934海外项目安全管理：脚手架-英文版Scaffoldings

Scaffoldings1.0PURPOSEThepurposeofthisstandardistodefinetheminimumrequirementsforerectionanduseofScaffoldings.2.0SCOPEThestandardappliestotheScaffoldingsthatareerectedandusedatSABICanditAffiliatesfacilities.3.0DEFINITIONSBearer:Ahorizontalmemberofscaffoldinguponwhichtheplatformrestsandwhichmaybesupportedbyledgers.Brace:Atiethatholdsonescaffoldingmemberinafixedpositionwithrespecttoanothermember.Coupler:Adeviceforlockingtogetherthecomponentpartsofatubularmetalscaffolding.Thematerialusedforthecouplersshallbeofastructuraltype,suchasadrop-forgedsteel,malleableiron,orstructuralgradealuminum.Theuseofgraycastironisnotrecommended.Doublepoleorindependentposescaffolding:Ascaffoldingsupportedfromthebasebyadoublerowofuprights,independentofsupportfromthewallsandconstructedofuprights,ledgers,horizontalplatformbearers,anddiagonalbracing.Guardrail:Arailsecuredtouprightsanderectedalongtheexposedsidesandendsofplatforms.Heavy-dutyscaffolding:Ascaffoldingdesignedandconstructedtocarryaworkingloadnottoexceed75poundspersquarefoot.Hop-upScaffoldings:Theseareunitscaffoldingsnotmorethan3metershighwhichmayquicklybeerectedformaintenancepurposes.Interior hungscaffolding: Ascaffolding suspended fromtheceilingorroofstructure.Ladder jackscaffolding: Alightduty scaffolding supportedbybracketsattachedtoladders.4.7 Laddersshouldnotbeusedfromtopofthescaffoldingplatform.4.7 Laddersshouldnotbeusedfromtopofthescaffoldingplatform.Ledger(stringer):Ahorizontalscaffoldingmemberthatextendsfromposttopostandwhichsupporttheputlogsorbearerformingatiebetweentheposts.Lightdutyscaffolding:Ascaffoldingdesignedandconstructedtocarryaworkingloadnottoexceed25poundspersquarefoot.Manuallypropelledmobilescaffolding:Aportablerolling scaffoldingsupportedbycasters.Maximumintendedload:Thetotalofallloadsincludingtheworkingload,theweightofthescaffolding,andsuchotherloadsasmaybereasonablyanticipated.Mediumdutyscaffolding:Ascaffoldingdesignedandconstructedtocarryaworkingloadnottoexceed50poundspersquarefoot.Mid-rail:Arailapproximatelymidwaybetweentheguardrailandplatform,usedwhenrequired,andsecuredtotheuprightserectedalongtheexposedsidesandendsofplatform.Mobilescaffolding:Meansapoweredorunpowered,portable,casterorwheel-mountedsupportedscaffolding(seeAttachment-1).Runner:Thelengthwisehorizontalbracingorbearingmembersorboth.Scaffolding:Anytemporaryelevatedplatformanditssupportingstructureusedforsupportingworkmenormaterialsorboth(seeAttachment-1).Single-pointadjustablesuspensionscaffolding:Amanualorpower-operatedunitdesignedforlightdutyuse,supportedbyasinglewireropefromanoverheadsupportsoarrangedandoperatedastopermittheraisingorloweringoftheplatformtodesiredworkingpositions.Singlepolescaffolding:Platformsrestingonputlogsorcrossbeams,theoutsideendsofwhicharesupportedonledgerssecuredtoasinglerowofpostsoruprightsandtheinnerendsofwhicharesupportedonorinawall.SuspendedScaffoldings:Scaffoldingserectedinpiperacksthataresuspended/hungfromthestructuralsteelwork.Toeboard:Abarriersecuredalongthesidesandendsofaplatform,toguardagainstthefallingofmaterial/personnel.TrestlePlatforms:Platformsmadeforlow-levelaccessupto1.5metersforwhichtrestleandplankplatformsmaybeused.Tubeandcouplerscaffolding:Anassemblyconsistingoftubingthatservesasposts,bearers,braces,ties,andrunners,abasesupportingtheposts,andspecialcouplerswhichservetoconnecttheuprightsandtojointhevariousmembers.Tubularweldedframescaffolding:Asectional,panel,orframemetalscaffoldingsubstantiallybuiltupofpre-fabricatedweldedsectionsthatconsistofpostsandhorizontalbearerwithintermediatemembers.Panelsorframesshallbebracedwithdiagonalorcrossbraces.Workingload:Loadimposedbymen,materials,andequipment.4.0REQUIREMENTSSABICanditsAffiliatesshalldevelopproceduresandprogramsthatmeetsthefollowingrequirementsforScaffoldings:SABICIndustrialSecurityshallbeconsultedforanyclarificationtothisstandard.TheclarificationgivenbySABICIndustrialSecurityshallbecompliedandconsideredfinal.ScaffoldingshallnotbeerectedwithoutpermissionofOwnerareasupervision.Followingshouldbeconsideredbeforepermittinginstallationofscaffoldings:Identifyandresolvepotentialhazardsandsafeguardsthatthescaffoldingactivitymaypresenttothescaffoldingerectingcrew,personnelusingthescaffolding,andoperatingunitpersonnelinthearea.Identifyandresolvetemporaryegress/accessnormalworkactivityrestrictioncausedbythescaffolding."Dcnotuse“tagshallbeplacedataconspicuousplaceonthescaffoldingduringconstructionofscaffoldings.Scaffoldersshallusefullbodyharnesswhileerectingscaffoldings.Trainedandqualifiedemployeeshallinspectscaffoldings,afterconstructionandafteranymodificationtotheexistingscaffolding.Afterinspection,theinspectiontagshallbesignedandinstalledontheaccessladderofthescaffolding.Onlythosescaffoldingsthathasasignedinspectiontagindicatingthatitisfittobeused,shallbeused.Unnecessaryitemsshouldnotbekeptonthescaffoldingplatform.Inspectiontagshallberemoved,ifanymodificationistobecarriedoutonthescaffolding.Permissionfortheuseofmodifiedscaffoldingshallonlybegivenafterre-inspection.Alltubeandcouplerscaffoldingsshallbeconstructedanderectedtosupportfourtimesthemaximumintendedloads.Postsshallbeaccuratelyspaced,erectedonsuitablebases,andmaintainedplumbatalltimes.Designsforscaffoldingsstandingover37metershighshallbepreparedorreviewedandapprovedbyaqualifiedengineer.TheSafetyclipsofScaffoldingbracingshallbefunctional.Scaffoldingsshallnotbemovedoralteredhorizontallywhileinuseoroccupied.Framesandaccessoriesforscaffoldingsshallbemaintainedingoodcondition.Anybroken,bent,excessivelyrusted,alteredorotherwisedamagedframesoraccessoriesshallnotbeused.Lockingdevicesshallbemaintainedingoodworkingcondition.Scaffoldingframesshouldbeconstructedofmetalmaterialsofknownstrengthcharacteristicsandshallbecapableofsupportingatleastfourtimesthemaximumintendedload.Scaffoldingsshallbeproperlybracedbycrossand/ordiagonalbracingtosquareandalignverticalmemberssothattheerectedscaffoldingretainsplumb,square,andmaintainsrigidalignment.Wheretheheightorlengthofthescaffoldingexceeds7.5meters,thescaffoldingshallbesecurelytiedtoastructureatintervalsnotgreaterthan7.5meters.Employeesshallnotworkonscaffoldingsduringstormsorhighwinds.Foundationsforscaffoldingsshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:Allscaffoldingsshallbeerectedonafirmfoundation.Scaffoldingscannormallybebuiltdirectlyonconcrete.Scaffoldingsbuiltonasphaltrequireabaseplate,plywoodoraplanktospreadtheload.Allscaffoldingsbuiltonshellorfirmsoilshallhaveplywoodpadsorplankingunderthesupportinglegs.Screwjacksshallbeusedtolevelscaffoldings.Make-shiftshimsofblocksofwood,bricks,orconcreteshallnotbepermitted.4.214.21Tiesshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:Thefootingoranchorageforscaffoldingshallbecapableofsupportingthemaximumintendedloadwithoutsettlementordisplacement.Timbersoleplatesshouldbeatleast23cmwideby3.8cmthick(notscaffoldingplanks).Wherescaffoldingiserectedonsolidbearingsuchasrockorconcrete,smalltimberpadsshouldbeusedinplaceofsoleplatestopreventthebaseplatesstrikingoff.Concreteblock,barrelsandotherbaseorunsuitablematerialsshallnotbeusedfortheconstructionorsupportofscaffolding.StructuralMembersforscaffoldingsshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:Ordinaryscaffoldingtubingshouldbe2.3cmindiameterandisreferredtoastwo-inchtubing.Itshouldbeofmildsteelandnormallysuppliedinlengthsof6.3meters.Tubesshallbefreefromcracksandsurfaceflaws,laminations,excessiverustandotherdefects.Theendshallbecutsquareandclearly.Atubeshallnotdeviatefromastraightlinebymorethen1/600ofitslengthmeasuredatthecenter.Standardsshallbepitchedon15cmx15cmsteelbaseplates.Jointsinstandardsshouldbestaggered,i.e.,jointsinadjacentstandardsshouldnotoccurinthesamelift.Allstandardsshallbevertical.Runnersshallbeerectedalongthelengthofthescaffoldingatevenheight.Runnersshallbeinterlockedtoformcontinuouslengthsandcoupledtoeachpost.Runnersshallbeplacednotmorethan2moncenters.Bearersshallbeinstalledtransverselybetweenpostsandshallbesecurelycoupledtothepostbearingontherunnercoupler.Crossandlongitudinalbracingshallbeprovided.GuardrailsandToeboardsshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:Guardrailsnotless0.9metersormorethan1meterhighwithamid-railshallbeinstalled.Toeboards2.5cmx10cmlumbershallbeinstalledatallopensidesonallscaffoldingsmorethan3metersabovethegroundorfloor.Toeboardsshallbeaminimumof10cminheight.

1Itisessentialthatallscaffoldings,(withtheexceptionofcertaintowerandmobilescaffoldings),besecurelytiedtothebuildingorstructurethroughouttheirlengthandheighttopreventmovementofthescaffoldingeithertowardsorawayfromthebuildingorstructure.Thisshouldbedonebyconnectingatietubetobothledgersorstandardsandcouplingtoatieorcolumnboxtieassembly.Tubesshouldbesecurelywedgedbetweenopposingsurfacesonthebuildingorstructurebytheuseofrevealpins,andcoupledtothetietubes.Whererevealtiesareused,theyshallnotexceed50%ofthetotalnumberofties.Two-waytiesorcolumnboxtiesshallbeevenlydistributedoverthescaffoldingarea.Toensurethesecurityofrevealties,itisnecessarytocheckfrequentlyfortightness.2Tiesshalloccuratleastevery4metersvertically.Alltieassemblyconnectionsshallbemadewith90degreeloadbearingcouplers.3Thescaffoldingshallbetiedupandsecurelybracedagainstthebuildingatintervalsnottoexceed9metershorizontallyand7.8metersvertically.PlankingandDeckingshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:AllplankingshallbeScaffoldingGradeasrecognizedbygradingofspeciesofwoodused.Themaximumspansfor5cmx23cmorwiderplanksareasfollows:FullThicknessUndressedLumberFullThicknessUndressedLumberNominalThicknessLumberWorkingLoad(PSF)PermissibleSpan(m)WorkingLoad(PSF)PermissibleSpan(m)25 50 75 25 503 2 2 2 2Allplankingorplatformshallbeoverlappedminimum0.3metersorsecuredfrommovement.Anaccessladderorequivalentsafe accessshallbeprovided.Scaffoldingplanksshallextend overtheirend supports notlessthan15cm.andmorethan46 cm.Scaffolding planking shall becleatedateachend.Nailsor boltsusedfor cleating shall besufficientandadequatesizetoprovidesecurebandingofthecleat.Nailsshallnotbesubjectedtoastraightpullandshallbedrivenfulllength.Planksshallnotbepaintedortreatedinanywaythatwouldconcealdefects.Planksthataresplit,decayed,orwarpedshallnotbeused,butthepartsaffectedshouldbecutofftoproduceshorterplankswiththeendsbandedorboltedthrough.Scaffoldingplanksshallnotbeusedforshutteringforconcrete,shoringfortrenches,orassoleplatesforscaffolding.Alldeckingshallbeaminimumof2cmconstructiongradeplywood,cleanandfreeofobviousdefectssuchascracks,knotholes,etc.,anduncontaminatedwithchemicals,paint,concreteorothersubstancesthatmayweakentheplywood.Plywooddeckingshouldbeusedtospananopeninguptomaximumwidthof0.6meters.Thedeckingshallextendthefullwidthofstandardscaffoldingplanking.5cmx23cmminimum,whichshallbeusedforsupport.Thedeckingshallbenailedinplace.Nailsshallbedrivenfulllength.Deckingshallbekeptfreeofunnecessaryobstructions,materials,andprojectingnails.Deckingwhichhasbecomeslipperywithoiloranyothersubstanceshallbesanded,cleaned,orotherwisetreatedassoonaspossible.Slopesindeckingshallnotexceed1verticalto4horizontalandsteppingcleatsat0.3metersintervalsshallbeprovided.Alldeckingshallbeclosedplankedforthefullwidthofthescaffoldingstructureandshallneverbelessthanthree23cmplanksinwidth.AccessLaddersshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:Allscaffoldingsshallbeequippedwithaccessladdersofsufficientstrengthtomeettherequirements.Laddersshallbestructurallysoundwithnosharpedges,burrs,etc.Aluminumladdersshouldnotbeused.LadderusemustcomplywiththerequirementsofSABICSafetyStandardSF191 “Ladders.Accessladdersshallnotexceed6metersinlengthwiththeminimumwidthbetweensiderails0.3meters.Rungsshallbe0.3metersoncenterandshallbeknurled,dimples,corrugatedortreatedtoreduceslippage.Rungsshallbeparallelandlevelwheninpositionforuse.Rungsshallbeabletowithstandaworkingloadof200pounds.Accessladdersshallbeinstalledwithsecurefootingsandshallbesecuredwithin0.6metersofthetopand0.6metersofthebottom.Ladderslongerthan3meterswillrequireadditionalsecuringatmid-pointorasclosetomid-pointaspractical.Materialusedinsecuringladdersshallbeofsufficientstrengthforintendeduse.Laddersshallnotbefastenedtogethertoprovidelongersectionsandshallnotbeusedforbracing,skid,guypoleoranyuseotherthanforwhichintended.Accessladdersshallbemaintainedingoodconditionatalltimesandinspectedpriortoeachuse.Laddersshallbekeptcleanofoilandgrease.Ladderswithbentrungsorsiderailsorexcessivedeflectionshallbetakenoutofservice.MobileScaffoldingsshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:Incertaincases,smalltowerscaffoldingsshallbefittedwithcasterswithinterlockingmechanismtofacilitatemobility.Theyshallbeusedonhardlevelsurfacesandnotonsandorgravel.Castersarealwayslockedwhenthescaffoldingisinuse.Wheelsorcasters,notlessthan13cmdiameter,andfittedwithbrakeswhichcannotbereleasedaccidentally,shallbesecurelyfixedtothebasesofthestandards.Noperson,tools,orequipmentshouldremainonthescaffoldingwhenitisbeingmoved.SuspendedScaffoldingsshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:Forworkinpiperacks,suspendedscaffoldingsmaybehungfromthestructuralsteelwork.Normalrulesofplankingandhandrailsapplyandthescaffoldingmustbesecuredagainstmovement.Hop-upScaffoldingsshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:Shallnotbemorethan3metershigh.Shallbefullyplankedand,wherenecessaryladderaccessshallbesupplied.TrestlePlatformsshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:Shallnotbemorethan1.5metershigh.Thetrestlesshallbeproperlyconstructedoftimberormetal.Thetrestlesshallbemorethan3metersapartandtheplanksnotlessthan50