2011英语二真题与答案解析

1、2011年硕士研究生入学考试Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behi

2、nd the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nations cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity”

3、system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of priva

4、te online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies

5、 that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt descr

6、ibed it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administrations plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some app

7、laud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drives license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by M

8、r. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2A.forB.withinC.whileD.though3A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointl

9、essD.helpless4A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal5A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6A.byB.intoC.fromD.over7A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared8A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve9A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize10A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11A.carry on B

10、.linger onC.set in D.log in12A.In vainB.In effectC.In return D.In contrast13A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.competing14A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18A.skepticis

11、mB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forced完形填空参考答案15 ACBDD 610 BACCB 1115 DBACA 1620 ADACDSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choos

12、ing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticis

13、m. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside direc

14、tors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firms board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executives proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should

15、be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises. The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the n

16、ext. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly

17、20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that

18、such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, eve

19、n if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. Accor

20、ding to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for . Againing excessive profits Bfailing to fulfill her duty Crefusing to make compromises Dleaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be . Agenerous investors Bunbiased executives Cshare price

21、 forecasters Dindependent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure, the firm is likely to . Abecome more stable Breport increased earnings Cdo less well in the stock market Dperform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the la

22、st paragraph that outside directors . Amay stay for the attractive offers from the firm Bhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firm Care accustomed to stress-free work in the firm Dwill decline incentives from the firm25. The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is . Apermiss

23、ive Bpositive CscornfulDcriticalTEXT 1 参考答案21A。细节题：原文第1段，倒数第3行的how could?直接提到了bonus payouts 就是说 profits。22C。细节题：原文中出现outside directors有几处，helpful but less biased advisor，但是B选项用的是executive, 拼凑答案，D 选项也是一样。最后一句 weathered their own crises对应forecasters。23C。细节题：原文是若干个并列，stock is likely to perform worse对应答

24、案， 迷惑选项是B，但是主语不一致20%是probability不是earnings。24A。推理题：原文对应firms who want to .说想留住outside director就是增加incentive。25B。态度题：文章各个段落都说outside director的方面。因此是positive。Text 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and reader

25、s that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. Americas Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will ho

26、ld another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date. In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often re

27、turned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are payin

28、g more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further. Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues f

29、rom readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese news

30、papers are much more stable. The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely

31、cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper . Aneglected the sign of crisis Bfailed to get state subsidies Cwere not charit

32、able corporations Dwere in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because . Areaders threatened to pay less Bnewspapers wanted to reduce costs Cjournalists reported little about these areas Dsubscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with

33、 their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they . Ahave more sources of revenue Bhave more balanced newsrooms Care less dependent on advertising Dare less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?

34、ADistinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers. BCompleteness is to blame for the failure of newspaper. CForeign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business. DReaders have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be . AAmerican

35、Newspapers: Struggling for Survival BAmerican Newspapers: Gone with the Wind CAmerican Newspapers: A Thriving Business DAmerican Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryTEXT 2 参考答案26D。定义题：根据上下文猜句子的含义，后句American.save newspaper中出现了save说明前面的观点一定是不好的才save，因此选D。27B推理题：定位处前一句是 readers are paying more for slimmer news

36、paper. 因此说明人们多付钱，报纸很薄，节约成本，定位处有even 表示并列，说明前后的原因一致都是成本问题。28C。推理题：日本美国原文用了对比的方法说广告占得比例不一样，因此问题是广告收入来源。29. D。推理题：A选项中有essential, 文章中是说distinctiveness重要而非必要，有问题，D选项是文章中cars and film reviewers have gone.说明由于报纸没有吸引力而失去读者。30A。主旨题：文章分析美国报纸出现的问题，说明要挽救。Text 3We tend to think of the decades immediately follow

37、ing World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus. But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depr

38、ession and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actu

39、ally first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on

40、 the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies. Miess signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materia

41、ls that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Miess sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty. The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicagos Lake Shore Drive, for exa

42、mple, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the citys Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the

43、 abstract art so popular at the time. The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Ca

44、se Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House,

45、Ralph everyday life few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared. 31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans . Aprosperity and growth Befficie

46、ncy and practicality Crestraint and confidence Dpride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus? AIt was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. BIts designing concept was affected by World War II. CMost American architects used to be associated with it.

47、DIt had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design . Awas related to large space Bwas identified with emptiness Cwas not reliant on abundant decoration Dwas not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago

48、s Lake Shore Drive? AThey ignored details and proportions. BThey were built with materials popular at that time. CThey were more spacious than neighboring buildings. DThey shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”? AMechanical device

49、s were widely used. BNatural scenes were taken into consideration CDetails were sacrificed for the overall effect. DEco-friendly materials were employed.TEXT 3 参考答案31C。细节题：原文restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence对应。32D。推理题： 定位是Bauhaus，对应选项与原文，只有D对。33C。细节题：原文elegance did not derive fro

50、m abundance 。34D。细节题：原文But后有 the architectural equivalent of the abstract art 。35B。推理题：原文Aesthetic effect came form the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing。Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the projects greatest cheerl

51、eaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zones economies, weaker or str

52、onger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europes single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zones dominant powers, France and Ge

53、rmany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include thre

54、ats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a countrys voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and econ

55、omic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy a

56、nd a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the worlds largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably libera