-新教材高中英语Unit3CONSERVTIONSectionⅡLESSON1THESIXTHEXTINCTION学案北师大版选择性必修第一册

PAGEPAGE13LESSON1THESIXTHEXTINCTIONeq\a\vs4\al([原文呈现])Extinctions,whereentirespecies①arewiped②out,arenotunusual③inourEarth’shistory.Infact,over90percentofallspeciesthateverlivedarenowextinct.Inthelast500millionyears,therehavebeenfivetimeswhenlifeonEarthhasalmostended.Theseincludethethirdmass④extinction,knownasthe“GreatDying”，whichkilled90%to96%ofallspecies.Andthefifthevent,whichoccurred66millionyearsago,causedthedeathofthedinosaurs.Thereasonsforextinctionsarevaried⑤.Accordingtoscientists,theyincludevolcaniceruptions,asteroids⑥hittingtheEarthfromspace,changesinsealevels,thedecrease⑦oftheoxygencontentoftheseaandglobalwarming.ManyscientistssaywearenowenteringtheEarth’ssixthmassextinction.Thistime,humanactivitywillbetoblame⑧.Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieout⑨naturally,therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.A2015studybyscientistswhowerebasedatBrownUniversityandDukeUniversityintheUS,lookedathowquicklyspeciesdieoutduetonaturalcauses,thatis,the“backgroundextinctionrate”.Theyfoundthathumanactivityiscausingspeciestodieout1,000timesfasterthannormal.(1)Thereisalonglistofreasonswhysomanyspeciesaredyingout:airandwaterpollution,forestsbeingdestroyed,factoryfarmingandoverfishing.Itisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffected⑩allotherspeciesonEarth,includinganimalsandplants.(1)本句是一个主从复合句。句中that引导宾语从句；1,000timesfaster是倍数的表示方法。Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs,scientistswhohavestudiedtheissuebelievethatupto⑪threequartersofallspeciesonEarthcoulddieout.Ofcourse,aswehumansdependon⑫somanyspeciesforoursurvival,wewouldalsobeatrisk⑬ofdyingout.Ourworldandourlivesdependonthebalanceinnaturebetweenanimalsandplants.Withoutforests,wewouldhavenoairtobreathe,andwithoutcleanwaterwewouldbeunabletosurvive.(2)(2)本句是一个并列句。由and连接两个并列分句，其中without与no构成双重否定。Canasixthextinctionbeavoided?Expertssaythatitisnotyettoolate,ifwetakeaction⑭now.Thiswouldmeanwehavetosignificantlychangethewaywelive.(3)Forexample,weneedtotakesteps⑮tosaveendangered⑯species,includingsettingupspecialareaswhereplantsandanimalscanbeprotected.Weneedtochangehowweworkandtravelbyusingcleaner,morenaturalsourcesofenergy,suchaswindandsolar⑰energy.Wealsoneedtoimproveourfarmingmethodstoreducewater,airandlandpollution.Inshort⑱，ifwewanttosurvive,weneedtostopdestroyingtheplanetthatweliveonandstarttoprotectit.(3)本句是一个主从复合句。mean后面跟宾语从句；welive为定语从句，修饰先行词theway。eq\a\vs4\al([读文清障])①speciesn． 物种，种②wipevt. 擦；拭wipeout 彻底毁灭③unusualadj. 异常的；不平常的④massadj. 大量的⑤variedadj. 各种各样的，形形色色的⑥asteroidn. 小行星⑦decreasevi.&vt. 减少；减少的量n.减少⑧blamevt. 责怪，指责betoblame 把……归咎于⑨dieout 消失；绝迹，灭绝⑩affectvt. 影响⑪upto 多达⑫dependon 依赖，依靠⑬beatrisk 处境危险，受到威胁⑭takeaction 采取行动⑮takesteps 采取措施⑯endangeredadj. 濒危的⑰solaradj. 太阳光(能)的⑱inshort 总之[参考译文]物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。事实上，曾经存在的物种中90%以上现在都已经灭绝。在过去的五亿年中，地球上出现过五次生物几乎全部灭绝的情况。这其中包括称为“大灭绝”的第三次灭绝，那期间90%至96%的物种灭亡了。6,600万年前发生的第五次灭绝导致了恐龙的灭亡。关于灭绝的原因各不相同。科学家认为原因包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降和全球变暖。许多科学家认为地球的第六次大灭绝即将来临。这一次，人类活动是主要原因。虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。2015年在美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家进行的一项研究，调查了物种自然状态下灭亡的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1,000倍。这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化畜牧和过度捕捞。显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。研究该问题的科学家们相信，如果发生第六次灭绝，地球上多达四分之三的物种有可能灭绝。当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多种物种，我们也有可能濒临灭绝。我们的世界和我们的生命依赖于动植物之间的自然平衡。没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。第六次灭绝可以避免吗？专家说，如果我们现在采取行动还为时不晚。这意味着我们必须极大地改变我们的生活方式。例如，采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。通过使用更清洁、更自然的能源，例如风能和太阳能来改变我们的工作和出行方式。我们还需要改进耕作方式，减少水、空气和土地污染。简而言之，如果我们想要生存，就需要停止破坏我们生活的星球并开始保护它。Ⅰ.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?Thepassagetalksaboutextinctionanditseffectsonourplanet.Ⅱ.ReadthetextfastandjudgethefollowingstatementsTRUEorFALSE.1．Over90percentofalleverlivingspeciesextinctedin500millionyears.2．Itisnaturalforspeciestodieoutusually.3．Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs,entirespecieswillbewipedout.4．Inordertoavoidthesixthextinction,weneedtostoptravelingaround.答案：1～4FTFFⅢ.Readthetextcarefullyandchoosethebestanswer.1．Whatisoneofthereasonsforextinction?A．Sleepofvolcano.B．Changesinsealevels.C．Riseinoxygen.D．Dropintemperature.2．Whatarescientistsmainlyconcernedaboutastoreasonsofspeciesdeath?A．Ages.B．Ways.C．Numbers.D．Rates.3．Whywouldwehumansdieoutwith75%ofallspeciesonEarthcoulddieout?A．Becausewewillhavenocleanwater.B．Becausewewillkillallspeciesforfood.C．Becausewewillhavenofactoryfarming.D．Becausewewillkilloneanotherforwater.4．Howcanweavoidthesixthextinction?A．Byproducingmorespecies.B．Bystoppingdestroyingtheplanet.C．Bytakingactiontoprotectourselves.D．Bymovingtoanotherplanetimmediately.答案：1～4BDABⅣ.Fillintheblankswithrightwordsorphrasesaccordingtothepassage.ExtinctionMeaningofextinctionentirespeciesare1.wipedout.Thenumberofextinctionsthathaveoccurredsofarover2.90%ofallspeciesthateverlived.Twonotableextinctionsandtheirconsequencesthe3.thirdmassextinction,killed4．90%to96%ofallspecies;the5．fifthevent,whichoccurred6.66millionyearsago,causedthedeathofthe7.dinosaurs.Mainreasonsthatcauseextinctionsvolcanic8.eruptions,asteroidshittingtheEarthfromspace,changesin9.sealevels,thedecreaseofthe10.oxygencontentofthesea,11.globalwarming.Howtoavoidthesixthmassextinctionchangetheway12.welive,including13.settingupspecialareaswhereplantsandanimalscanbeprotected;changehowweworkandtravelby14.usingcleaner,morenaturalsourcesofenergy;improveour15.farmingmethods.Ⅰ.语境写单词1．astrangespecies 奇怪的物种2．wipehertearsaway 擦干她的眼泪3．weaponsofmassdestruction 大量的毁灭性武器4．theimpactsiteoftheasteroid 小行星的撞击地点5．ahugedecreaseinpopulation 人口的大幅度减少6．blamehimforthefailure 把失败归咎于他7．thecenterofthesolarsystem 太阳系的中心8．hatchchicken 孵化鸡Ⅱ.拓展识变化1．unusualadj.异常的；不平常的→unusuallyadv.异常地；不平常地→usualadj.往常的2．variedadj.各种各样的，形形色色的→varyv．改变→variousadj.多种多样的→varietyn．种类3．affectvt.影响→affectionn．影响4．endangeredadj.濒危的→endangerv．危及，危害5．restorevt.(使)恢复→restorationnⅢ.语境记短语1．dieouthundredsofyearsago 消失；绝迹，灭绝2．wipeoutthroughignorance 彻底毁灭3．betoblamefortheaccident 把……归咎于4．beatriskanytime 处境危险，受到威胁5．upto500guests 多达6．dependontheirparentsforfoodandclothing 依赖，依靠7．takeactiontostopthem 采取行动8．takestepstopreventthespread 采取措施9．inshort 总之10．duetohiscarelessness 由于Ⅳ.仿写练句式1．[教材原句]Inthelast500millionyears,therehavebeenfivetimeswhenlifeonEarthhasalmostended.[句式分析]现在完成时[佳句仿写]近几年来，这一艺术有了新的跃进。Inthelastfewyears,thisarthasmadeabigleap.2．[教材原句]Theyfoundthathumanactivityiscausingspeciestodieout1,000timesfasterthannormal.[句式分析]倍数表示法[佳句仿写]这颗恒星绝对是个巨无霸。它要比我们的太阳大百倍。Thisstarisabsolutelyhuge.It’s100timesbiggerthanoursun.3．[教材原句]Withoutforests,wewouldhavenoairtobreathe,andwithoutcleanwaterwewouldbeunabletosurvive.[句式分析]双重否定[佳句仿写]没有战时的经历的话，海明威就不可能写出《永别了，武器》这部名著。Withouthiswartimeexperiences,Hemingwaywouldn’thavewrittenhisfamousnovelAFarewelltoArms.1．(教材p.52)Extinctions,whereentirespeciesarewipedout,arenotunusualinourEarth’shistory.物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。wipeout彻底毁灭Fivehundredyearsago,theplaguealmostwipedoutthepopulationoftheisland.五百年前，瘟疫几乎消灭了岛上所有的人。归纳拓展wipe...with... 用……擦……wipeaway 擦掉，擦干wipesthoff/from... 把某物从……处擦掉(消除掉)wipesth/sbfrom/offone’smind/memory 有意忘记某事物/某人活学巧练⊙单句语法填空/补全句子①Thesemeasureswillhelptowipeoutpovertyinruralareas.②Wholevillageswerewipedoutbytheearthquake.地震把整座整座的村庄夷为平地。③Shebentdownandwipedthedirtoffhershoesusingadrycloth.她弯下腰，用一块干布把鞋上的泥土擦掉了。④Itriedseveraltimestowipehimoffmymind,butIjustcouldn’t.我几次想把他忘掉，但就是做不到。2．(教材p.52)Thereasonsforextinctionsarevaried.关于灭绝的原因各不相同。variedadj.各种各样的，形形色色的Yet,outdooractivitiesarevariedandtemptingintheUSA.然而，美国的户外活动是多种多样的和吸引人的。归纳拓展(1)variedartforms 多种艺术形式(2)varietyn. 变化；多样性；种类eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(avarietyof,varietiesof)) 种类繁多的；各种各样的(3)varyvt.&vi. varyfrom...to... 从……到……不等；在……到……之间变动varywith 随……而变化(4)variousadj. 各种各样的；多方面的(＝avarietyof)活学巧练⊙单句语法填空/补全句子①Aswecansee,thepricesofvegetablesvarywiththeseason.②Wemayhavevarious(vary)waystodealwithsuchasituation.③IfyoucometovisitChina,youwillexperienceacultureofamazingdepthandvariety(vary)．④Housepricesvaryfromplacetoplaceandareusuallyhighwheretherearefamousschools.各个地方的房价都不同，在有名校的地方房价通常很高。⑤Withthehelpofthistechnique,providingvarious/avarietyof/varietiesofsuggestionsonappropriatewaysofexerciseforpatientsbecomesmucheasier.在这种技术的帮助下，给病人提供各种关于合适的锻炼方式的建议变得容易多了。⊙小话题写作⑥这些书有很多优点。其中之一是我们可以从中找到各种话题，例如科学、文化和历史。Thesebookshavemanyadvantages.Oneofthemisthatwecanfindavarietyoftopics,suchasscience,cultureandhistory.3．(教材p.52)Accordingtoscientists,theyincludevolcaniceruptions,asteroidshittingtheEarthfromspace,changesinsealevels,thedecreaseoftheoxygencontentoftheseaandglobalwarming.科学家认为原因包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降和全球变暖。decreasen．减少；减少的量vi.&vt.减少Ithasbeenreportedthattheexportsofthatcompanyhavedecreasedby3%.据报道，那家公司的出口下降了3%。归纳拓展(1)decreasein 在……减少(2)decreaseto 后接数字，表示“下降到……”(3)decreaseby后接分数、百分数或其他表示数量的词，表示“下降了……”(4)有同样用法的还有grow及increase活学巧练⊙单句语法填空/补全句子①Thenumberofnewstudentsdecreasesto800thisyear.②Thepriceofwheathasdecreasedby10%.③Increaseinpopulationcausedashortageoffood.人口的增加导致了食物的短缺。④Asourfamilyincomedecreased，fatherarguedagainstanincreaseinourpocketmoney.随着家庭收入的减少，爸爸反对增加我们的零花钱。4．(教材p.52)Thistime,humanactivitywillbetoblame.这一次，人类活动是主要原因。blamevt.责怪，指责WetendtoblameTV,hesays,forproblemsitdoesn’treallycause,overlookingourownrolesinshapingchildren’sminds.他说，我们倾向于把责任归咎于电视而忽略了我们自己在塑造孩子思想上产生的影响，而问题却不在电视上。归纳拓展(1)betoblame(forsth) 应该为(某事)负责任，应该(为某事)受责备blamesthonsb/sth 把某事归咎于某人/某事blamesbforsth/doingsth 因(做)某事而责备某人(2)blamen. 过失；责备put/lay/placetheblame(forsth)onsb 把(某事)归咎于某人活学巧练⊙单句语法填空/补全句子①Sheblamedherhusbandforthefailureoftheirmarriage.②Oneofthecomputersisbrokenandsheisblamingitonme.③Don’ttrytolaytheblameforthisonothers.④Iamnottoblameformylaziness,mum.I’mwhatyouhavemademe.妈妈，你不该责备我懒惰。我这么懒也是你娇惯出来的。⊙小话题写作⑤说实话，这是苏的错，但李也应该负有责任。Tobehonest,itwasSu’sfaultbutLiwasalsotoblame.5．(教材p.52)Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally,therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。dieout消失；绝迹，灭绝Infact,halfofthe6,000～7,000languagesspokenaroundtheworldtodaywilllikelydieoutbythenextcentury,accordingtotheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)．实际上，根据联合国教科文组织报告，到下个世纪，世界上现有使用的6,000～7,000种语言中有一半将可能消失。归纳拓展dieaway (声音、风、光等)逐渐消失dieoff (一群生物)相继死去diedown (慢慢地)熄灭；平息(静)下来活学巧练⊙单句语法填空/补全句子①Thepracticeofchildrenworkinginfactorieshasnearlydiedout.②Wenolongerseethisanimal—maybeithasdiedout.我们再也看不到这种动物了，或许它早就灭绝了。③Thesoundofthecardiedawayinthedistance.汽车的响声消失在远处。④Althoughthewindhasdieddown,therainremainssteady,soyoustillneedaraincoat.尽管风停了，但是雨还在下，因此你仍需要带上一件雨衣。6．(教材p.53)Ofcourse,aswehumansdependonsomanyspeciesforoursurvival,wewouldalsobeatriskofdyingout.当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多种物种，我们也有可能濒临灭绝。beatrisk处境危险，受到威胁Thediseaseisspreading,andallyoungchildrenareatrisk.疾病正在流行，所有的幼儿都有危险。归纳拓展(1)riskvt. 冒……的危险；冒险做riskone’slife 冒着生命危险riskdoingsth 冒着做某事的危险/冒险做某事riskn. 冒险；危险的人或物(2)reduce/increasetheriskof 降低/增加……的危险attheriskofdoingsth 冒着做某事的危险run/taketheriskofdoingsth 冒着做某事的危险takearisk/takeriskstodosth 冒险做某事(3)riskyadj. 危险的；冒险的活学巧练⊙单句语法填空/补全句子①Imustn’tannoymybossbecauseIwon’trisklosing(lose)myjob.②It’snicetogetoutinthesun,butifyouoverdoit,youcouldputyourlifeatrisk.③Iwon’tletyoutakesuchrisks.Afterall,itisbettertobesafethansorry.我是不会让你冒这种险的。毕竟，小心一点好，以免以后后悔。④Theypreventedaseriousrailwayaccidentattheriskoflosingtheirownlives.他们冒着失去生命的危险阻止了一次严重的铁路事故。[能力提升]——一句多译有一大家人要养活，所以他不能冒险失去这一次好机会。⑤Hehasalargefamilytosupport，sohecan’ttakerisks/arisktolosethegoodchance.(riskn．)⑥Hehasalargefamilytosupport，sohecan’ttake/runtheriskoflosingthe