阅读理解考研英语一真题

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阅读理解考研英语一真题1

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Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritainsNationalHealthService(NHS)andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence(AI)paniesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationmissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn2024onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatientsrightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.

DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely“processedit.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.

Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitisparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.

Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenhamsreportisawelestart.

31.WhaistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?

Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.

Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient’srights.

Itfellshortofthelattersexpectations

Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.

32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenhamsverdictwith

emptypromises.

toughresistance.

necessaryadjustments.

sincereapologies.

33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that

privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.

leakingpatientsdataisworsethansellingit.

makingprofitsfrompatientsdataisillegal.

thevalueofdataesfromtheprocessingofit

34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealis

theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.

theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.

theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.

themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.

35.TheauthorsattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis

ambiguous.

cautious.

appreciative.

contemptuous.

阅读理解考研英语一真题2

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ThejournalScienceisaddinganextrasourceatPeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNottannouncedtoday.TheFollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatMistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtothePublishedresearchfindings.

Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,theJournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingManuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybytheJournalseditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerTheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthese

Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid,ThecreationofthestatisticsboardwasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofSciencesoveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.

GiovanniParmigiani，abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardtoplayprimarilyonadvisoryrole.HeagreedtojoinbecausehefoundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.

JohnIoannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyisamostwelestepforwardandlongoverdue,Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview，andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.

Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarminglymoninpublishedresearch，accordingtoDavidVaux，acellbiologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2024，butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline，engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess.VauxsaysthatSciencesideatopasssomepaperstostatisticianshassomemerit，butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentifythepapersthatneedscrutinyinthefirstplace.

31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphIthat

Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.

journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.

fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.

lackofdataanalysisismoninresearchprojects.

32.Thephraseflaggedup(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto

found.

revised.

marked

stored

33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay

poseathreattoallitspeers

meetwithstrongopposition

increaseSciencescirculation.

setanexampleforotherjournals

34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow

A.addstoresearchersworklosd.

B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.

C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.

D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers

B.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

C.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditorsDesks

D.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

阅读理解考研英语一真题3

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Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paid”media–suchastelevisionmercialsandprintadvertisements–stillplayamajorrole，paniestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“owned”mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.

Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia，suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers‘responses.Butinsomecases，onemarketer’sownedmediabeeanothermarketer‘spaidmedia–forinstance，whenane-merceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-merceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend，whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy，effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.JohnsonJohnson，forexample，hascreatedBabyCenter，astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotesplementaryandevenpetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingine，thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective，givespaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofotherpanies’marketing，andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallpaniesconcerned.

Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)municationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker，morevisible，andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia：anassetorcampaignbeeshostagetoconsumers，otherstakeholders，oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks，forinstance，arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.

Ifthathappens，passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts，puttingthereputationofthetargetpanyatrisk.Insuchacase，thepany‘sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful，andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor，forexample，alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign，whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.

31.Consumersmaycreate“earned”mediawhentheyare

obscssedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.

inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.

eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.

enthusiasticaboutremendingtheirfavoriteproducts.

32.AccordingtoParagraph2，soldmediafeature

asafebusinessenvironment.

randompetition.

strongusertraffic.

flexibilityinorganization.

33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia

inviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.

canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.

mayberesponsibleforfiercerpetition.

deserveallthenegativementsaboutthem.

34.ToyotaMotor‘sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof

respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.

persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.

cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.

takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?

Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.

Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.

Dominanceofhijackedmedia.

Popularityofownedmedia.

阅读理解考研英语一真题4

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Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketopandemicflutoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.

Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears-sowhyshouldntwe?Takeabroaderlookatourspeciesplaceintheuniverse,anditbeesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears(see100,000AD:Livinginthedeepfuture).LookupHomosapiensintheIUCNsRedListofthreatenedspecies,andyouwillread:ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyincreasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline.

Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersandorganisationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.Forexample,theLongNowFoundation,basedinSanFrancisco,hascreatedaforumwherethinkersandscientistsareinvitedtoprojecttheimplicationsoftheirideasoververylongtimescales.Itsflagshipprojectisamechanicalclock,burieddeepinsideamountaininTexas,thatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.

Thentherearescientistswhoaregivingseriousconsiderationtotheideathatweshouldrecogniseanewgeologicalera:theAnthropocene.They,too,arepullingthecamerarightbackandaskingwhathumanitysimpactwillbeontheplanet-inthecontextofstratigraphictime.

Perhapsperversely,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftodaystechnology,anditssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglyplicated,anditsperhapsbestlefttoscience-fictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.ThatsonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.

Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanet,andourspecies,tomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves.

Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprosp