工程造价毕业论文外文文献

1、工程造价毕业设计外文文献及译文外文文献：Construction Standards and CostsUC Irvine new construction pursues performance goals and appliesquality standards that affect the costs of capital projects. Periodicre-examination of these goals and standards is warranted.Construction costs are not“high ”or“low ”in theabstract ,

2、but ratherin relationto specificqualitystandards and the design solutions,means,and methods used to attain these standards. Thus, evaluating whetherconstruction costs are appropriate involves:?first,determiningwhetherqualitystandardsareexcessive,insufficient, orappropriate;? second, determining whet

3、her resultant project costs are reasonable compared to projects with essentially the same quality parameters.“Quality ”encompasses the durability of building systems and finishes;therobustnessand life-cycleperformanceofbuildingsystems;theaestheticsof materials,theircomposition,and theirdetailing;and

4、 theresource-sustainability and efficiency of the building as an overallsystem.Overall Goals and Quality StandardsUC Irvine,in orderto supportdistinguishedresearch andacademicprograms,builds facilitiesofhigh quality.As such,UCIrvine sfacilities aim to convey the“look and feel,”as well as embody thei

5、nherentconstructionquality,ofthe best facilitiesof otherUCcampuses,leading public universities, and other research institutions with whom.wecompetefor faculty,students,sponsoredresearch,and generalreputation.Since 1992, newbuildingshave been designedto achieve these fivebroadgoals:1.Newbuildingsmust

6、 “createa place,”ratherthan constitutestand-alonestructures,formingsocial,aesthetic,contextually-sensitiverelationships with neighboring buildings and the larger campus.2. New buildings reinforce a consistent design framework of classicalcontextualarchitecture,appliedin waysthatconvey a feelingofper

7、manence and quality and interpretedin ways that meet thecontemporaryand changing needs of a modern research university.3.Newbuildingsemploy materials,systems, and design featuresthatwillavoid the expense ofmajor maintenance (defined as >1 percentofvalue)fortwenty years.4.New buildingsapply“sustai

8、nability” principles-notably,outperformingTitle24 (Californias energy code) by at least20 percent.5. Capital construction projects are designed and delivered within the approved project budget, scope, and schedule.UC Irvine s goals for sustainable materials and energy performance were adopted partly

9、 for environmental reasons, and partly to reverse substantial operating budget deficits.The latter problems included a multi-million dollar utilities deficitthat was growing rapidly in the early90s, and millions of dollars ofunfunded major maintenance that was emerging prematurely in buildingsonly10

10、-20yearsold.Withoutthequalityand performancestandardsadopted in 1992, utilitiesdeficitsand unfunded major maintenance costswould have exceeded $20 million during the past decade, and these costswould still be rising out-of-control.UCIrvinesmaterialsstandards,buildingsystemsstandards,.sustainabilitya

11、nd energy efficiencycriteria,and siteimprovementsalladd cost increments that can only be afforded through aggressive costmanagement. Institutions that cannot manage capital costs tend to buildprojectsthatconsume excessiveenergy, thatcosta lottomaintain,thatsufferprematuremajor maintenance costs,and

12、thatrequirehighcosts tomodify.Suchproblemstendto compound andspiraldownwardintoincreasingly costlyconsequences.Every administratorwithfacilitiesexperience understandsthisdynamic.Withouteffectiveconstructioncostmanagement, qualitywould sufferandUC Irvine would experience all of these problems.The bal

13、ance of this document outlines in greater detail the buildingperformancecriteriaand qualitystandardsgenerallystatedabove,organized according to building systems component classes. Each sectiondiscusses keycost-drivers, cost-control strategies, andimportant costtrade-offs. Design practices cited are

14、consistently applied (althoughsome fall short of hard and fast“rules”).Building Organization and MassingConstruction cost management starts with the fundamentals of buildingorganization and massing. UC Irvines new structuresfloor plates tendto have length-to-widthratios<1.5,to avoidtriggeringdisp

15、roportionatecostsofexternalcladding,circulation,andhorizontalmechanicaldistribution. Our new buildings tend to be at least three floorshigh - taller if floor plate areas do not dip below a cost-effectivethreshold, and generally taller in the case of non-laboratory buildings(butnotso tallthata high-r

16、isecost penaltyisincurred).Otherdesignratiosare observed,such as exteriorcladdingarea/floorarea <0.5,androof+foundation area/floor area <0.4.Architectural articulation is generally achieved through textured orenriched materials,integralmaterialdetailing (suchas concretereveal.patterning),andap

17、plieddetailing(e.g.,2windowframesandsills),particularlyatthebuildingbase.Large-scalearticulationisconcentratedattheroofline(e.g.,shaped roofforms)and at thepedestrian level (e.g.,arcades), where it will“create the biggest bangforthebuck, ”ratherthanthroughmodulatingthebuildingform,itself.This is mor

18、e than a subtle design philosophy, as the cost impact issubstantial.Labbuildingscompletedinthepastdecade separatelaboratoryandnon-laboratory functions into distinct, adjoined structures (althoughsuch a buildingmaylooklikeone structure).Consolidatednon-laboratoryfunctions include faculty, departmenta

19、l, staff,post-doc, and graduatestudent offices; restrooms; circulation (elevators, lobbies, primarystairways);classrooms,seminar rooms, conferencerooms, and socialareasdesigned tofoster interaction and to provide a safe area for eating and drinking;drylabsanddrylabsupportfunctions;andgeneraladminist

20、rativesupport.Consolidatingthesefunctionsintoa separatestructureprovidesconsiderablecostsavings:lower-costHVAC(heating/ventilation/air-conditioning)system,wider columnspacing,lowerfloorstiffness(lessstringentvibrationcriterion),lowerfloor-loading,fewer fire-control features and other code requiremen

21、ts,steel-framed or steel/concrete hybrid structural system with concreteflat-slabflooringsystem,smallerfootings,and(typically)curtainwallfenestration. This approach usually enables offices to have operablewindows.Thistwo-buildingapproach can be seen clearlyatGillespieNeurosciencesBuilding, the Sprag

22、ue Building, Hewitt Hall, and the UCI Medical CenterHealthSciencesLaboratory,whereconsolidatingandseparating.non-laboratory functionssaved 7-10 percentin overallconstruction costsand15 percent/year inenergy expense. (Thenon-laboratorybuildingincurs a small fraction of the energy expense of the labor

23、atory block.)A setof designstrategies,appliedincombination, has proveneffectivein controlling the cost of laboratories:? Utilizing a consistent lab module? Utilizinga reasonable vibrationcriterionand locatingultra-sensitiveconditions at-grade or employing benchtop vibration isolation? Using 22 ft. X

24、 22 ft. column-spacing? Concentrating fume hoods and utility risers into a central“wet zone, ”thuslimiting horizontal mechanical distribution? Concentratinglaboratorysupportareasintothecentral coreof alaboratorystructure,where utilitiesare availablebutdaylightisnot needed,thusenablinglab structures

25、to be 110-132 feet wide? Utilizingdual-usagecirculation/equipmentcross-corridorsthroughthiscentrallabsupportzone, withsufficientwidth(typically11 feet)tolinethecorridorswithsharedequipmentwhileprovidingcross-circulation through the lab support zone? Utilizingopen laboratorylayoutwithone or more “gho

26、st ”corridorsforintra lab circulation? And, most importantly, concentrating non-laboratory functions into an adjoining, lower-cost structure (as discussed in detail above).To furthercontrollaboratoryconstructioncosts,non-standardfume hoodsizesareminimized,“generic ”labcaseworkisspecified,laboratory-

27、grademovable tablessubstituteforfixedcasework in some labbays,buildingDIsystemsprovideintermediatewaterquality(with.localizedwaterpuritypolishinginthelab,ratherthanbuilding-wide),facility-widepipedservicesdo notincludegases thatcanbe cost-effectivelyprovidedlocallyviacanisters,and glass-washfaciliti

28、esareconsolidated-typically,one glass wash facilityfor anentire laboratory building.Finally,our designphilosophyleanstoward generic,modular laboratoriessupportedbyarobustbuildinginfrastructure,ratherthan highlycustomized spaces with limited capacity to make later changes. This isan important trade o

29、ff. Although some post-occupancy expenses may benecessary to“fine-tune”a laboratory to a PIs requirements, buildinginfrastructureelementstypicallyoversized twenty percent,includingHVACsupplyducts,exhaust system capacity, emergency generatorcapacity,and electric risers and service capacityseldom limi

30、t the ability tomodify labs to meet researcher needs.Structural and Foundation SystemsFor both cost-benefit reasons and past seismic performance, UC Irvinefavorsconcreteshearwallorsteelbraced-framestructuralsystems.Thecorrelating foundationsystemsdepend on site-specific soil conditions.Pastproblemsw

31、ithundiscoveredsubstratesanduncharacterizedsoilconditions are minimized through extensive, pre-design soil-testing.ThisminimizesrisktoboththeUniversityandthedesign/buildcontractor.When feasible,design/buildcontractorsareallowedflexibilitytopropose alternate structural or seismic-force systems. All s

32、tructuralsystem designsmust pass a peer review, accordingto Regentspolicy.Thisprocessresultsinconservativestructuraldesign,and an associatedcostpremium. However, the seismic performance of University of Californiabuildingsconstructedsincethispolicywent intoeffectin1975 appearsto substantiate the val

33、ue of the RegentsSeismic Review Policy.Structural vibration is carefully specified in research buildings wherevibration-sensitiveprotocolsandconditionsmustbemaintainedonabove-grade floors. The most cost effective tools to control vibrationaregenerallyemployed: first,to program vibrationsensitiveproc

34、eduresat on-grade locations or to isolate them at the bench; second, to spacecolumns at a distance that does not entail excessive structural costs.Inlaboratory4buildingswe typicallyutilize22ft.X22ft.column-spacing.Conversely,wherevibrationisnotproblematicabeam/column system can be cost-optimized and

35、 lighter floor loading canbe tolerated. Design/build contractors are, accordingly, allowed moreflexibility under such conditions.To control costs, UC Irvine avoids use of moment-resisting structures;unconventionalseismicsystems;non-standardstructuraldimensions;inconsistent, unconventional, or non-st

36、acking structural modules; andnon-standard means and methods.Roofs and FlashingsUC Irvinespecifies20 yearroofingsystems and stainlesssteelorcopperflashings whenever possible. At minimum, we specify hot-dip galvanizedflashings.Why this emphasis on flashings? Our roof replacement projects typicallydou

37、bleincost when theoldroofingis tornoffand itisdeterminedthatthe flashings have deteriorated.Moreover, manyroof leaks of recentyears have been due to faultyflashings,ratherthanroofingmembranes orcoatings,perse.Savingmoney onflashings is false economy.Another special roofing expense we may have to inc

38、ur in order to attain the Regents Green Building Policy is that of reflective roofing. It is too early to understand the potential cost impact.中文翻译：建设标准和成本加州大学欧文分校新建筑追求性能目标和适用的质量标准, 影响资本成本的项目。定期复查这些目标和标准是有保证的。施工成本在理论上是没有“高”或“低”之分的, 而是关系到特定的质量标准和设计解决方案、手段和方法用于达到这些标准。因此, 评估建筑成本是否适当 :首先 , 确定质量标准是否过高 ,

39、不够 , 或适当的 ;第二 , 确定项目成本是否合理合成相比, 项目基本相同的质量参数。“质量”包含的耐久性建筑系统和完成; 鲁棒性和生命周期的性能; 美学构建系统的材料、结构、和他们的详细描述; 资源可持续性和效率的建筑作为一个整体系统。总体目标和质量标准加州大学欧文分校 , 为了支持杰出研究和学术项目, 构建高质量的设施。 这样 ,加州大学欧文分校的设施旨在传达的“外观和感觉”, 以及体现内在施工质量,最好的设施的其他加州大学, 知名公立大学和其他研究机构与我们争夺教师、学生、科研 , 和一般的声誉。.自 1992 年以来 , 新建筑被设计为达到这些五大目标:新建筑必须“创建一个地方”,

40、而不是构成独立的结构 , 形成社会、审美、文本关联关系与周边建筑和更大的校园。新建筑加固一个一致的设计框架的古典语境架构、应用的方式, 传达一种感觉恒久和质量和解释的方式, 满足当代和变化的需求 , 现代研究型大学。3、新建筑使用的材料、 系统和设计特点 , 将避免重大维修的费用 ( 定义为 > 1%的值 ) 二十年了。4、新建筑适用“可持续性”原则特别是, 表现优于标题 24( 加州的能源代码 ) 至少 20%。5、基本建设项目的设计和交付在批准的项目预算、范围和进度。加州大学欧文分校的目标可持续原材料和能源性能采用部分是因为环境原因 , 部分逆转实质性操作预算赤字。后者的问题包括一个

41、数百万美元的公用事业, 是迅速增长的赤字在90 年代早期 , 和数百万美元的资金没有着落的主要维修这是新兴建筑只有 10 - 20 年过早地老。没有质量和性能标准采用 1992 年, 公用事业赤字和未备基金的主要维护成本将超过 2000 万美元在过去的十年里 , 这些成本仍然会上涨失控。加州大学欧文分校的材料标准 , 构建系统的标准 , 可持续性和能源效率标准 , 和网站的改进所有添加成本增量 , 只能通过积极的成本管理提供。 机构 , 不能管理资本成本往往构建项目 , 消耗过多的能量 , 成本很大 , 遭受过早主要维护维护成本 , 这需要高成本来修改。这样的问题往往化合物和螺旋向下进入日益昂

42、贵的后果。每一个管理员与设施体验理解这种动态。没有有效的施工成本管理 , 质量会和加州大学欧文分校将经历所有这些问题。本文档的平衡更详细地概述了建筑性能标准和质量标准一般以上所陈述的 , 组织根据建筑系统组件类。每一节讨论了关键的成本动因 , 成本控制策略和重要成本的权衡。设计实践不断地引用应用 ( 尽管一些缺乏硬性的“规则” ) 。建筑组织和集结.施工成本管理始于基础的建设组织和集结。加州大学欧文分校的新结构的波纹板往往有长度 , 宽度比 < 1.5, 以避免引发不成比例的成本的外部包覆, 循环 , 和水平机械分布。我们的新建筑往往是至少三层高如果地板板地区高不低于一个划算的阈值, 一

43、般高对于非实验室建筑( 但没有这么高 , 一个高层成本惩罚发生 ) 。其他设计比率是观察 , 如表面熔覆区 / 面积 < 0.5, 和屋顶 +基础面积 / 面积 < 0.4 。建筑清晰度一般是通过变形或富集材料, 整体材料详细说明( 如混凝土揭示模式 ), 并应用详细说明 ( 如。、2 窗框和基材 ), 特别在建筑基地。大规模的清晰度是集中在车顶 ( 如。 , 形屋顶形式 ) 和行人级别 ( 例如 , 拱廊 ), 在那里它将“创造最大的货真价实” , 而不是通过调制建筑形式 , 本身。这不仅仅是一个微妙的设计哲学 , 随着成本的影响是很大的。实验室建筑在过去十年里完成实验室和非实验

44、室分离成不同的功能, 附加结构 ( 尽管这样的建筑看起来像一个结构 ) 。合并非实验室功能包括教职员工、 部门、人员、博士后和研究生办公室 , 休息室 ; 循环 ( 电梯 , 大堂 , 主楼梯 ); 教室 , 研讨室 ,会议室 , 和社会区域设计促进互动并提供一个安全的地方吃吃喝喝 ; 做实验室和干实验室支持函数 ; 和一般行政支持。整合这些功能到一个单独的结构提供了可观的成本节约 : 低成本 HVAC(加热 / 通风 / 空调 ) 系统 , 广泛的列间距 , 低楼层刚度 ( 不那么严厉的振动准则 ), 低地板加载 , 更少的火控特征和其他代码的要求 , 普通的或钢 / 混凝土混合结构体系与混凝土平板地板系统 , 较小的立足点和 ( 通常 ) 幕墙开窗术。这种方法通常使办公室有可操作的窗户。这两个建筑方法可以清楚的看到在吉莱斯皮神经科学大楼, 大楼的斯普拉格 ,休伊特大厅 , 和 UCI 的医疗中心健康科学实验室, 巩固和分离非实验室功能保存7- 在整体施工成本和 15% /年的能源费用。 ( 非实验室建筑产生能量的一小部分费