体行政行为进行纠正或者追究其行政责任的一种救济途径。在我国，这里主要是通过行政复议的方式来实现。如某人对于某区公安局的处罚不认可，认为其行为是一个违法的行政行为，可以向其上一级的机关提出复议，如向汕头市公安局或者区政府提出，由其来审查相关的决定的是否合法。（2）司法机关的救济也就是行政诉讼，是指作为审判机关的人民法院接受行政管理相对方的诉讼请求，依照法定的审判职权和诉讼程序，通过处理和裁决行政争议，纠正行政违法，维护相对方的合法权益，监督行政主体的行政活动。作为法院主要是对具体行政行为的合法性进行审查，不对具体行政行为的合理性进行审查，也就是说作为行政主体的行为，审查过程中只是审查涉及到行政违法行为的部分，作为法院可以要求对方承担相应的行政责任。当然，这里也有例外，就是对于显失公正的行政处罚的行政行为，这里就可以进行合理性审查。最后可以直接判决变更。具体如同现在比较常见的民告官的官司，如你对于区公安局这样的官，他们具体的处罚行政行为不服从，就可以依法提出行政诉讼，寻求区法院法院的帮助，让其对于进行救济，保护你的合法权益，从而维护机关依法行政。（3）行政赔偿也是行政救济中很重要的组成部分。当国家机关和国家机关工作人员违法行使职权过程中侵犯公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益并且造成损害时，受害者有权依照国家赔偿法取得国家赔偿。如被公安局违法拘留，被拘留者可以要求实施该行为的公安局予以国家赔偿所以说，当公民的权利受到行政机关的侵害，作为当事人如何寻求行政救济，主要两种手段，一种就是向法院打官司，就是司法机关救济，另一种手段称之为行政机关救济，主要是向该机关的上一级行政机关申请复议为主。当然，还可以专门提出或者附带与诉讼、复议中提出行政赔偿的请求。请您删除一下内容，O_O谢谢2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄BASKETBALLCANMAKEATRUECLAIMTOBEINGTHEONLYMAJORSPORTTHATISANAMERICANINVENTIONFROMHIGHSCHOOLTOTHEPROFESSIONALLEVEL,BASKETBALLATTRACTSALARGEFOLLOWINGFORLIVEGAMESASWELLASTELEVISIONCOVERAGEOFEVENTSLIKETHENATIONALCOLLEGIATEATHLETICASSOCIATIONNCAAANNUALTOURNAMENTANDTHENATIONALBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONNBAANDWOMENSNATIONALBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONWNBAPLAYOFFSANDITHASALSOMADEAMERICANHEROESOUTOFITSPLAYERANDCOACHLEGENDSLIKEMICHAELJORDAN,LARRYBIRD,EARVIN“MAGIC“JOHNSON,SHERYLSWOOPES,ANDOTHERGREATPLAYERSATTHEHEARTOFTHEGAMEISTHEPLAYINGSPACEANDTHEEQUIPMENTTHESPACEISARECTANGULAR,INDOORCOURTTHEPRINCIPALPIECESOFEQUIPMENTARETHETWOELEVATEDBASKETS,ONEATEACHENDINTHELONGDIRECTIONOFTHECOURT,ANDTHEBASKETBALLITSELFTHEBALLISSPHERICALINSHAPEANDISINFLATEDBASKETBALLSRANGEINSIZEFROM28530IN7276CMINCIRCUMFERENCE,ANDINWEIGHTFROM1822OZ510624GFORPLAYERSBELOWTHEHIGHSCHOOLLEVEL,ASMALLERBALLISUSED,BUTTHEBALLINMENSGAMESMEASURES29530IN7576CMINCIRCUMFERENCE,ANDAWOMENSBALLIS28529IN7274CMINCIRCUMFERENCETHECOVERINGOFTHEBALLISLEATHER,RUBBER,COMPOSITION,ORSYNTHETIC,ALTHOUGHLEATHERCOVERSONLYAREDICTATEDBYRULESFORCOLLEGEPLAY,UNLESSTHETEAMSAGREEOTHERWISEORANGEISTHEREGULATIONCOLORATALLLEVELSOFPLAY,THEHOMETEAMPROVIDESTHEBALLINFLATIONOFTHEBALLISBASEDONTHEHEIGHTOFTHEBALLSBOUNCEINSIDETHECOVERINGORCASING,ARUBBERBLADDERHOLDSAIRTHEBALLMUSTBEINFLATEDTOAPRESSURESUFFICIENTTOMAKEITREBOUNDTOAHEIGHTMEASUREDTOTHETOPOFTHEBALLOF4954IN1214MWHENITISDROPPEDONASOLIDWOODENFLOORFROMASTARTINGHEIGHTOF6FT180MMEASUREDFROMTHEBOTTOMOFTHEBALLTHEFACTORYMUSTTESTTHEBALLS,ANDTHEAIRPRESSURETHATMAKESTHEBALLLEGALINKEEPINGWITHTHEBOUNCETESTISSTAMPEDONTHEBALLDURINGTHEINTENSITYOFHIGHSCHOOLANDCOLLEGETOURNEYSANDTHEPROFESSIONALPLAYOFFS,THISINFLATEDSPHERECOMMANDSCONSIDERABLEATTENTIONBASKETBALLISONEOFFEWSPORTSWITHAKNOWNDATEOFBIRTHONDECEMBER1,1891,INSPRINGFIELD,MASSACHUSETTS,JAMES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