初中英语现在完成时详解

1、现在完成时 一、现在完成时构成构成：现在完成时由助动词 have +过去分词构成，助动词 have有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has,其余用have.现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以 study为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：否定式疑问式I have not (haven't) studied .Have I studied ？You have not (haven't) studied .Have you studied ？He has not (hasn 't) studied .Has he studie

2、d ？否定疑问式简单回答（肯定/否定）Have I not (Haven't I) studied？Yes, you have. No, you haven' t.Have you not (Haven't you) studied.?Yes, I have. No, I haven' t.Has he not (Hasn 't he) studied？Yes, he has. No, he hasn ' t.二、现在完成时用法1、现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作 或状态对现在的结果或影响。My dau

3、ghter has just gone out.我女儿刚出去。I' m sure we ' ve met before.定我们以前见过面。She has arrived.她至 U 了。2、表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recently, already, just, lately, for，sinyet 等*如：I haven ' t heard from her these day瞄些日子我没有收到她的信。We haven ' t seen you recently.最近我们没有见至U你。They have been

4、 away for two years.他们离开已经两年了。She has been with us since Monday.for+时段since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从以来） since+时段 +agosince+从句（过去时）It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）Mary has been ill?for three days.I have lived here?since 1998.注意：since 和 for 的区别since 后接时间点，如1993， last term, yesterday, the time I got therefor 后接一段时间，表示“长达多久

5、”，如 ten years, a while, two days 等。3、表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die 等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：He has come here for 2 weeks. xThe old man has died for 4 months. xThey have left only for 5 minutes. x4、 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in)?的区另UHave/Has

6、gone(to) : 去了(现在不在说话现场，可能在路上和已经到)Where is your father?He has gone to Shanghai.Have/Has been (to) :去过(已不在去过的地方)My father has been to Shanghai.Have/has been in：呆了多久(还在所呆的地方)My father has been in Shanghai?for two months. /since two months ago.5、现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two da

7、ys ago,just now, when I came in ，但可以和already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently,once, twice, ever, never 等连用。不能与when 连用。现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用例如：She has already come. 她已经来了。I haven ' t read it ye俄还没读过这个。I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。Ma Hong has always been a good student.

8、马红一直是个好学生。I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。They have never been to Yan 他们从未去过延安。 an.I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。三、现在完成时的标志, 用以下四大标志词可以表达这1、现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响种含义 :*? 以already, just 和 yet 为标志He?has already got?her help. 他已得到她的帮助。 He?has just seen?the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。 He

9、?hasn't come?back?yet. 他还没有回来。 *? 以ever 和 never 为标志This is the best film I?have ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。 He?has never been?to Beijing. 他从没有到过北京。 *?以动作发生的次数为标志He says he?has been to?the USA?three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。*?以so far （到目前为止）为标 +before He?has got?to Beijing?so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。 She has

10、 passed the exam so far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续 ”的特性和 “时间 ”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。for+时段？?since+过去一个时间点（过去 ？从句）为标志四、?瞬间动词buy, die, join, come, go ,leave, join不能直接与 for since?连用。要改变动词buyhave?borrow keepcome/arrive/reach/get tobe in?go outbe out?leave be awaybeginbe on?fi

11、nishbe overopenbe open?close be closeddiebe dead1、 have 代替 buyMy brother has had（ 不能用 has bought） this bike for almost four years.2、用 keep 或 have 代替 borrowI have kept（不能用 have borrowed） the book for quite a few days.3、用be 替代 becomeHow long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold 代替 catch a co

12、ldTom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.5、用wear 代替 put on6、用“be形容词”代终止性动词be married 代 marry be ill 代 fall (get) illbe+ dead代 die be+ asleep代 fall (get) asleepbe+ awake 代 wake/wake up be+ gone 代 lose,die,sell,leavebe open 代 open be closed 代 close/shutbe+missing(gone,lost)代 lose7、用“be副词”代终

13、止性动词be+ on 代 start begin" be up”代 get up“ b e back(to) 代 ” return to, come back to, go back to“be here (there戕 corme(arrive, reach, get) here 或 go (arrive, reach, get) there8、用“be介词短语”代终止性动词1. “be in/a眦点”代替 go to /come to2. 用 be in the army?代替 join the army3. “ be in/a眦点”代替 move to常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表

14、：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.fhave been in sw./at 相应的介词2. have come/gone back/returned have been back3. have come/gone out f have been out4. have become f have been5. have closed / opened f have been close/open6. have got up f have be en up7. have died f have b

15、een dead8. have left sw. f have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep f have been as leep10. have finished/ended/completedf have ； been over11. have married f have been married12. have started/begun to do sth.f hav e done sth.?13. have begun f have been on14. have borrowed/bought f have kept/had15. have lost f haven ' t had16. have put on f have worn17. have caught