国科大英语博士研究生考试试题

中国科学院大学英语博士研究生考试试题（样题）SAMPLETESTUNIVERSITYOFCHINESEACADEMYOFSCIENCESENGLISHENTRANCEEXAMINATIONFORDOCTORALCANDIDATESPAPERONEPARTIVOCABULARY(15minutes,10points,0.5pointeach)Directions:Choosethewordorexpressionbeloweachsentencethatbestcompletesthestatement,andmarkthecorrespondingletterofyourchoicewithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourMachine-scoringAnswerSheet.1.Tenyearsago,ahousewithadecentbathroomwasa__________symbolamonguniversityprofessors.A.postB.statusC.positionD.place2.Itwouldbefarbetterifcollectorscouldbepersuadedtospendtheirtimeandmoneyinsupportof___________archaeologicalresearch.A.legibleB.legitimateC.legislativeD.illicit3.Weseekasocietythathasatits__________arespectforthedignityandworthoftheindividual.A.endB.handC.coreD.best4.Avarietyofproblemshavegreatly_________thecountry’snormaleducationaldevelopment.A.impededB.impartedC.imploredD.implemented5.Agoodeducationisanassetyoucan________fortherestofyourlife.A.spelloutB.calluponC.falloverD.resortto6.Oilcanchangeasocietymore____________thananyonecouldeverhaveimagined.A.grosslyB.severelyC.rapidlyD.drastically7.Beneathitsmyriadrules,thefundamentalpurposeof___________istomaketheworldapleasanterplacetolivein,andyouamorepleasantpersontolivewith.A.elitismB.eloquenceC.eminenceD.etiquette8.TheNewTestamentwasnotonlywrittenintheGreeklanguage,butideasderivedfromGreekphilosophywere_____________inmanypartsofit.A.alteredB.criticizedC.incorporatedD.translated9.NobodywilleverknowtheagonyIgo__________waitingforhimtocomehome.A.overB.withC.downD.through10.Whileacountry’seconomyisbecomingthemostpromisingintheworld,itspeopleshouldbemore____________abouttheirqualityoflife.A.discriminatingB.distributingC.disagreeingD.disclosing11.Cheatedbytwoboyswhomhehadtruston,Josephpromisedto____________them.A.findfaultwithB.makethemostofC.lookdownuponD.getevenwith12.TheMinister’s_________answerlettoanoutcryfromtheOpposition.A.impressiveB.evasiveC.intensiveD.exhaustive13.Inproportionasthe____________betweenclasseswithinthenationdisappearsthehostilityofonenationtoanotherwillcometoanend.A.intoleranceB.pessimismC.injusticeD.antagonism14.Everyonedoestheirownthing,tothepointwhereafifth-gradeteachercan’t__________onafourth-gradeteacherhavingtaughtcertainthings.A.countB.insistC.fallD.dwell15.Whenthefirebrokeoutinthebuilding,thepeoplelosttheir__________andranintotheelevator.A.heartsB.tempersC.headsD.senses16.Consumersdeprivedoftheinformationandadvicetheyneededwerequitesimply___________everycheatinthemarketplace.A.atthemercyofB.inlieuofC.bycourtesyofD.forthepriceof17.Infactthepurchasingpowerofasingleperson’spensioninHongKongwasonly70percentofthevalueofthe_________Singaporepension.A.equivalentB.similarC.consistentD.identical18.Hebecameawarethathehadlosthisaudiencesincehehadnotbeenabletotalk____________.A.honestlyB.graciouslyC.coherentlyD.flexibly19.Thenovel,whichisaworkofart,existsnotbyits_____________life,butbyitsimmeasurabledifferencefromlife.A.significanceinB.imaginationatC.resemblancetoD.predominanceover20.Shewasartfulandcouldalways____________herparentsintheend.A.shoutdownB.getroundC.complywithD.passoverPARTIICLOZETEST(15minutes,15points)Directions:Foreachblankinthefollowingpassage,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgivenintheoppositecolumn.MarkthecorrespondingletterofyourchoicewithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourMachine-scoringAnswerSheet.Weareenteringaperiodinwhichrapidpopulationgrowth,thepresenceofdeadlyweapons,anddwindlingresourceswillbringinternationaltensionstodangerouslevelsforanextendedperiod.Indeed,21seemsnoreasonfortheselevelsofdangertosubsideunlesspopulationequilibriumis22andsomeroughmeasureoffairnessreachedinthedistributionofwealthamongnations.23ofadequatemagnitudeimplyawillingnesstoredistributeincomeinternationallyonamoregenerous24thantheadvancednationshaveevidencedwithintheirowndomains.Therequiredincreasesin25inthebackwardregionswouldnecessitategiganticapplicationsofenergymerelytoextractthe26resources.Itisuncertainwhethertherequisiteenergy-producingtechnologyexists,andmoreserious,27thatitsapplicationwouldbringustothethresholdofanirreversiblechangeinclimate28aconsequenceoftheenormousadditionofmanmadeheattotheatmosphere.Itisthis29problemthatposesthemostdemandinganddifficultofthechallenges.Theexisting30ofindustrialgrowth,withnoallowanceforincreasedindustrializationtorepairglobalpoverty,hold31theriskofenteringthedangerzoneofclimaticchangeinas32asthreeorfourgenerations.Ifthetrajectoryisinfactpursued,industrialgrowthwill33havetocometoanimmediatehalt,foranothergenerationortwoalongthat34wouldliterallyconsumehuman,perhapsalllife.Theterrifyingoutcomecanbepostponedonlytotheextentthatthewastageofheatcanbereduced,35thattechnologiesthatdonotaddtotheatmosphericheatburden—forexample,theuseofsolarenergy—canbeutilized.(1996)21.A.oneB.itC.thisD.there22.A.achievedB.succeededC.producedD.executed23.A.TransfersB.TransactionsC.TransportsD.Transcripts24.A.extentB.scaleC.measureD.range25.A.outgrowthB.outcropC.outputD.outcome26.A.neededB.needyC.needlessD.needing27.A.possibleB.possiblyC.probableD.probably28.A.inB.withC.asD.to29.A.leastB.lateC.latestD.last30.A.raceB.paceC.faceD.lace31.A.onB.upC.downD.out32.A.lessB.fewerC.manyD.little33.A.ratherB.hardlyC.thenD.yet34.A.lineB.moveC.driveD.track35.A.ifB.orC.whileD.asPARTIIIREADINGCOMPREHENSIONSectionA(60minutes,30points)Directions:Beloweachofthefollowingpassagesyouwillfindsomequestionsorincompletestatements.EachquestionorstatementisfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Readeachpassagecarefully,andthenselectthechoicethatbestanswersthequestionorcompletesthestatement.MarktheletterofyourchoicewithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourMachine-scoringAnswerSheet.Passage1Thewritingofahistoricalsynthesisinvolvesintegratingthematerialsavailabletothehistorianintoacomprehensiblewhole.Theprobleminwritingahistoricalsynthesisishowtofindapatternin,orimposeapatternupon,thedetailedinformationthathasalreadybeenusedtoexplainthecausesforahistoricalevent.Asynthesisseekscommonelementsinwhichtointerpretthecontingentpartsofahistoricalevent.Theinitialstep,therefore,inwritingahistoricalsynthesis,istoputtheeventtobesynthesizedinaproperhistoricalperspective,sothatthecommonelementsorstrandsmakinguptheeventcanbedetermined.Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyanalyzingthehistoricaleventaspartofageneraltrendorcontinuuminhistory.Thecommonelementsthatarefamiliartotheeventwillbecometheideologicalframeworkinwhichthehistorianseekstosynthesize.Thisisnottosaythatanyfactorwillnothaveagreaterrelativevalueinthehistorian’shandlingoftheinterrelatedwhenviewedinabroadhistoricalperspective.Thehistorian,insynthesizing,mustdeterminetheextenttowhichtheexistinghypotheseshavesimilartrends.Ageneraltrendline,onceestablished,willenablethesesimilartrendstobecorrelatedandparalleledwithintheconceptualframeworkofacommonbase.Asynthesisfurtherseekstodetermine,fromexistinghypotheses,whyanoutcometookthedirectionitdid;thus,itnecessitatesreconstructingthespiritofthetimesinordertoassimilatethepolitical,social,psychological,etc.,factorswithinacommonbase.Assuch,thesynthesisbecomesthelogicalconstructininterpretingthecommongroundbetweenanoriginalexplanationofanoutcome(thesis)andthereinterpretationoftheoutcomealongdifferentlines(antithesis).Therefore,thesynthesisnecessitatestheintegrationofthematerialsavailableintoacomprehensiblewholewhichwillinturnprovideanewhistoricalperspectivefortheeventbeingsynthesized.36.Theauthorwouldmostlybeconcernedwith_____________.A.findingthemostimportantcauseforaparticularhistoricaleventB.determiningwhenhypothesesneedtobereinterpretedC.imposingapatternuponvaryinginterpretationsforthecausesofaparticularhistoricaleventD.attributingmanyconditionsthattogetherleadtoaparticularhistoricaleventortosinglemotive37.Themostimportantpreliminarystepinwritingahistoricalsynthesiswouldbe____________.A.toaccumulatesufficientreferencematerialtoexplainaneventB.analyzingthehistoricaleventtodetermineifa“singlethemetheory”applestotheeventC.determiningthecommonstrandsthatmakeupahistoricaleventD.interpretinghistoricalfactorstodetermineifonefactorwillhaverelativelygreatervalue38.Thebestdefinitionfortheterm“historicalsynthesis”wouldbe______________.A.combiningelementsofdifferentmaterialintoaunifiedwholeB.atentativetheorysetforthasanexplanationforaneventC.thedirectoppositeoftheoriginalinterpretationofaneventD.interpretinghistoricalmaterialtoprovethathistoryrepeatsitself39.Ahistorianseekstoreconstructthe“spirit”ofatimeperiodbecause____________.A.theeventsinhistoryaremoreimportantthanthepeoplewhomakehistoryB.existinghypothesesareadequateinexplaininghistoricaleventsC.thisisthebestmethodtodeterminethesinglemostimportantcauseforaparticularactionD.varyingfactorscanbeassimilatedwithinacommonbase40.Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorconsiderfalse?A.Onefactorinahistoricalsynthesiswillnothaveagreatervaluethanotherfactors.B.Itispossibletoanalyzecommonunifyingpointsinhypotheses.C.Historicaleventsshouldbestudiedaspartofacontinuuminhistory.D.Asynthesisseekstodeterminewhyanoutcometookthedirectionitdid.Passage2Whenyoucallthepolice,thepolicedispatcherhastolocatethecarnearestyouthatisfreetorespond.Thismeansthedispatcherhastokeeptrackofthestatusandlocationofeverypolicecar—notaneasytaskforalargedepartment.Anotherproblem,whichariseswhencarsareassignedtoregularpatrols,isthatthepatrolsmaybetooregular.Ifcriminalsfindoutthatpolicecarswillpassaparticularlocationatregularintervals,theysimplyplantheircrimesfortimeswhennopatrolisexpected.Therefore,patrolcarsshouldpassbyanyparticularlocationatrandomtimes;thefactthatacarjustpassedshouldbenoguaranteethatanotheroneisnotjustaroundthecorner.Yetsimplyorderingtheofficerstopatrolatrandomwouldleadtochaos.Acomputerdispatchingsystemcansolveboththeseproblems.Thecomputerhasnotroublekeepingtrackofthestatusandlocationofeachcar.Withthisinformation,itcandetermineinstantlywhichcarshouldrespondtoanincomingcall.Andwiththeaidofapseudorandomnumbergenerator,thecomputercanassignroutinepatrolssothatcriminalscan’tpredictjustwhenapolicecarwillpassthroughaparticulararea.(Beforecomputers,policesometimesusedroulettewheelsandsimilardevicestomakerandomassignments.)Computersalsocanrelievepoliceofficersfromconstantlyhavingtoreporttheirstatus.Thepolicecarwouldcontainaspecialautomaticradiotransmitterandreceiver.Theofficerwouldsetadialonthisunitindicatingthecurrentstatusofthecar—patrolling,directingtraffic,chasingaspeeder,answeringacall,outtolunch,andsoon.Whennecessary,thecomputeratheadquarterscouldpollthecarforitsstatus.Thevoiceradiochannelswouldnotbecloggedwithcarsconstantlyreportingwhattheyweredoing.Acomputerinthecarautomaticallycoulddeterminethelocationofthecar,perhapsusingtheLORANmethod.Thelocationofthecaralsowouldbesentautomaticallytotheheadquarterscomputer.41.Thebesttitleforthispassageshouldbe___________.A.ComputersandCrimesB.PatrolCarDispatchingC.ThePowerfulComputersD.ThePolicewithModernEquipment42.ApolicedispatcherisNOTsupposedto_____________.A.locateeverypatrolcarB.guaranteecarsonregularpatrolsC.keepintouchwitheachpolicecarD.findoutwhichcarshouldrespondtotheincomingcall43.Ifthepatrolsaretooregular,_____________.A.thedispatcherswillbeboredwithitB.theofficersmaybecomecarelessC.thecriminalsmaytakeadvantageofitD.thestreetswillbeinastateofchaos44.Thecomputerdispatchingsystemisparticularlygoodat______________.A.assigningcarstoregularpatrolsB.respondingtotheincomingcallsC.orderingofficerstoreporttheirlocationD.makingroutinepatrolsunpredictable45.Accordingtotheaccountinthelastparagraph,howcanapatrolcarbelocatedwithoutcomputers?A.Policeofficersreporttheirstatusconstantly.B.Theheadquarterspollthecarforitsstatus.C.Aradiotransmitterandreceiverisinstalledinacar.D.Adialinthecarindicatesitscurrentstatus.Passage3Achildwhohasoncebeenpleasedwithatalelikes,asarule,tohaveitretoldinidenticallythesamewords,butthisshouldnotleadparentstotreatprintedfairystoriesassacredtexts.Itisalwaysmuchbettertotellastorythanreaditoutofabook,and,ifaparentcanproducewhat,intheactualcircumstancesofthetimeandtheindividualchild,isanimprovementontheprintedtext,somuchthebetter.Achargemadeagainstfairytalesisthattheyharmthechildbyfrighteninghimorarousinghissadisticimpulse.Toprovethelatter,onewouldhavetoshowinacontrolledexperimentthatchildrenwhohavereadfairystoriesweremoreoftenguiltyofcrueltythanthosewhohadnot.Aggressive,destructive,sadisticimpulseseverychildhasand,onthewhole,theirsymbolicverbaldischargeseemtoberatherasafetyvalvethananincitementtoovertaction.Astofears,thereare,Ithink,well-authenticatedcasesofchildrenbeingdangerouslyterrifiedbysomefairystory.Often,however,thisarisesfromthechildhavingheardthestoryonce.Familiaritywiththestorybyrepetitionturnsthepainoffearintothepleasureofafearfacedandmastered.Therearealsopeoplewhoobjecttofairystoriesonthegroundsthattheyarenotobjectivelytrue,thatgiants,witches,two-headeddragons,magiccarpets,etc.,donotexist;andthat,insteadofindulginghisfantasiesinfairytales,thechildshouldbetaughthowtoadapttorealitybystudyinghistoryandmechanics.Ifindsuchpeople,Imustconfess,sounsympatheticandpeculiarthatIdonotknowhowtoarguewiththem.Iftheircaseweresound,theworldshouldbefullofmadmenattemptingtoflyfromNewYorktoPhiladelphiaonabroomstickorcoveringatelephonewithkissesinthebeliefthatitwastheirenchantedgirl-friend.Nofairystoryeverclaimedtobeadescriptionoftheexternalworldandnosanechildhaseverbelievedthatitwas.46.Accordingtotheauthor,thebestwaytoretellastorytoachildisto______________.A.tellitinacreativewayB.takefromitwhatthechildlikesC.addtoitwhateverathandD.readitoutofthestorybook.47.Inthesecondparagraph,whichstatementbestexpressestheauthor’sattitudetowardsfairystories?A.Heseesinthemtheworstofhumannature.B.Hedislikeseverythingaboutthem.C.Heregardsthemasmoreofabenefitthanharms.D.Heisexpectantoftheexperimentalresults.48.Accordingtotheauthor,fairystoriesaremostlikelyto____________.A.makechildrenaggressivethewholelifeB.incitedestructivenessinchildrenC.functionasasafetyvalveforchildrenD.addchildren’senjoymentofcrueltytoothers49.Ifthechildhasheardsomehorrorstoryformorethanonce,accordingtotheauthor,hewouldprobablybe______________.A.scaredtodeathB.takingitandevenenjoyingitC.sufferingmorethepainoffearD.dangerouslyterrified50.Theauthor’smentionofbroomsticksandtelephonesismeanttoemphasizethat___________.A.oldfairystorieskeepupdatingthemselvestocaterformodernneedsB.fairystorieshaveclaimedmanylivesofvictimsC.fairystorieshavethrownourworldintochaosD.fairystoriesareafterallfairystoriesPassage4Therehasbeenalotofhand-wringingoverthedeathofElizabethSteinberg.Withoutblaminganyoneinparticular,neighbors,friends,socialworkers,thepoliceandnewspapereditorshavestruggledtodefinethecommunity’sresponsibilitytoElizabethandtootherbatteredchildren.Asthecollectivesoul-searchingcontinues,thereisapervadingsensethatthesystemfailedher.Thefactis,inNewYorkStatethesystemcouldn’thavesavedher.Itisalmostimpossibletoprotectachildfromviolentparents,especiallyiftheyarewhite,middle-class,well-educatedandrepresentedbycounsel.Whydoesthestatepermitviolenceagainstchildren?Thereareanumberofreasons.First,parentalprivilegeisarationalization.Inthepast,thelawwasgivingitsapprovaltothebiblicalinjunctionagainstsparingtherod.Second,whileeveryoneagreesthatthestatemustacttoremovechildrenfromtheirhomeswhenthereisdangerofseriousphysicaloremotionalharm,manychildadvocatesbelievethatstateinterventionintheabsenceofseriousinjuryismoreharmfulthanhelpful.Third,courtsandlegislaturestreadcarefullywhentheiractionsintrudeorthreatentointrudeonarelationshipprotectedbytheConstitution.In1923,theSupremeCourtrecognizedthe“libertyofparentandguardiantodirecttheupbringingandeducationofchildrenundertheircontrol.”Morerecently,in1977,itupheldtheteacher’sprivilegetousecorporalpunishmentagainstschoolchildren.Readtogether,thesedecisionsgivetheconstitutionalimprimaturtoparentaluseofphysicalforce.Underthebestconditions,smallchildrendependutterlyontheirparentsforsurvival.Undertheworst,theirdependencydoomsthem.WhileitisquestionablewhetheranyoneoranythingcouldhavesavedElizabethSteinberg,itisplainthatthelawprovidednoprotection.Tothecontrary,byjustifyingtheuseofphysicalforceagainstchildrenasanacceptablemethodofeducationandcontrol,thelawlentameasureofplausibilityandlegitimacytoherparents’conduct.Morethan80yearsago,intheteethofparentalresistanceandSupremeCourtdoctrine,theNewYorkStateLegislatureactedtoeliminatechildlaborlaw.Now,thestatemustacttoeliminatechildabusebybanningcorporalpunishment.Tobreakthecycleofviolence,nothinglesswillanswer.IfthereisalessontobedrawnfromthedeathofElizabethSteinberg,itisthis:sparetherodandsparethechild.51.TheNewYorkStatelawseemstoprovideleastprotectionofachildfromviolentparentsof____________.A.afamilyonwelfareB.apooruneducatedfamilyC.aneducatedblackfamilyD.amiddle-classwhitefamily52.“Sparingtherod”(inboldface)means____________.A.spoilingchildrenB.punishingchildrenC.notcaringaboutchildrenD.notbeatingchildren53.Corporalpunishmentagainstschoolchildrenis_____________.A.takenasillegalintheNewYorkStateB.consideredbeingintheteacher’sprovinceC.officiallyapprovedbylawD.disapprovedbyschoolteachers54.FromthearticlewecaninferthatElizabethSteinbergisprobablythevictimof____________.A.teachers’corporalpunishmentB.misjudgmentofthecourtC.parents’ill-treatmentD.streetviolence55.Thewriterofthisarticlethinksthatbanningcorporalpunishmentwillinthelongrun_____________.A.preventviolenceofadultsB.savemorechildrenC.protectchildrenfromill-treatmentD.betterthesystemPassage5Withitscommoninterestinlawbreakingbutitsimmenserangeofsubject-matterandwidely-varyingmethodsoftreatment,thecrimenovelcouldmakealegitimateclaimtoberegardedasaseparatebranchofliterature,or,atleast,asadistinct,eventhoughaslightlydisreputable,offshootofthetraditionalnovel.Thedetectivestoryisprobablythemostrespectable(atanyrateinthenarrowsenseoftheword)ofthecrimespecies.Itscreationisoftentherelaxationofuniversityscholars,literaryeconomists,scientistsorevenpoets.Disastrousdeathsmayoccurmorefrequentlyandmysteriouslythanmightbeexpectedinpolitesociety,buttheworldinwhichtheyhappen,thevillage,seasideresort,collegeorstudio,isfamiliartous,ifnotfromourownexperience,atleastinthenewspaperorthelivesoffriends.Thecharacters,thoughnormallyrealizedsuperficially,areasrecognizablyhumanandconsistentasourlessintimateacquaintances.AstorysetinamoreremoteAfricanjungleorAustralianbush,ancientChinaorgas-litLondon,appealstoourinterestingeographyorhistory,andmostdetectivestorywritersareconscientiousinprovidingareasonablytruebackground.Theelaborate,carefully-assembledplot,despisedbythemodernintellectualcriticsandcreatorsof“significant”novels,hasfoundrefugeinthemurdermystery,withitssprinklingofclues,itsspicingwithapparentimpossibilities,allwithappropriatesolutionsandexplanationsattheend.Withtheguiltofescapismfromreallifenagginggently,wesecretlytakedelightintheunmaskingofevilbyavaguelysuper-humandetective,whoseesthroughanddispelsthecloudofsuspicionwhichhashoveredsounjustlyovertheinnocent.Thoughitsvillainalsoreceiveshisrightfuldeserts,thethrillerpresentsalesscomfortableandcredibleworld.Thesequenceoffistfights,revolverduels,carcrashesandescapesfromgas-filledcellarsexhauststhereaderfarmorethanthehero,who,sufferingfromatleasttwobrokenribs,oneblackeye,uncountablebruisesandahangover,canstillchaseandoverpoweranarmedvillainwiththephysiqueofawrestler,Hemovesdangerouslythroughaworldofruthlessgangs,brutality,aviciouslustforpowerandmoneyand,incontrasttothedetectivetale,withanear-omniscientarch-criminalwhosedefeatseemsalmostaccidental.Perhapswemissinthethrillerthesecurityofbeingsafelyledbyourimperturbableinvestigatorpastascoreofredherringsandblindavenuestoafinalgatheringofsuspectswhenanunchallengeableelucidationofallthathasbewilderedusisgivenandjusticeandgoodnessprevail.Allthatwevainlyhopeforfromlifeisgrantedvicariously.56.Thecrimenovelisregardedbytheauthoras_________________.A.anotrespectableformofthetraditionalnovelB.notatruenovelatallC.relatedinsomewaystothehistoricalnovelD.adistinctbranchofthetraditionalnovel57.Thecreationofdetectivestorieshasitsoriginin_______________.A.seekingrestfromworkorworriesB.solvingmysteriousdeathsinthissocietyC.restoringexpectationsinpolitesocietyD.preventingcrimes58.Thecharactersofthedetectivestoriesare,generallyspeaking,_____________.A.moreprofoundthanthoseofthetraditionalnovelsB.asrealaslifeitselfC.notlikehumanbeingsatallD.notveryprofoundbutnotunlikely59.Thesettingofthedetectivestoriesissometimesinamoreremoteplacebecause___________.A.itismorerealB.ourfriendsarefamiliarwithitC.itpleasesthereadersinawayD.itneedsthereaders’support60.Thewriterofthispassagethinks_____________.A.whatpeoplehopeforfromlifecanfinallybegrantediftheyhaveconfidenceB.peopleliketofeelthatjusticeandgoodnesswillalwaystriumphC.theyknowintherealworldgooddoesnotprevailoverevilD.theirhopesinlifecanonlybefulfilledthroughfictionreadingPassage6Wheneverweareinvolvedinacreativetypeofactivitythatisself-rewarding,afeelingovercomesus—afeelingthatwecancall“flow.”Whenweareflowingweloseallsenseoftimeandawarenessofwhatishappeningaroundus;instead,wefeelthateverythingisgoingjustright.Arockdancerdescribeshisfeelingofflowlikethis:“IfIhaveenoughspace,IfeelIcanradiateanenergyintotheatmosphere.Icandanceforwalls,Idanceforfloors.Ibecomeonewiththeatmosphere.”“Youareinanecstaticstatetosuchapointthatyoudon’texist,”saysacomposer,describinghowhefeelswhenhe“flows.”Playersofanysportthroughouttheworldarefamiliarwiththefeelingofflow;theyenjoytheiractivityverymuch,eventhoughtheycanexpectlittleextrinsicreward.Thesameholdstrueforsurgeons,caveexplorers,andmountainclimbers.Flowprovidesasortofphysicalsensationalongwithanalteredstateofbeing.Onemanputitthisway:“Yourbodyfeelsgoodandawakeallover.Yourenergyisflowing.”Peoplewhoflowfeelpartofthisenergy;thatis,theyaresoinvolvedinwhattheyare