英语等级考试《PETS四级》试题（网友回忆版）四

英语等级考试《PETS四级》试题（网友回忆版）四[问答题]1.Directions:Readthefollowingte（江南博哥）xt.ChoosethebestwordorphraseforeachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inthepastdecade,newscientificdevelopmentsincommunicationshavechangedthewaymanypeoplegatherinformationaboutpolitics.Themostimportantofthesenew(21)______istheInternet.RecentresearchsuggeststheuseoftheInternetforpoliticalinformationincreasesthe(22)______ofparticipation.Whilea(n)(23)______relationshipbetweenInternetnewsandpoliticalparticipationhasbeenfound,atheoreticallinkastowhytheInternetis(24)______fromothermediaformsislargely(25)______.Thisresearchisanattemptto(26)______the“black-box”linkingtheInternetandpoliticalparticipationbybuildingontwotheoretical(27)______Thefirst,surgeanddeclinetheory,comesoutofpoliticalscienceandthesecond,mediasystemsdependencytheory,(28)______fromcommunications.Bothexplanationsfocusonindividualcostsandbenefitsofpoliticalparticipation.Themediacan(29)______the“costs”byprovidingsufficientinformationtomake(30)______decisionsaboutvoting.Previousresearch(31)______thattheInternetbenefitsthepublicthroughthecostsideoftheequation.Oneofthemedia’sgreatest(32)______isinformationandthepublic(33)______onmediatoprovidethemwiththein-formationtheyneed.(34)______theInternetiscapableofprovidinginformation(35)______,andfromamultitudeofsources,onewouldexpectitto(36)______politicalactionthroughloweringthecostofin-formation.Besidesloweringparticipationcosts,themediacan(37)______increasethebenefitsofparticipation.Intensemedia(38)______ofaneventsuchasanelectioncan(39)______excitementthatincreasestheperceived“benefit”ofparticipating.TheInternetmayencourageauniqueparticipationbenefit(40)______increasedmobilizationefforts.21.A.technologiesB.materialsC.conceptsD.devices22.A.practicabilityB.feasibilityC.probabilityD.stability23.A.criticalB.analyticalC.empiricalD.technical24.A.specificB.uniqueC.particularD.peculiar25.A.builtB.losingC.missingD.connected26.A.unpackB.unrollC.untieD.unfold27.A.experimentsB.commentsC.approachesD.investigation28.A.orientatesB.initiatesC.correlatesD.originates29.A.alterB.decreaseC.induceD.cover30.A.informedB.acceptedC.understoodD.diversified31.A.declaresB.deniesC.promisesD.argues32.IA]databanksB.resourcesC.sourcesD.costs33.A.baseB.actC.relyD.live34.A.BecauseB.WhileC.IfD.Although35.A.casuallyB.objectivelyC.readilyD.skillfully36.A.advertiseB.popularizeC.manageD.encourage37.A.alsoB.yetC.onlyD.just38.A.interferenceB.statementC.coverageD.image39.A.generateB.promoteC.installD.expose40.A.forB.viaC.atD.from参考答案：21.Atechnology技术；material资料；concept概念；device装置。根据空后的Internet和文章第一句中提到的“通讯交流方面新的科学发展”可推断出，该句表达的是在这些新技术中，最重要的就是互联网的发展，而不是装置、资料或者概念之类的，故答案为A项。22.Cpracticability实用性，可行性；feasibility可行性，可能性；probability可能性；stability稳定性。feasibility和probability都有“可能性”的意思，但有一定区别，feasibility强调事情最终能够做到，完成或者取得成功，而原文中并没有特别强调是否能成功完成，只是强调可能性的存在，互联网在政治信息方面的应用增加了政治参与，故答案为C项。23.Dcritical批评的；analytical分析的；empirical经验的；technical技术的。文章第一句提到“通讯交流方面新的科学发展已经改变了许多人获得政治方面信息的方式”，由此可知，此处表达的是网络新闻和政治参与这两者在技术方面的关系，故答案为D项。24.Cspecific具体的；unique独特的；particular特别的；peculiar奇特的。unique，particular和peculiar意思相近，但三者又有一定区别：unique侧重于表达独一无二，particular侧重于表达脱颖而出，peculiar侧重于表达奇怪的，奇异的。根据句意，此处说的是互联网络为什么会从所有的媒体形式中脱颖而出，故答案为C项。25.Abuild建立；lose失败；miss错过，漏掉；connect连接。由句意“关于互联网为什么会从所有的媒体形式中脱颖而出的理论关系也…”可知，与“关系”搭配的动词只有“建立”符合文意，根据原文中的主语atheoreticallink与动词built之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，可知此处需要使用被动语态，表示被动意义，即build的过去分词形式built，故答案为A项。26.Dunpack打开包裹，从包中取出；unroll铺开，展开；untie解开，松开；unfold打开，呈现。后面接的宾语是blackbox“即黑匣子”，根据常识，匣子应该是被打开的，可推断出这句话的意思是“这项因试图揭开连结互联网与政治参与的‘黑匣子’而进行的研究，是建立在两种理论方法上的”。故答案为D项。27.Cexperiments实验；comments评论；approaches方法，途径；investigations调查，研究。由下文提到“政治科学的此消彼长理论”“通信交流的媒体系统依赖理论”可推知，此处表达的是这项研究建立在两种理论方法之上，故答案为C项。28.Dorientate给……定位；initiate开始；correlate使有相互关系；originate发源。前文提到“Thefirst…comesoutofpoliticalscience…”，类比可知，此处需要一个能够表达与“comeoutof”意思相同的词，originatefrom为固定搭配，表示“发源于，来自于……”，符合句意“第二种是来源于通信交流的媒体系统依赖理论”，故答案为D项。29.Balter改变；decrease减少；induce引起；cover覆盖。第二段最后一句提到鼓励参与政治活动，可知此处表示的意思是通过降低信息成本的方式，故答案为B项。30.Binformed可被告知的；accepted可被接受的；understood可被理解的；diversified多样的。由空前提到的“媒体通过提供丰富的信息”可推断出，利用丰富的信息，人们会更了解选举者的资料，从而保证最终的投票决定可以被人们接受，降低投票决定的沟通成本。故答案为B项。31.Ddeclare宣布；deny否认；promise许诺；argue证明。空后给出了一个观点，即网络可通过减少成本的投入使公众收益，由此可推断出，以前的研究是证明了这样一个观点，即research与argue搭配，故答案为D项。32.Bdatabank数据库；resource资源；source来源；cost花费。根据句意可知本空表达的是“information”是媒体最大的什么，而信息对于媒体来说应该是一种资源，此处选“resource”资源最为合适。信息不单单包含数据，所以databank用在此处不合适，故答案为B项。33.Cbase以……做基础，act扮演；rely依靠；live经历。句子的主语是公众，空后指的是媒体提供他们所需要的信息，结合上文理解可知，只有rely符合文意，公众是依赖这些信息做出投票决定的。relyon依赖；baseon以.……做基础；acton对……起作用；liveon以食……为生，靠……生存，故答案为C项。34.Abecause因为；while而；if如果；although尽管。由于前后都是完整的句子，所以此处应选择一个连词，because表示因果关系，while表示转折关系，if表示条件关系，although表示让步关系。主要要分析前后两句的关系，根据“网络可以凭借众多的资源快捷而方便的提供大量信息”以及“人们希望通过降低信息成本来鼓励参与政治活动”可知两者之间是因果关系，故答案为A项。35.Ccasually随意地；objectively客观地；readily很快地，轻而易举地；skillfully有技巧地。上文提到媒体可通过提供丰富的信息降低沟通成本，以及下文提到网络可凭借众多的资源中可知，网络信息资源很丰富，即网络在提供信息方面具有简便快捷性，故答案为C项。36.Dadvertise为……做广告；popularize普及；manage管理；encourage鼓励。第二段第一句话提到“relationshipbetweenInternetnewsandpoliticalparticipationhasbeenfound”，即人们发现了网络新闻与政治参与的技术关系，接着讲述媒体可通过提供丰富的信息降低让大家接受投票决定的沟通成本，可推知此处网络通过降低成本信息是为了鼓励人们参与政治，故答案为D项。37.Aalso也；yet还；only仅仅；just只是，仅仅。前句表达“除了降低参与成本外”，后句表达“媒体能够增加参与所得的利益”，两者表达的都是网络参与政治活动带来的好处，可推知此处表示“也，另外”的意思，故答案为A项。38.Cinterference干扰；statement声明，陈述；coverage报道；image形象。该空前面是媒体，后面是像选举这类事件，由句意可知此处表示的是媒体对像选举类事件的深度报道，故答案为C项。39.Agenerate产生，引起；promote促进；install安装；expose暴露。结合38题可知该句主语是“深入的报道”，后面所接的宾语是“人们的激情/兴奋”，generateexcitement意为“引起兴奋”，符合文意，故答案为A项。40.Bfor为了，因为；via通过；at在；from来自。四个选项都是介词，但用法不尽相同。for为了……目的；via通过……方式；at以……方式/状态；from由……而来。该空前面讲网络也许会促进一种独特的政治参与，后面讲增强活动力度，由此可知后面讲述的是一种方式，通过后面的方式，才能达到前面的目的，故只有via符合文意，答案为B项。[问答题]2.Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayonit.Inyouressay,youshould(1)describethepicturebriefly,(2)analyzethissituation,and(3)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.参考答案：【参考范文】LoveisPressureFromthecartoonwecanseethatayoungboyiscrying,pressedbyaheavybagoflotsofbooksonhisback,andalittletreeiscurvedbyaheavyplate,too,ironicallysaying“LooksaftertheTrees.”Whatwecanlearnfromthiscartoonisthatexcessivepressureinmodernsocietygivestoomuchburdenonchildrenandistorturingthemasaheavyplatedotothelittletree.Childrenareunderpressuregivenbyparents,schoolandsociety.Someparentsjustreplacechildren’dreamswiththeirs,ignoringwhattheirkidsreallywant.Someexpecttheirchildrentobecomesuccessfulmeninthefuture.Sotheirchildrenareforcedtolearnmanymorecoursesatanearlyage.Theyalsohavetofacethecompetitionamongschoolkidssothattheycouldsurvivethefiercecompetitioninemploymentmarketinthefuture.However,asanoldsayingsays,“Goingtoofarisasbadasnotgoingfarenough”.Thelittletreeinthepicturenearlybreaksbecauseoftheheavyboardmeaningprotectingitnominally.Childrenareinthesamecase.Loveispressureforthemiftheloveisexcessive.Therefore,Isuggestparentsreleasesomepressurefromtheirchildrenandgivetheirchildrensomesparetimetodowhattheywanttodo.Onlyinthiswaycantheyinvestmoreenergyinstudyandstudymoreefficiently.【范文点评】写此类文章关键在于领悟图片的深层含义。本文条理清晰，内容充实。第一段对图片进行客观描述；第二段分析图片所影射的社会现象，现在的孩子承担了太多以爱的名义施加的压力，明确中心；第三段表达出你自己对该社会现象的看法并提出合理化的建议。【闪光词汇】curved弯曲的nominally名义上地forcesb.todosth.强迫某人做某事Goingtoofarisasbadasnotgoingfarenough.过犹不及共享题干题PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1PaulJohnson’sAHistoryOfTheAmericanPeopleiswhatwehavecometoexpectfromthisproductivewriter—clear,colorfulnarrative,vividcharactersketches,marvelousresearch,sweeping,confidentstatements,andaninsistentconservativeviewpointwhichtemptshimintoseriousomissions.Hewillnotconcealhisopinions,hetellsus.Good.Thenwecanjudgehishistoryfreeofpretencestoobjectivity—hisorours.Almostatstart,wenoticesomethinginteresting:JohnsonpassesquicklyoveradefiningmomentinAmericanhistory—theColumbusstory—importantbecauseitisthefirstlessoneveryAmericanschoolchildlearns.Howyoudiveatthatstory—whatyouchoosetotellofit—signalsyourviewofthelongerAmericanexperience,reachingtoourtime.Inschooltextbooks,Columbushasalwaysbeenpresentedasahero.Onlyrecentlyhasanewsetoffacts—alwaysavailablebutignored—beguntogetintopublicattention:thatColumbus,onlanding,anddesperateforgold,encounterednativeAmericanswhowerepeacefulandgenerous(byhisownadmission)andtorturedthem,kidnappedthem,enslavedthem,murderedthem.John-son,whogoesintomuchdetailaboutothermatters(likeRonaldReagan’sjokes)issilentonthis.AmonghisnumerousreferencesthereisnonetoBartolomedelasCasas,aneyewitness,whode-scribedindetailthehorrifyingevilscommittedbyColumbusandhisfellowmenagainsttheIndians,whichresultedinthenativepopulationofHispaniolabeingwipedout—genocideisanappropriateterm—bytheyear1550.Isuggestthisisnotaninnocentomission.JohnsonwantsustolookpositivelyonthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Yes,hesays,therewere“severewrongs”committedin“thedispossessionofanativepeople”andintheinstitutionofslavery.ButhastheUS,heasksatthestartofhisbook,“madeupforitsorganicsins”?HiswholeBooksuggeststhatithas,andthatindoingsoithasBe-come(hesaysattheend)“ahumanachievementwithoutparallel..,thefirst,Besthopeforthehumanrace”.SinceJohnsonhasdecidedthattheUSis“thefirst,besthopeforthehumanrace”,hehasshapeditshistoryaccordingly.IfweprefertoseethathistoryasacomplexandunfinishedsdivuggleofAmericansforjustice,againstmilitarism,foreconomic,racialandsexualequality,wearebadlyservedbyaflatteringadmirationofthoseinpower,pretendingtoheahistoryof“thepeople”.[单选题]1.Thefirstparagraphshowsthattheauthor’sopinionofthebookAHistoryoftheAmericanPeopleis______.A.critical.B.objective.C.defensive.D.admiring参考答案：B参考解析：细节理解题。根据题干信息定位到第一段最后一句“Thenwecanjudgehishistoryfreeofpretencestoobjectivity—hisorours.”，由此可知，如此，我们便可判断他的抑或是我们的历史描述脱离了伪装，而变得非常客观。即《美国人民的历史》一书的作者保罗·约翰逊对待历史的观点是客观的，脱离了伪装，故答案为B项。Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1PaulJohnson’sAHistoryOfTheAmericanPeopleiswhatwehavecometoexpectfromthisproductivewriter—clear,colorfulnarrative,vividcharactersketches,marvelousresearch,sweeping,confidentstatements,andaninsistentconservativeviewpointwhichtemptshimintoseriousomissions.Hewillnotconcealhisopinions,hetellsus.Good.Thenwecanjudgehishistoryfreeofpretencestoobjectivity—hisorours.Almostatstart,wenoticesomethinginteresting:JohnsonpassesquicklyoveradefiningmomentinAmericanhistory—theColumbusstory—importantbecauseitisthefirstlessoneveryAmericanschoolchildlearns.Howyoudiveatthatstory—whatyouchoosetotellofit—signalsyourviewofthelongerAmericanexperience,reachingtoourtime.Inschooltextbooks,Columbushasalwaysbeenpresentedasahero.Onlyrecentlyhasanewsetoffacts—alwaysavailablebutignored—beguntogetintopublicattention:thatColumbus,onlanding,anddesperateforgold,encounterednativeAmericanswhowerepeacefulandgenerous(byhisownadmission)andtorturedthem,kidnappedthem,enslavedthem,murderedthem.John-son,whogoesintomuchdetailaboutothermatters(likeRonaldReagan’sjokes)issilentonthis.AmonghisnumerousreferencesthereisnonetoBartolomedelasCasas,aneyewitness,whode-scribedindetailthehorrifyingevilscommittedbyColumbusandhisfellowmenagainsttheIndians,whichresultedinthenativepopulationofHispaniolabeingwipedout—genocideisanappropriateterm—bytheyear1550.Isuggestthisisnotaninnocentomission.JohnsonwantsustolookpositivelyonthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Yes,hesays,therewere“severewrongs”committedin“thedispossessionofanativepeople”andintheinstitutionofslavery.ButhastheUS,heasksatthestartofhisbook,“madeupforitsorganicsins”?HiswholeBooksuggeststhatithas,andthatindoingsoithasBe-come(hesaysattheend)“ahumanachievementwithoutparallel..,thefirst,Besthopeforthehumanrace”.SinceJohnsonhasdecidedthattheUSis“thefirst,besthopeforthehumanrace”,hehasshapeditshistoryaccordingly.IfweprefertoseethathistoryasacomplexandunfinishedsdivuggleofAmericansforjustice,againstmilitarism,foreconomic,racialandsexualequality,wearebadlyservedbyaflatteringadmirationofthoseinpower,pretendingtoheahistoryof“thepeople”.[单选题]2.ThewaypeoplehavebeendiveatingColumbusstoryindicatestheirviewof______.A.theAmericanschooleducation.B.greatheroesinAmericanhistory.C.thedevelopmentofAmericanhistory.D.theAmericansocietyatpresent.参考答案：C参考解析：细节理解题。根据题干信息定位到第二段最后一句“Howyoutreatthatstory—whatyouchoosetotellofit—signalsyourviewofthelongerAmericanexperience，reachingtoourtime.”，由此可知，你会怎样对待那段历史或是你选择怎样讲述历史——表明了你对美国迄今为止所经历的漫长历史的观点态度，即人们对待哥伦布这段历史表明了其对美国迄今为止所经历的漫长历史发展的态度，故答案为项C。Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1PaulJohnson’sAHistoryOfTheAmericanPeopleiswhatwehavecometoexpectfromthisproductivewriter—clear,colorfulnarrative,vividcharactersketches,marvelousresearch,sweeping,confidentstatements,andaninsistentconservativeviewpointwhichtemptshimintoseriousomissions.Hewillnotconcealhisopinions,hetellsus.Good.Thenwecanjudgehishistoryfreeofpretencestoobjectivity—hisorours.Almostatstart,wenoticesomethinginteresting:JohnsonpassesquicklyoveradefiningmomentinAmericanhistory—theColumbusstory—importantbecauseitisthefirstlessoneveryAmericanschoolchildlearns.Howyoudiveatthatstory—whatyouchoosetotellofit—signalsyourviewofthelongerAmericanexperience,reachingtoourtime.Inschooltextbooks,Columbushasalwaysbeenpresentedasahero.Onlyrecentlyhasanewsetoffacts—alwaysavailablebutignored—beguntogetintopublicattention:thatColumbus,onlanding,anddesperateforgold,encounterednativeAmericanswhowerepeacefulandgenerous(byhisownadmission)andtorturedthem,kidnappedthem,enslavedthem,murderedthem.John-son,whogoesintomuchdetailaboutothermatters(likeRonaldReagan’sjokes)issilentonthis.AmonghisnumerousreferencesthereisnonetoBartolomedelasCasas,aneyewitness,whode-scribedindetailthehorrifyingevilscommittedbyColumbusandhisfellowmenagainsttheIndians,whichresultedinthenativepopulationofHispaniolabeingwipedout—genocideisanappropriateterm—bytheyear1550.Isuggestthisisnotaninnocentomission.JohnsonwantsustolookpositivelyonthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Yes,hesays,therewere“severewrongs”committedin“thedispossessionofanativepeople”andintheinstitutionofslavery.ButhastheUS,heasksatthestartofhisbook,“madeupforitsorganicsins”?HiswholeBooksuggeststhatithas,andthatindoingsoithasBe-come(hesaysattheend)“ahumanachievementwithoutparallel..,thefirst,Besthopeforthehumanrace”.SinceJohnsonhasdecidedthattheUSis“thefirst,besthopeforthehumanrace”,hehasshapeditshistoryaccordingly.IfweprefertoseethathistoryasacomplexandunfinishedsdivuggleofAmericansforjustice,againstmilitarism,foreconomic,racialandsexualequality,wearebadlyservedbyaflatteringadmirationofthoseinpower,pretendingtoheahistoryof“thepeople”.[单选题]3.ThebookmakesnoreferencetoBartolomedelasCasasprobablybecausePaulJohnson______.A.isawriterfondofomissions.B.isn’ttemptedtomakereferences.C.bearsaninbornhadivedforhorrifyingevils.D.doesn’twanttoseetheimageoftheUSstained.参考答案：D参考解析：细节理解题。根据题干信息定位到第四段第一、二句“Isuggestthisisnotaninnocentomission.JohnsonwantsustolookpositivelyonthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.”，由此可知，作者认为这并不单纯是一个疏忽，约翰逊想要这段美国历史被我们积极的看到。因而可推断出保罗·约翰逊想要人们看到美国的积极的一面，不想让美国的形象受到玷污，故答案为D项。Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1PaulJohnson’sAHistoryOfTheAmericanPeopleiswhatwehavecometoexpectfromthisproductivewriter—clear,colorfulnarrative,vividcharactersketches,marvelousresearch,sweeping,confidentstatements,andaninsistentconservativeviewpointwhichtemptshimintoseriousomissions.Hewillnotconcealhisopinions,hetellsus.Good.Thenwecanjudgehishistoryfreeofpretencestoobjectivity—hisorours.Almostatstart,wenoticesomethinginteresting:JohnsonpassesquicklyoveradefiningmomentinAmericanhistory—theColumbusstory—importantbecauseitisthefirstlessoneveryAmericanschoolchildlearns.Howyoudiveatthatstory—whatyouchoosetotellofit—signalsyourviewofthelongerAmericanexperience,reachingtoourtime.Inschooltextbooks,Columbushasalwaysbeenpresentedasahero.Onlyrecentlyhasanewsetoffacts—alwaysavailablebutignored—beguntogetintopublicattention:thatColumbus,onlanding,anddesperateforgold,encounterednativeAmericanswhowerepeacefulandgenerous(byhisownadmission)andtorturedthem,kidnappedthem,enslavedthem,murderedthem.John-son,whogoesintomuchdetailaboutothermatters(likeRonaldReagan’sjokes)issilentonthis.AmonghisnumerousreferencesthereisnonetoBartolomedelasCasas,aneyewitness,whode-scribedindetailthehorrifyingevilscommittedbyColumbusandhisfellowmenagainsttheIndians,whichresultedinthenativepopulationofHispaniolabeingwipedout—genocideisanappropriateterm—bytheyear1550.Isuggestthisisnotaninnocentomission.JohnsonwantsustolookpositivelyonthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Yes,hesays,therewere“severewrongs”committedin“thedispossessionofanativepeople”andintheinstitutionofslavery.ButhastheUS,heasksatthestartofhisbook,“madeupforitsorganicsins”?HiswholeBooksuggeststhatithas,andthatindoingsoithasBe-come(hesaysattheend)“ahumanachievementwithoutparallel..,thefirst,Besthopeforthehumanrace”.SinceJohnsonhasdecidedthattheUSis“thefirst,besthopeforthehumanrace”,hehasshapeditshistoryaccordingly.IfweprefertoseethathistoryasacomplexandunfinishedsdivuggleofAmericansforjustice,againstmilitarism,foreconomic,racialandsexualequality,wearebadlyservedbyaflatteringadmirationofthoseinpower,pretendingtoheahistoryof“thepeople”.[单选题]4.Theword“genocide”(Line8,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans______.A.killingofpeopleofaparticularrace.B.driving-outofnativeinhabitants.C.extinctionofawholegeneration.D.assimilationofethnicgroups.参考答案：A参考解析：猜测词义题。根据题干信息定位到第三段的最后一句“Amonghisnumerousreferencesthereis…whichresultedinthenativepopulationofHispaniolabeingwipedout—genocideisanappropriateterm…”由此可知，1550年时哥伦布犯下的可怕罪行以及哥伦布的随从针对印第安人从而将伊斯帕尼奥拉岛的土著居民全部消灭，genocide是一个合适的词，因而可推知该词指的是一个种族的灭亡，故答案为A项。Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1PaulJohnson’sAHistoryOfTheAmericanPeopleiswhatwehavecometoexpectfromthisproductivewriter—clear,colorfulnarrative,vividcharactersketches,marvelousresearch,sweeping,confidentstatements,andaninsistentconservativeviewpointwhichtemptshimintoseriousomissions.Hewillnotconcealhisopinions,hetellsus.Good.Thenwecanjudgehishistoryfreeofpretencestoobjectivity—hisorours.Almostatstart,wenoticesomethinginteresting:JohnsonpassesquicklyoveradefiningmomentinAmericanhistory—theColumbusstory—importantbecauseitisthefirstlessoneveryAmericanschoolchildlearns.Howyoudiveatthatstory—whatyouchoosetotellofit—signalsyourviewofthelongerAmericanexperience,reachingtoourtime.Inschooltextbooks,Columbushasalwaysbeenpresentedasahero.Onlyrecentlyhasanewsetoffacts—alwaysavailablebutignored—beguntogetintopublicattention:thatColumbus,onlanding,anddesperateforgold,encounterednativeAmericanswhowerepeacefulandgenerous(byhisownadmission)andtorturedthem,kidnappedthem,enslavedthem,murderedthem.John-son,whogoesintomuchdetailaboutothermatters(likeRonaldReagan’sjokes)issilentonthis.AmonghisnumerousreferencesthereisnonetoBartolomedelasCasas,aneyewitness,whode-scribedindetailthehorrifyingevilscommittedbyColumbusandhisfellowmenagainsttheIndians,whichresultedinthenativepopulationofHispaniolabeingwipedout—genocideisanappropriateterm—bytheyear1550.Isuggestthisisnotaninnocentomission.JohnsonwantsustolookpositivelyonthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Yes,hesays,therewere“severewrongs”committedin“thedispossessionofanativepeople”andintheinstitutionofslavery.ButhastheUS,heasksatthestartofhisbook,“madeupforitsorganicsins”?HiswholeBooksuggeststhatithas,andthatindoingsoithasBe-come(hesaysattheend)“ahumanachievementwithoutparallel..,thefirst,Besthopeforthehumanrace”.SinceJohnsonhasdecidedthattheUSis“thefirst,besthopeforthehumanrace”,hehasshapeditshistoryaccordingly.IfweprefertoseethathistoryasacomplexandunfinishedsdivuggleofAmericansforjustice,againstmilitarism,foreconomic,racialandsexualequality,wearebadlyservedbyaflatteringadmirationofthoseinpower,pretendingtoheahistoryof“thepeople”.[单选题]5.TheauthorwouldagreewiththestatementthattheUS______.A.hascompensatedthenativesfortheirearliersufferings.B.hasnevercommittedseriousevilstothenativesinhistory.C.hasnotundonethewrongscommittedinhistory.D.hasbecomethebesthopeforthehumanrace.参考答案：C参考解析：推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到第四段最后一句“Hiswholebooksuggeststhatithas，andthatindoingSOithasbecome(hesaysattheend)“ahumanachievementwithoutparallel…thefirst。besthopeforthehumanlace.”，由此可知，约翰逊的整本书都在暗示美国已经弥补了那些错误，而且在此过程中它已经成为一个无与伦比的人类成就。然而本文作者的观点在最后一段的第二句“Ifwepreferto…forjustice,againstmilitarism,foreconomic,racialandsexualequality…wearebadlyservedbyaflatteringadmirationofthoseinpower…”，即如果我们更喜欢把历史看做是美国人为了争取正义公平对抗军国主义，争取经济、种族和性别平等而进行的复杂而又未尽的奋斗，那么很不幸，我们被当权者所控制的政府阿谀欺骗着。作者认为把美国历史看做是争取公平正义的奋斗是很不幸的，因为我们被当权者欺骗者，即作者认为美国还没有弥补他们所犯下的历史错误，故答案为C项。Text2Inthe21stcenturythere’snodoubtthatfrighteningnewinfectiousdiseaseswillappear.Todaynewvirusesarecomingoutofnatureand“discovering”thehumanspecies.Justsince1994,atleast30newviruseshaveappeared.Virusesaremovingintothehumanspeciesbecausetherearemoreofusallthetime.Fromavirus’pointofview,welooklikeafreelunchthat’sgettingbigger.Innatureviraldiseasestendtobreakoutwhenpopulationsincreaserapidlyandbecomedenselypacked.Thenmanydeathsoccurandthepopulationdrops.Thisisnature’spopulation-condivolmechanism.Thereisnoreasontothinkthehumanraceisfreefromthelawsofnature.Givingtheselawsanexdivapushwillbetheriseofmegacities—hugedenselypackedcitiesinlessdevelopednations.AUnitedNationsstudypredictsthatbytheyear2015,therewillbe26exdivemelybigcitiesontheplanet.Bythen,somemegacitiescouldhave30millionormorepeople.ThatisapproximatelythetotalpopulationofCalifornia.ImagineallthepeopleinCaliforniacrowdedtogethertightlyintoonevastcity.Thenremovemostdoctorsandmedicalcare,takeawaybasicsanitationandhygiene,andyouhaveabiological“timebomb”.Nowmakeeightortensuch“bombs”andplantthemaroundtheworld.Alsoconsiderthebiologicalweaponstheworldwillbecapableofproducinginthefuture.The20thcenturysawthecreationofgreatandterribleweaponsbasedontheprinciplesofnuclearphysics.The21stcenturywillseegreatandterribleweaponsbasedontheknowledgeofDNAandthegeneticcode.Asbiotechnologybecomesmoresophisticatedandpowerful,biologistswilllearnhowtomixgenesofdifferentmicrobestocreateunnaturalsdivainsthatcanbeturnedintodeadly,effectiveweapons.Biologicalweaponsareadisgracetobiology.Mostbiologistshaven’twantedtotalkoreventhinkaboutthem.Thephysicistslosttheirinnocencewhenthefirstnuclearbombwentoffin1945.Thebiologistswilllosetheirinnocencewhenthefirstbiologicalweaponspreadsthroughthehumanspecies.Yetthe20thcenturysurviveddespitetheexistenceofthenuclearbomb.Therewasgreateconomicandscientificprogressandmuchhumanhappiness.Thesamecanbedivueinthenextcentury.Wemaynotcompletelywinthe21stcenturymicrobewar,butIamconfidentthatwewon’tloseit.[单选题]6.Infectiousdiseasesaremorelikelytooccurwhere______.A.differenthumanracesaremixedinliving.B.manypeopleliveincrowdedcommunities.C.populationdropsduetonature’scondivolmechanism.D.newvirusesappearforthefirsttime.参考答案：B参考解析：细节理解题。根据题干信息定位到第二段第二句“Innatureviraldiseasestendtobreakoutwhenpopulationsincreaserapidlyandbecomedenselypacked”，由此可知，病毒性疾病倾向于在人口快速增长且变得密集的时候爆发，即传染病容易发生在有很多人居住的拥挤社区，故答案为B项。Virusesaremovingintothehumanspeciesbecausetherearemoreofusallthetime.Fromavirus’pointofview,welooklikeafreelunchthat’sgettingbigger.Innatureviraldiseasestendtobreakoutwhenpopulationsincreaserapidlyandbecomedenselypacked.Thenmanydeathsoccurand