毕业论文-汉英动物词的文化内涵对比及翻译

ACOMPARISIONOFCULTURALCONNOTATIONSBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHANIMALWORDSANDTHEIRTRANSLATION汉英动物词的文化内涵对比及翻译BYWANGSENJUNE,2007XIAOGANUNIVERSITYABSTRACTTHEREAREALARGENUMBEROFWORDS,IDIOMSANDEXPRESSIONSBOTHINCHINESEANDENGLISHTHATARERELATEDTOANIMALSSOMEOFTHEIRMEANINGS,CULTURALCONNOTATIONSANDTHERANGEOFUSAGEARETHESAMEORSIMILAR,ANDSOMEAREDIFFERENTONTHEONEHAND,THEYARETHESAMEORSIMILAR,BECAUSEHUMANBEINGSHAVESOMESIMILARCAPABILITIESOFTHOUGHT,SOMESAMELAWSOFCOGNITION,ANDSOMEANIMALSHAVETHESAMEIMPORTANTROLEINTHEHUMANLIFEOFTHESETWONATIONS,ANDHAVETHESAMEATTRIBUTESANDFEATURESONTHEOTHERHAND,BECAUSEOFTHELONGCOURSEOFHISTORYBETWEENTHESETWOSOCIALGROUPS,THEYAREDISCREPANTINRELIGION,HISTORY,GEOGRAPHICALENVIRONMENTANDCUSTOMSTHESEDISCREPANCIESMAKEANIMALWORDSDIFFERENTINTHEIRCULTURALCONNOTATIONSINTHESETWOLANGUAGESBECAUSEOFTHESEDISCREPANCIES,WESHOULDCONSIDERTHEDIFFERENCESANDSIMILARITIESOFTHECULTURALCONNOTATIONSCARRIEDBYANIMALWORDSWHENTRANSLATINGANIMALWORDSONLYINTHISWAY,CANWETRANSLATECORRECTLYTHEREALMEANINGSANDTHESTYLEOFTHEORIGINAL,ANDPROMOTETHECROSSCULTURALEXCHANGESBETWEENTHETWOCOUNTRIESKEYWORDSANIMALWORDCULTURALCONNOTATIONDISCREPANCYTRANSLATIONMETHOD汉英动物词的文化内涵对比及翻译摘要中英文里都含有大量和动物有关的词语、习语和表达。它们的词义、文化内涵及其应用范围都有相同或相似之处，也有不同之处。一方面，它们有共同或相似之处，这是因为人类有相似的思维能力；共同的认知规律；一些动物在汉英两大民族生活中占有同等重要的地位；以及这些动物本身的固有属性和特点。另一方面，由于汉英两大社会群体在各自漫长的历史进程中，各自的宗教不同；历史文化不同；地理环境不同；习俗不同，这又形成两者之间的差异。由于这种差异的存在，在翻译时，我们应充分考虑动物词所含文化内含的差异。只有这样，我们才能正确传译出原文的真正含义和风格，促进两者的跨文化交流。关键词动物词；文化内涵；差异；翻译方法CONTENTS1INTRODUCTION12CULTURALCONNOTATIONSOFANIMALWORDSINCHINESEANDENGLISH121ACOMPARISONOFANIMALWORDSINCHINESEANDENGLISH1211BASICCORRESPONDENCEOFCULTURALCONNOTATIONS2212PARTIALCORRESPONDENCEOFCULTURALCONNOTATIONS2213NOCORRESPONDENCEOFCULTURALCONNOTATIONS222THECAUSESOFTHEDISCREPANCYBETWEENCULTURALCONNOTATIONSBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHANIMALWORDS3221RELIGION3222HISTORY3223GEOGRAPHICALENVIRONMENT4224CUSTOMS53SOMEMETHODSOFTRANSLATINGANIMALWORDS631LITERALTRANSLATION632SUBSTITUTION733LIBERALTRANSLATION84TRANSLATIONSCHANGEASTHETIMECHANGES85CONCLUSION9BIBLIOGRAPHY11ACOMPARISONOFCULTURALCONNOTATIONSBETWEENCHINESEANDENGLISHANIMALWORDSANDTHEIRTRANSLATION1INTRODUCTIONINTHELONGHISTORYOFHUMANBEINGS,ANIMALSAREALWAYSCLOSELYRELATEDTOOUREXISTENCEANDDEVELOPMENTSOMEAREAKINDOFIMPORTANTFOODTOPEOPLESOMEOFFERTHELABORFORAGRICULTURESOMESUPPORTTHEINSPIRATIONSFORSOMEINVENTIONSOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYANDSOMEAREAKINDOFCLOSEFRIENDSOFPEOPLE,PLAYINGANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEMANKINDSSOCIETYTHUSANIMALWORDSANDEXPRESSIONSHAVESLOWLYBECOMEASIGNIFICANTMEMBEROFTHEBASICVOCABULARYOFMANYLANGUAGESINTHEWORLDCHINESEANDENGLISHARENOEXCEPTIONSOMEANIMALWORDSINCHINESEANDENGLISHARETHESAMEORSIMILARINCULTURALCONNOTATIONS,BECAUSETHECHINESEPEOPLEANDTHEENGLISHPEOPLEHAVESOMESAMECAPABILITIESOFTHOUGHT,SOMESAMELAWSOFCOGNITION,ANDSOMEANIMALSHAVETHESAMEIMPORTANTROLEINTHEHUMANLIFEOFTHESETWONATIONS,ANDHAVETHESAMEATTRIBUTESANDFEATURESBUTSOMEOFTHEMAREDISSIMILARORDIFFERENTTHECAUSEOFITISTHATTHEENGLISHPEOPLEANDTHECHINESEPEOPLEAREDIFFERENTINRELIGION,HISTORY,GEOGRAPHICALENVIRONMENT,CUSTOMSANDSOONTHISPAPERTRIESTOELABORATETHESIMILARITIESANDTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHECULTURALCONNOTATIONSCARRIEDBYANIMALWORDSINCHINESEANDENGLISH,FINDOUTTHECAUSESOFDIFFERENCES,ANDTHENDISCUSSSOMEMETHODSANDTECHNIQUESFORTRANSLATINGTHESEANIMALWORDS2CULTURALCONNOTATIONSOFANIMALWORDSINCHINESEANDENGLISHINLINGUISTICS,ENGLISHLEXICONINCLUDESSIMPLEWORDS,COMPOUNDSANDIDIOMSANDTHEMEANINGOFAWORDINCLUDESGRAMMATICALMEANINGANDLEXICALMEANINGLEXICALMEANINGHASTWOPARTSTHEYARECONCEPTUALMEANINGANDCOGNITIVEMEANINGTHEFORMERISTHECENTEROFTHEMEANINGOFTHEWORD,ANDITINDICATESDEFINITELYTHEOBJECTCONCEPTUALMEANINGHASCOMPARATIVESTABILITY,SOITISALSOCALLEDREFERENTIALMEANINGCOGNITIVEMEANINGHASTHEMEANINGOFEMOTIONALCOLOR,ITSHOWSEMOTIONSANDATTITUDESTOTHECONTENTSTHATTHEWORDREFERSTOSOCOGNITIVEMEANINGISALSOCALLEDCONNOTATIVEMEANINGCULTURALCONNOTATIONCONTAINSCOGNITIVEMEANINGSANDCULTURALMEANINGSCULTURALCONNOTATIONOFAWORDREFERSTOTHECULTURALINFORMATIONTHATAWORDHASBEENGIVENBYTHESOCIETY,INCLUDINGTHEADDEDMEANINGORTHEIMPLIEDMEANINGGIVENBYTHESOCIALBACKGROUND,ANDTHESPECIALFEELINGSCONVEYEDAMONGACERTAINSOCIALGROUP21ACOMPARISONOFCULTURALCONNOTATIONSOFANIMALWORDSINCHINESEANDENGLISHACCORDINGTOTHELINGUISTICDOMAINCATEGORY,THEREARETHREECASESINCORRESPONDENCEOFCHINESEANDENGLISHANIMALWORDSTHEYAREBASICCORRESPONDENCE,PARTIALCORRESPONDENCE,ANDNOCORRESPONDENCE211BASICCORRESPONDENCEOFCULTURALCONNOTATIONSTHEREAREVARIOUSTHINGSINTHEWORLDDIFFERENTNATIONSHAVEDIFFERENTVIEWSTODIFFERENTOBJECTIVETHINGS,BUTALLHUMANBEINGSHAVESOMESIMILARCAPABILITIESOFTHOUGHT,SOMESAMELAWSOFCOGNITION,ANDSOMEANIMALSHAVESOMESAMEATTRIBUTESINDIFFERENTLANGUAGES,SOMESAMEANIMALSWILLBEENDOWEDWITHTHESAMEORSIMILARIMAGESTHESEIMAGESWILLMAKEDIFFERENTNATIONSHAVEASAMEORSIMILARASSOCIATIONOFSOMEIDEASTHEIRUSAGESANDMEANINGSBOTHINCHINESEANDENGLISHAREBASICCORRESPONDENCEORSIMILARITYEG1EATLIKEAWOLF狼吞虎咽2FISHINTROUBLEWATER浑水摸鱼3RIDETHETIGER骑虎难下4PARROTWHATOTHERPEOPLESAY鹦鹉学舌5KILLTWOBIRDSWITHONESTONE一石二鸟212PARTIALCORRESPONDENCEOFCULTURECONNOTATIONSTHEENGLISHCULTURECONNOTATIONSOFSOMEANIMALWORDSARETHESAMEORSIMILARTOTHECHINESECULTURALCONNOTATIONSOFOTHERCHINESEANIMALWORDSTHEIRIMPLIEDMEANINGSARETHESAME,BUTTHEIRNAMESAREDIFFERENTTHISISACASETHATWEOFTENHAVEINTRANSLATIONEG1KILLTHEGOOSETHATLAYGOLDENEGGS杀鸡取卵2ASSTRONGASAHORSE壮如牛3LIKEADUNKTOWATER如鱼得水4ADROWNEDRAT落汤鸡5LIKEACATONHOTBRICKS热锅上的蚂蚁6BETTERBETHEHEADOFADOGTHANTHETAILOFALION宁为鸡头，不为凤尾213NOCORRESPONDENCEOFCULTURALCONNOTATIONSBECAUSEOFTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHETWOCULTURESANDIMAGETHOUGHTSOFTHETWONATIONS,ITSNATURALTHATTHETWONATIONSHAVEDIFFERENTEMOTIONALREACTIONTOTHESAMEKINDOFANIMALINDIFFERENTCULTURESANDCIVILIZATIONS,THESAMEKINDOFANIMALMIGHTBEGIVENDIFFERENTCULTURALCONNOTATIONS,WHICHWILLLEADTOTHEVACANCYOFCULTURALCONNOTATIONINTHEOTHERLANGUAGE,ANDLEADTOTHEOBSTACLESFORCROSSEXCHANGESFOREXAMPLE,PEACOCK孔雀REPRESENTS“ARROGANCE”INENGLISH,BUTITSTANDSFOR“BEAUTY”INCHINESETHECHINESETHINK“OWL”猫头鹰MEANS“ILLOMENED”,WHILEINENGLISHCULTURE,ITISVIEWEDAS“WISDOM”AND“鸳鸯”MEANSTHATHUSBANDANDWIFEINCHINESE,BUT“MANDARINDUCK”HASNOTSUCHCULTURALCONNOTATIONINENGLISH“山羊”HASNOSPECIALMEANINGINCHINESE,BUT“GOAT”MEANS“LECHER”INENGLISHINCHINESEWEHAVETHEIDIOM“指鹿为马”,BUTTHEEQUALEXPRESSIONINENGLISHIS“TALKBLACKINTOWHITE”THEENGLISHVERSIONOFTHECHINESESAYING“挂羊头卖狗肉”IS“TOCRYUPWINEANDSELLVINEGAR”22THECAUSESOFTHEDISCREPANCYBETWEENCULTURALCONNOTATIONOFENGLISHANDCHINESEANIMALWORDSTHECULTUREOFANATIONISFORMEDBYMANYFACTORSANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFASOCIETYINFLUENCESTHEFORMATION,THEDEVELOPMENTANDTHEDISAPPEARANCEOFTHECULTURECULTURALCONNOTATIONSOFSOMEANIMALWORDSINENGLISHANDCHINESEARECLOSELYRELATEDTOTHERELIGION,HISTORY,GEOGRAPHICALENVIRONMENT,ANDTHECUSTOMSOFANATIONACCORDINGTOTHESEFACTORS,IWILLTAKESOMETYPICALANIMALSFOREXAMPLETOELABORATETHECAUSESOFTHEIRDISCREPANCIESINCHINESEANDENGLISH221RELIGIONWEKNOWTHATTHEREISABIGDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHECHINESERELIGIONANDTHEENGLISHRELIGIONTHECHINESEPEOPLEBELIEVEINBUDDHISM,BUTTHEENGLISHPEOPLEBELIEVEINCHRISTIANITYTHATISWHYSOMEANIMALWORDSABOUTRELIGIONAREQUITEDIFFERENTINCHINESEANDENGLISHFORINSTANCE,“DRAGON”AND“龙”HAVEDIFFERENTCULTURALCONNOTATIONSINTHETWOLANGUAGES,CHINESEANDENGLISHINTHECHINESECULTURE,“龙”HASBEENASYMBOLOF“POWER,BEINGSACRED”FROMANCIENTTIMESTONOWINTHEFEUDALSOCIETY,EMPERORSWEREADDRESSEDWITH“真龙天子”TOSOMEEXTENT,“龙”ISASYMBOLOFCHINAINTHEWORLD,WHICHSTANDSFORTHESOURCEOFTHECHINESECULTUREOFABOUTFIVETHOUSANDYEARSITISASPECIALPRODUCTOFTHECHINESECULTURETHECHINESETAKEPROUDOFBEING“THEDESCENDANTSOFDRAGON”龙的传人SOMECHINESEIDIOMSLIKE“望子成龙”,“龙凤呈祥”AREWELLKNOWNTOTHECHINESETHEIRMEANINGSCONTAINACOMMENDATORYSENSEBUTBECAUSEOFTHEINFLUENCEOFTHEBIBLE,THEDRAGONINWESTERNERSMINDSISAKINDOFEVILMONSTER,WHICHCANVOMITFIREANDSOMETIMESPOSSESSTHREETONINEHEADSTHEREFORE,THEREAREFEWIDIOMSANDPHRASESABOUTDRAGONINENGLISHGENERALLYSPEAKING,INENGLISHTHEWORDDRAGONHASADEROGATORYSENSEWHENITISUSEDTOREFERTOSOMEBODYCOLLINSCOBUZLDENGLISHLANGUAGEDICTIONARYEXPLAINSIFYOUCALLAWOMANASADRAGON,YOUMEANTHATSHEISFIERCEANDUNPLEASANTSO“亚洲四小龙”ISOFTENTRANSLATEDAS“THEFOURTIGERSOFASIA”,NOT“THEFOURDRAGONSOFASIA”WEHAVESOMEOTHERIDIOMSTHATAREASSOCIATEDWITHANIMALSFROMTHEBIBLE1CASTPEARLBEFORESWINE明珠暗投（把珍珠抛给猪）2SEPARATETHESHEEPFROMTHEGOATS把好人与坏人分开222HISTORYEACHNATIONHASITSOWNUNIQUEHISTORY,WHICHAFFECTSTHECULTUREOFTHEIRSMEANWHILETHEHISTORYISANIMPORTANTPARTANDFACTOROFEACHNATIONSCULTUREINCHINESE,“OX”HASTHESAMEMEANINGASTHE“HORSE”INENGLISHTHATSCAUSEDBYTHEIRDIFFERENTHISTORIESTHEEARLIESTCULTIVATIONMAINLYDEPENDEDON“OX”INCHINA,WHILETHEHEAVYFARMWORKWASDONEBY“HORSE”INTHEEARLYSTAGEOFBRITAIN“OX”ISALWAYSAKINDOFFOODINBRITAIN,BUTHORSEISMAINLYRIDDENINCHINASO“OX”OFCHINESEAND“HORSE”OFENGLISHAREBOTHTHESAMELABORIOUSLIVESTOCK,ANDTHEYHAVETHESAMECULTURALCONNOTATIONSTODAY,THEIRFUNCTIONSHAVEMOREORLESSCHANGEDINTHESETWONATIONS,BUTTHEIRCULTURALCONNOTATIONSGIVENBYHISTORYHAVEBEENCARRIEDONASBEFOREBYTHEIRPEOPLEEG1ASSTRONGASAHORSE壮如牛2WORKLIKEAHORSE像牛一样地辛勤干活SOMESPECIALANIMALWORDS,IDIOMSCOMEFROMHISTORICALBOOKSANDCLASSICALWORKS,ANDFABLEANDSTORYARETHEIMPORTANTCOMPONENTSOFTHEMFOREXAMPLE,WEHAVETHEENGLISHIDIOM“COOKONESGOOSE”THELITERALCHINESETRANSLATIONOFTHISIDIOMIS“烹某人的鹅”THATSCONFUSINGTOTHECHINESEITSCORRECTTRANSLATIONSHOULDBE“挫败某人的计划”OR“战胜某人”THISIDIOMCOMESFROMANANCIENTSTORYENGLISHTRADITIONHASITTHATINTHEMIDDLEAGES,ACITYWASSUDDENLYSURROUNDEDBYENEMIESARESIDENTOFTHECITYHANGEDAGOOSEONATOWERTOEXPRESSHISSCORNFORTHEENEMIESBUTTHATWASATERRIBLYWRONGACTIONTHEENEMIESCOULDNOTSTANDTHISSHAMEEVERYSOLDIERBECAMEMAD,ANDSOONTHEYCONQUEREDTHECITYTHEGOOSEWASCOOKEDBYTHEENEMYSOLDIERSLATER,PEOPLEUSETHEIDIOMTOMEAN“FRUSTRATESOMEBODYSWILL”OR“DESTROYORDEFEATSOMEBODY”EGIFWETRYHARD,WEWILLSURELYCOOKTHEIRGOOSE只要我们努力，我们肯定就能战胜他们WEALSOHAVESOMEIDIOMSTHATCOMEFROMTHEFABLESOFAESOPEG1CHERISHASNAKEINONESBOSOM养虎贻患2CRYWOLF发假警报（烽火戏诸侯）223GEOGRAPHICALENVIRONMENTTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEGEOGRAPHICALENVIRONMENTSOFTHETWONATIONSMAKEMANYANIMALSIMAGESANDCULTURALCONNOTATIONSDIFFERENTOREVENVACANTEGBEAVERS河狸MAINLYLIVEINNORTHAMERICATHEYBUILDTHEIRNESTSWITHHIGHTECHNIQUESANDINFLEXIBLEWILLPEOPLEOFAMERICANCOUNTRIESAREFAMILIARWITHTHISKINDOFANIMALSOINENGLISH“BEAVER”MEANS“THEPEOPLEWHOWORKHARD”ASTHEGEOGRAPHICALENVIRONMENTSINCHINAAREQUITEDIFFERENT,THECHINESEPEOPLEHARDLYKNOWTHISKINDOFANIMALANDTHEIRSPECIALCULTURALCONNOTATI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ALWORDSTOCORRESPONDINTHETARGETLANGUAGE,BUTTHECULTURALCONNOTATIONSCARRIEDBYSOMEOTHERANIMALWORDSINTHETARGETLANGUAGEAREBASICALLYTHESAMEASORSIMILARTOTHEORIGINALCULTURALCONNOTATIONSCARRIEDBYTHEANIMALWORDSINTHESOURCELANGUAGEWHENTHISHAPPENS,WECANUSETHEEQUIVALENTSINTHETARGETLANGUAGETOSUBSTITUTEORREPLACETHEANIMALIMAGESINTHESOURCELANGUAGEWECALLEDTHISMETHODSUBSTITUTIONFOREXAMPLE,TIGER虎REFERSTO“勇猛,庄严,尊贵,权威”INCHINESEWEHAVESOMANYEXAMPLESOFCHINESEIDIOMSTHATARECONNECTEDWITHTIGER虎虎生威，龙腾虎跃，虎踞龙盘ANDSOONBUTTHEEQUALANIMALINENGLISHIS“LION”,WHICHOFTENSYMBOLIZES“COURAGE,DIGNITY,ROYALTY”EGWEHAVETHEBRITISHLION大英帝国ALITERARYLION文学界名人THELIONSSHARE最大的部分，最好的部分ANDSOONWEUSUALLYSUBSTITUTETHE“LION”OFENGLISHWITHTHE“TIGER”OFCHINESEINTHEPROCESSOFTRANSLATIONEG1ALIONINTHEWAY拦路虎2TOPLACEONESELFINTHELIONSMOUTH置身虎穴3ADONKEYINALIONSHIDE狐假虎威33LIBERALTRANSLATIONLIBERALTRANSLATIONISALSOCALLEDFREETRANSLATION,WHICHDOESNOTADHERESTRICTLYEITHERTOTHELITERALMEANINGORTHEWORDORDEROFTHEORIGINALSOMETIMESTHEANIMALIMAGEJUSTEXISTSINTHESOURCELANGUAGEORINTHETARGETLANGUAGE,ANDDOESNOTEXISTINTHETARGETLANGUAGEORTHESOURCELANGUAGEATALLTHENYOUCANNOTFINDTHEEQUIVALENT,EVENTHEBASICEQUIVALENTINTHETWOLANGUAGESINTHISCASE,YOUCANJUSTTRANSLATETHEMEANINGOFTHEORIGINAL,EITHERWITHANANIMALIMAGEORWITHOUT,BECAUSETHEFIRSTPURPOSEOFTRANSLATIONISTOCONVEYTHEMEANING,NOTTHEFORMOFTHEORIGINALEG1ONCEBITTEN,TWICESHY一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。2GOFORWOOLANDCOMEBACKSHORN偷鸡不成，倒蚀一把米3PUTTHECARTBEFORETHEHORSE本末倒置4BIRDSOFAFEATHERFLOCKTOGETHER物以类聚，人以群分5ITISANILLBIRDTHATFOULSITSOWNNEST家丑不可外扬6WAKEASLEEPINGDOG惹是生非7ASPOORASCHURCHMOUSE一贫如洗CHINAHASBEENREFORMINGANDOPENINGUPTOTHEOUTSIDEWORLDSINCE1980DURINGTHISPERIOD,MANYNEWANIMALWORDSHAVETURNEDUPINCHINATHESEANIMALWORDSUSUALLYHAVETHEIRSPECIALMEANINGS,ANDWEHADBETTERMAKESUREOFTHEIRSPECIALMEANINGSANDADOPTTHEMETHODOFLIBERALTRANSLATIONTOTRANSLATETHEMEG1炒鱿鱼DISMISSORSACKSOMEBODY2黄牛ANIL