英语毕业论文-基于目的论的四川导游词研究

PAGEPAGE1本科毕业论文题目：TheStudyofGuides'CommentariesinSichuanProvince—FromthePerspectiveofSkopostheorie学院：外语学院班级：08级英语本科十一班姓名：指导教师:职称：讲师完成日期：2012年05月25日TheStudyofGuides'CommentariesinSichuanProvince—FromthePerspectiveofSkopostheorieAbstract:Withthedevelopmentofcross-culturalcommunication,tourismplaysanincreasinglyindispensablepartintheculturalexchanges.ThereareabundantlyinnumerabletouristresourcesinSichuanprovinceanditisfairlyurgenttointroducethemtoforeignvisitors.However,manyproblemsariseinthepresenttranslationoftouristtextsninthatthereareenormousdiscrepanciesinlinguisticstructures，stylisticfeaturesandculturalbackgroundsbetweenChineseandEnglish.BasedonKatharinaReiss’stexttypology,HansJ.Vermeer’sSkopotheorieJusta,Holz-manttri’stranslationactiontheoryandChristianeNord’sconceptoffunctionplusloyalty,thisthesisattemptstodiscusscertaintranslationstrategiesoftouristguidecommentariesandtakesthetouristattractionsofSichuanProvinceasexamples.ItiscordiallyexpectedthatthisresearchwillbenotonlyhelpfulforboostingthequalityontranslationofSichuanProvince’stouristguidecommentaries,butalsorewardingforguidingthetranslationoftourismtextsoftherestresortsinChina.Keywords:Skopostheorie;guide'scommentary;translationtechniquesContentsTOC\o"1-4"\h\z\uAbstract(English): （I）1Introduction （1）2LiteratureReview （2）3Theories （3）3.1Skopostheorie （3）3.1.1TheDevelopmentofSkopostheorie （3）3.1.2TheFundamentalPrinciplesofSkopostheorie （4）3.1.2.1TheSkoposRule （4）3.1.2.2CoherenceRule （5）3.1.2.3TheFidelityRule （5）3.2TourGuide’sCommentary （6）3.2.1Definition （6）3.2.2Classification （6）3.2.2.1FolkCustoms （7）3.2.2.2HistoricalRelics （7）3.2.2.3Food （8）3.2.2.4ReligiousAttractions （8）3.2.3Features （9）3.2.3.1BeingAesthetic （9）3.2.3.2BeingInteresting （9）3.2.3.2BeingColloquial （9）4StylisticConventionintheTranslationofGuide’sCommentary （10）4.1CommonPlainWords （10）4.2PreferenceofSimpleSentences （11）4.3MeasuringSystem’sConversion （11）5TranslationTechniquesUsedinGuide’sCommentary （12）5.1Amplification （13）5.2Omission （14）5.3Analogy （14）6Conclusions （15）References （17）Abstract(Chinese)： （17）1IntroductionWiththeincreasingglobalcommunicationandcooperation,thetourismhasdevelopedrapidlyinrecentyears,especiallyinternationaltourism.Asthefirstuniversallanguage,Englishisthefundamentallanguageinguides'commentaries.Therefore,moreandmoreguidesintroduceChinesescenicspotsinEnglish.However,itisobviousthatthepresentguide'scommentaryisfarfromsatisfactoryandithasresultedincommunicationfailure,whichwilldamagetheinternationalimageofSichuaninsomesenses.Thepaperisaboutthestudyofguides,commentariesinSichuanprovincefromtheperspectiveofSkospostheorie.Differentfromtheperspectivesabove,thisthesisisbasedontheSkopostheorie,whichincludesKatharina.Reiss'stexttypology,HansJ.Vermeer'sSkopostheorie,JustaHolz-Manttari'stranslationactiontheoryandChristianeNord’sconceptof“functionsplusloyalty.”Enlightenedbythistheoryandthepracticeasaforeignguideinsummervocation,theauthorgivessomeadviceaboutthetranslationstyleofguide’scommentaryandputsforwardsometranslationtechniques,suchasamplification,omission,analogy,andsoon,whichmaketheinterpretationofguide’scommentaryunderstoodeasily.Guide’scommentaryplaysanimportantroleinattractingforeignvisitorsandtheprimaryaimofthisstudyistofindoutsomeusefultranslationtechniquesundertheguidanceofSkopostheorie.WiththerapiddevelopmentofthetourisminSichuan,moreandmoreforeignersareattractedtothisexcellentandphenomenalland.Soit’surgenttoimprovethetranslationlevelofguide’scommentaryatpresentandhowtopromoteitisabigprobleminfrontofus.Thisthesisgivessomeadviceaboutthisquestionanditssignificanceisasfollows:Firstly,itputsforwardanewcriteriontoevaluatetheguide’scommentary.Thecriterionbeforegivesmoreemphasesonfidelity,linguisticequivalenceandword-for-word,withouttheconsiderationofthesituationorthetargetofthetranslation.AccordingtotheSkopostheorie,whetherthetranslationisfreeorfaithful,dynamicorformalequivalencedependsonthepurposethatthetranslationistoreach.Secondly,itproposessomeusefultranslationtechniquesundertheguidanceofSkopostheoriewhicharebasedontheaimtomaketheguide’scommentaryunderstoodeasily.Theinterpreterscanmakesomenecessaryadjustmentsandtranslatefreelytoachievethisobject.Inthisprocess,thequalityofthetranslationofguide’scommentaryisalsoimprovedinsomesenses.Sothecharacteristicsinthescenicspotsinourprovincecanbetransmittedbetter.2LiteratureReviewBasedonawiderangeofmaterialscoveringavarietyofrelevantbooks,articles,andguides’commentaries,Itisfoundthatmanytourismpractitionersandscholarshavepaidattentiontothisnewtopicinrecentyearsastheinternationalphenomenonsweepstheworld.Soit’snecessarytohaveabriefreviewontheircontribution.Thesereadingscanbedividedintofourtypes:onthebasisoferrorfindingandfieldinvestigation,onthebasisofpragmatictranslation,onthebasisofcultranslationandonthebasisofrelevancetheory.Thereisalotofarticlesstudyingtheguide’scommentaryfromtheperspectiveoferrorfindingandfiledinvestigation.Forexample,inLiGuili’spaper,MistakesintheTranslationofHotelBrochuresinKunmingofMaster’sDegree[1],theauthorclassifiesthemistakesintothreetypes:inappropriatetranslationstyle,grammaticalerrorsandChinglish.Sheadvisesgivingthetranslatoraspecialtrainingtoimprovehisabilityandskills.Asthepragmaticsdevelopsandpermeatesintothetranslationfield，awiderangeofattentionsarepaidtothetheoryofpragmatictranslation.ZouDaninhisthesisformasterdegree,ABriefIntroductiontoPragmaticEquivalence[2],putsforwardthattheintroductionofChinese-Englishtranslationaboutthescenicspotsshouldreachthestandardofpragmaticequivalenceandproposesthetranslationstrategiesofdomesticationandforeignization.It’sahottopicofcultranslationinrecentyears,whichattractsagreatnumberofChinesescholars’attention.ForexampleafamousscholarJinHuikang'sTranslationinInterculturalCommunication[3]，inthisbook,heproposesthattheculturefactoristhemostdifficultpartintranslationandwhetherwetranslateword-to-wordtotransmitthecultureorwithsomeadjustmentstoreducetheculturaldifferencesisdecidedbytheintentionoftranslation.Basedontherelevancetheory,thelastperspective,whichisproposedbySperberandWilsonin1986,furtherdevelopedintothedomainoftranslationbyGutt.ZhangBei[4]inhisthesisformasterdegree,heclaimsthattranslatorshouldtryhisbesttocreatetheoptimalrelevance,whichmeansthattheaudiencetakestheleastefforttounderstandthematerialtranslated.3Theories3.1Skopostheorie3.1.1TheDevelopmentofSkopostheorieSinceSkopostheorieoriginatesinfunctionalisttranslationtheory,it’snecessarytoreviewthedevelopmentoffunctionalistapproachestoobtainawholecomprehensiveunderstandingofSkopostheorie.Therearefouroutstandingpeoplewhomustbementioned:KatharinaReisswhocontributestofunctionalcategoryoftranslationcriticism,VermeerwhoproposestheSkopostheorie,Manttariwhoproposesthetranslationalactiontheory,andNordwhodevelopstheconceptof“functionplusloyalty.”KatharinaReisshasputforwardthefunctionalcategoryintothetranslationcriticism,whichmayberegardedasthestartingpointoffunctionalisttheory.Reissconsidersthattheidealtranslationis“inwhichtheaimintheTL[targetlanguage]isequivalenceasregardstheconceptualcontent,linguisticformandcommunicativefunctionofSL[sourcelanguage]text”[5]Therefore,sheestablishedamodeloftranslationcriticismonthebasisofthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage.InGeneralFoundationofTranslationTheory,whichiswrittenbyReissandVermeer,Reissputsforwardtheidealsof“correlatingtexttypeandtranslationmethodasa‘specifictheory’”[5].Accordingtothedifferentfunctionoftext,Reissdividesthemintothreetypes:operative,expressive,andinformative.Thesethreefunctionsoftenexistinonetext,whichmeansthatonlyoneofthemseldomappearsinonetext.HansJ.VermeerproposestheSkopostheorie,themeaningofwhichisasfollows:“Anyformoftranslationaction,includingthereforetranslationitself,maybeconceivedasanaction,asthemaneimplies.Anyactionanaim,apurpose.[…]ThewordSkopos,thenisatechnicaltermfortheaimofpurposeofatranslation.[…]Further:anactionleadstoaresult,anewsituationorevent,andpossiblya‘new’object.”[5]Vermeerconsidershumanactionasapurposefulbehavior.Sothetranslationisapurposefulactivity.Vermeeralsoputsthatthetranslationis“toproduceatextinatargetsettingforatargetpurposeandtargetaddressesintargetcircumstances.”[5]Thatistosay,thetranslatorhasmorefreeintheactivityoftranslation.Bypresentingthetranslationalactionstheorythatisawayfromthetraditionalconceptsandtheexceptions,Justa·Holz-Manttarihasmovedonestepfurther.Sheconsiderstranslationasacomplexactionwhoseaimistoachieveaparticularpurpose.Shegivesmoreemphasisandpaysmoreattentiontoparticipants(initiator,messagereceiver,translatoranduser).Asforthistheory,ononehand,it’sbeneficialfortranslatorstohaveadeepthoughtinthetranslationprocess.Onetheotherhand,itallowsthetranslatortohavetoomuchfreedomthatwillhaveabadinfluenceonthetranslation.Theninthebook，TranslationasaPurposefulActivity,ChristianeNordputsforwardtheconceptof“functionplusloyalty”soastobalancetheSkopostheorie.Functionmeansthatthetargetlanguagehasanintentioninthetargetcondition.Loyaltyindicatesthat“responsibilitytranslatorshavetowardtheirpartnersintranslationalinteraction”[5]Itisaninterpersonalrelationshipamongtheinitiator,thetranslator,thesource-languagesenderandthetarget-languageaddressee.Soaccordingtothistheory,functionandloyaltyaretwoimportantrulesinthefunctionalistapproachandit’sverynecessarytocombinethemtogether.3.1.2TheFundamentalPrinciplesofSkopostheorieInSkopostheorie,thethreebasicrulesareSkoposrule,coherenceruleandfidelityrule.3.1.2.1TheSkoposRuleSkopos,whichisaGreekwordforpurpose,meansthatthemainprinciplethatdeterminesanytranslationprocessistheaimofthewholetranslationalaction.Intranslation,therearethreetypesofpurpose:“thegeneralpurposeaimedatbythetranslationinthetranslationprocess,(perhapstoearnaliving),thecommunicativepurposeaimedatbythetargettextinthetargetsituation(perhapstoinstructthereader)andtheliteralpurposeaimedatbyaparticulartranslationstrategyorprocedure(forexample,‘totranslateliterallyinordertoshowthestructuralparticularitiesofthesourcelanguage’)”[6].UsuallySkoposmeanstheaimofthetargetlanguage.Skoposrule,astoprankingrule,determinesatranslationaction,thatistosay,“theendjustifiesthemeans”.TheSkoposruleisexplainedasthat:“Eachtextisproducedforagivenpurposeandshouldservethispurpose.TheSkoposrulethusreadsasfollows:translate/interpret/speak/writeinawaythatenableyourtext/translationtofunctioninthesituationinwhichitisusedandwiththepeoplewhowanttowanttouseitandpreciselyinthewaytheywantittofunction.”[5]DifferenttranslationactionshavedifferentSkopos.Soit’sthetranslator’sdutytojustifythepurposeofatranslationalactioninaparticulartranslationsituation.Theaimofguide’scommentaryintranslationisnotonlytotransmittheculturalcomponentsthatareincludedinthebeautifulsceneryandculturalrelics,butalsotoattractandevokethepotentialvisitors’attentiontopayavisit.AccordingtotheSkoposrule,thepurposeofthetargetlanguagedeterminesmethodsandtranslationstrategiesaswellasthearrangementandselectionofformandcontent.TheauthorwillintroducesomeusefultranslationaltechniquesundertheguidanceofSkopo’sruleinnextpart.3.1.2.2CoherenceRuleThecoherencerulemeansthat“atranslationshouldbeacceptableinasensethatitiscoherentwiththereceivers’situation.”[6]Thisindicatesthatthetargetlanguageshouldmakesenseinthetargetcultureorthecommunicativesituationandbeunderstoodeasily,whichmeansthatthetargetlanguagethetranslatorshavetranslatedshouldbemeaningfultothetargetculturereceivers.3.1.2.3TheFidelityRuleThetargetlanguageisexpectedtobearrelationswithcorrespondingsourcelanguage,whichiscalledbyVermeerfidelityorintertextualcoherence,thethirdfundamentalruleofSkopostheorie.Thecoherencereferstotherelationshipbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage.Coherenceisatypeofmaximallyfaithfulimitationaboutthesourcelanguage.Inaword,thethreefundamentalrulesofSkopostheorieaimtocontrolthetranslators’actioninallthetranslationprocess.However,thetranslatorcan’tsatisfyallthesethreerulesatthesametimeasaresultofthefactthattheSkoposinthetranslationispossiblytodeviatefromthepurposeofthecorrespondingsourcelanguage.Abouttheorderofthesethreerules,“intertextualcoherenceisconsideredsubordinatetointratextualcoherenceandbotharesubordinatetotheSkoposrule”.[5]Thetranslator’sfirstconcerninthetranslationistheSkoposorthepurposethatshouldbereachedfirst.WhentheSkoposrequiresachangeoffunctioninthetargetlanguage,thenthestandardwon’tbeintertextualcoherencewiththesourcelanguage.Forexample,inthetheatreofabsurd,theSkoposdemandsintratextualcoherence,sothentheintratextualcoherenceruleisnotvalidinthiscondition.3.2TourGuide’sCommentaryInordertofacilitatethediscussionofthetranslationtechniques,theauthorwillconcentrateongivingabriefintroductionoftheguide’scommentaryincludingitsdefinition,classificationandfeatures,inthattoalargedegreethesefactorshaveinfluencesonthechoiceoftranslationtechniques.3.2.1DefinitionWhatisguide’scommentary?ItisdefinedbyChenGang[7]assubgenreoftouristliteraturethatcoversawiderangeofmaterialslikeintroductionstotouristattractions,tourismadvertisements,hotelinformation,tourismbrochures,publicitybrochures,slogans,touristguidebooks,tourismcontract,placenamesandroadsigns.Heclassifiesguides’commentariesintothreetypes:combinedtype,impromptupresentationtypeandpre-translatedtype.ZhouDanhasdefinedguide’scommentaryasdiscourseorverbaltextwhichisprovidedtotouristsbytourguidesonthescenicspotandonthewayoftravelingwithitsmainpurposestohelpvisitorsunderstandthelocalcustomsandscenerybetter.[2]Thispaperstudiesguide’scommentarythatreferstonecessaryinterpretationofferedforforeigntouristsduringthistrip.Guidesusethisdiscoursetypetopromotethespotandguidetheforeignvisitors.3.2.2ClassificationBydifferentstandardstourguides’commentarieswillbeclassifiedintodifferenttypes.Forexample,ChenGang[7]hasclassifiedthemintothecombinedtype,impromptupresentationtypeandpre-translatedtype.Theyalsocanbeclassifiedintoon-the-spotguides’commentariesandon-the-wayguides’commentaries.Thisthesisclassifiesthemintofourtypestofacilitatethelaterdiscussionofthetranslationtechniquesaccordingtothecontent:folkcustoms,historicalrelics,foodandreligiousattractions.3.2.2.1FolkCustomsTheChinesenationconsistsof56differentnationalities.Theminoritynationalitiesclearlydistinguishthemselvesfromtheothergroups.TibetannationalityandQiangpeoplearetwominoritiesinSichuan,whichhavethelargepopulation.Tibetannationalityfeaturesonitscustoms,itsrobeswithlongsleeves,looseinboththebodyandthefront,andfinedonthebodywithanexpensivebroodsilksash.ATibetanmanusuallybearsaTibetanswordstuckinhisbelt,wearahatmadeoffoxfur,feltorleatherwithtwocoloredsilkribbons,whileaTibetanwomanusuallywrapsherheadwithacolorfulshawlwiththeheadgear,suchasdazzlingsilverearringornecklacesandjadearticleswhichpresentagorgeouslook.QiangpeoplearegoodsignersandtraditionaldancersforsacrificialritualssuchastheShalangDance,ArmorDanceandleatherDrumDance.Besides,thedancesareaccompaniedwithmusicplayedbygongs,handdrums,suona(aloudspeaker-shapedwindinstrument)andQiangflutewhichisoneoftheoldesttraditionalinstrumentsinChina,soundssweet,melodious,penetratingandinspiring.Otherethicgroups’customslike“WalkingMarriage”andLiangshanYiNationalityTorchFestivalalsointriguetouristsathomeandabroad.[8]3.2.2.2HistoricalRelicsSichuan’scolorfulandrichcultureispresentedbytheThree-Kingdomlegend,Hakkanationality,SanxingduiRuins,thememorialsitesofpoetsinChinesehistoryandirrigationproject.ThereistheThree-Kingdomcultureinmanyplaces,suchasPangTong’sTempleandGravesofDeyang,WuhouTempleofChengdu,Mt.FuleofMianyangandZhangfei’sTempleofLangzhong.ThebestrepresentationofthearchitecturalcultureofHakkapeopleis“thetypicaltownofHakkanationalityofwestChina”.TheobjectsinSanxingduiRuinsrepresentthehighestachievementofancientShucultureandrevealthehighlydevelopedcivilizationasrepresentedbySanxingduiRuinsanditsancientmysteriesarecomparabletotheEgyptianPyramids.Thepoets’residences,suchasDuFu’sThatchedCottageandLiBai’sMemorialHallareinSichuan.OneofthethreegreatwaterconservationprojectsinancientChinaisDujiangyanIrrigationprojectwhichhasbeenplayinganimportantroleinchannelingwatertoChengduplainandturnedittotheworld-famous“LandofAbundance”.3.2.2.3FoodSichuanaboundswithspecialandlocalproductsanditscuisinedeservesmentioning,asoneofChina’sfourmajorculinaryfoods(BeijingFood,GuangdongFood,JiangsuFoodandSichuanFood).Morethan2000kindsofsnacksanddishesinSichuanarepopularforitsappearanceandtaste.Differencesinthewaythefoodispreparedandtheirvarioustypesprovideaninterestingwaytolearnanothercultureinthatpeoplehavetoeatandoftenenjoydoingso,thentryingnewfoodbecomesanovelexperiencewhichisenjoyedbymosttourists,whenguidesseektorefineandbeautifythefoods,theirculturalconnotationisdemonstrated.Foodculturehasavoidedthesimplepursuitofonlyenjoymentofmaterialandchangedittotheenjoymentofthingsmorehighly.Sichuanfoodpaysattentiontocustoms,ceremony,circumstances,utensilsholdingthefood,formnutrition,taste,fragranceandcolors,whichbecomescloselyrelatedwithplay,dance,drawing,music,poetryandsoforth.Mixingculturalatmospherewitheasternflavor,SichuanfoodenjoysagreatreputationinChina.Whenforeigntouristscometoenjoythesceneryanditsfood,theyalsocanenjoytheculturalconnotationofthemsubconsciously.[8]3.2.2.4ReligiousAttractionsReligionalsoleadstotravelling.Thistypeoftourismincludesvisits,meetingsorpilgrimagestohistoricalsitesandreligiousheadquarters.Thisformoftourismstemsfromthespiritualmotivationofforeigntouristswiththesamefaithorforeigntourists’curiosity.ThemainreligiousattractionsinSichuanareaboutTaoismandBuddhism.Taoism,whichisindigenoustotheHannationality,originatesaroundthe2ndcenturyA.DwithZhangDaolingasitsfounder.ThemainbuildingsaboutTaoisminSichuanareMt.Qingcheng,ShangqingTemple,TianshiHallandJianfuTemple.AndthemainbuildingsthatrepresentBuddhismareNunkanCliffStatues,Mt.Zhenfo,LeshanGiantBuddhawhichissituatedonthewestsideoftheconfluenceofMinjiang,DaduheandQingyijiangriversandMt.Emei,as“arenownedBuddhistsite”.3.2.3Features3.2.3.1BeingAestheticBecausetouriststraveltoappreciatebeauty,theguidesshouldusedescriptiveandbeautifullanguagetosatisfythetourists’demands.Besides,ourpicturesquemotherlanddeservesbeautifuldescription.EX.1:这里古木参天，怪岩林立，碧潭飞瀑应接不暇，自有一种远离尘嚣，与世隔绝的感觉。[8]Theancienttreesthattowerintothesky,thegrotesquerocksthatspringlikemushrooms,andthenumerouspondsandwaterfallsgiveyouafeelingofescapingfromthemundaneworld.[8]Whenthetouristshearthisbeautifuldescription,theywillbesatisfiedandexcited.What’smore,theymaytelltheirgoodexperienceinChinatotheirfriendsandrelativesandthenthenumberoftheinboundtouristswouldincrease.Onthecontrary,iftheytravelinsobeautifulplacebuthearboringintroductions,theywillberegretfulorevenangry,whichmaybemakestheirfirstvisittoSichuanbecomethelast.3.2.3.2BeingInterestingHere“Interesting”meansthattheguide’scommentaryshouldbeinterestingandattractive.The“Interesting”alsomeansthattheguideusessometechniquestomaketheintroductionhumorous,forexample,jokes.Italsomeansthattheguideusesstoriesorsuspensetoattractthetourists.Forexample,whenintroducingtheHuanhuaxiBrook,theguidegivesanstoryaboutthesourceofitsname“It’ssaidthatintheTangDynastyagirlwhosesurnamewasRenwaswashingclothesbythebrookwhenamonkcame.Heaskedhertowashhisstainedkasaya.Thegirlagreedwithouthesitation.Assoonassheimmersedthekasayaintothewater,numerouslotusflowersappearedinthebrook.Fromthenon,peoplenamedthebrookHuanhuaxi,whichmeanswashing-flowerbrook”.[8]Thusthetouristscouldenjoythebeautifulsceneryaswellasinterestingstoriesbehindit.3.2.3.2BeingColloquialTheguide’scommentaryisintroducedtotheforeigntouristsonthespot,thusthelanguageshouldbeunderstoodeasily.Inordertoreachthisgoal,everypartofguide’scommentary,fromgrammartorhetoricmeansandfromphoneticstovocabularyshouldbeinlinewiththerequirementforspokenlanguage.Excellenttourguide’scommentarycanstimulatetheforeigntouristswithknowledgeandinformation,increasetheirdelightinthetravelingandgivethemenjoyment.Inordertoreachthesegoals,thelanguageofguide’scommentaryshouldbeaesthetic,interestingandcolloquial.Thetranslatorshouldkeepthesefeathersinmind,sothenativeChinesecultureistransmittedtotheforeigntouristseffectivelyandthelanguageisfitforon-the-spotintroductionwhichbringsthetouristsamorepleasantjourney.4StylisticConventionintheTranslationofGuide’sCommentaryTheauthorliststhefeatureofguide’scommentaryinformerpart.Itisdifferentfromgeneraltourists’manualsandmaterials.Theguide’scommentarydemandsconventionalformsthatareevenraisedtothestatusofsocialnorms.“Sincegenreconventionsaremostlyculture-specific,theyplayanimportantroleinfunctionaltranslation.Ifatargettextistobeacceptableasrepresentativeofatarget-culturegenre,thetranslatorhastobefamiliarwiththeconventionsthatthetargettextistoconformto.Further,inordertoevaluateasourcetext’slinguisticfeaturesintermsofconventionalityororiginality,thetranslatorhastobefamiliarwiththeconventionsofthegenretowhichthetextbelongs”.[5]Therefore,ananalysisofspecialstylisticconventionofguide’scommentarywillbefocusedoninthissection.4.1CommonPlainWordsInthetranslationofguide’scommentary,thetranslatorissuggestedtochoosecommonwordsinsteadofusingtechnicalorrareterminology.Threereasonsareasfollows:Firstly,thesocialranksandcareerbackgroundofforeigntouristsaredifferent.Soit’sdifficulttoknowwhetherallthetouristsinthegroupunderstandthecomplexwords.Secondly,itmaybehardtocomprehendtoospecificwordsformillionsoftouristswhoarefromnon-EnglishspeakingcountriesbutstillcommunicateinEnglishlanguagewithotherculturalbackgrounds.Thirdly,people,whethertheyarewell-educatedornot,probablypreferthesimplewordsratherthanacceptthecomplicatedones.Thusit’snecessarytousecommonwordsinthetranslationofguide’scommentaryandthentheforeigntouristscouldpickuptheinformationquicklyandclearly.Forexample,“碑林”hasanimportantstatusinChinesehistoricalinterests.Therearetwomainversionstranslatingthissimpleword“forestofsteles”and“forestofstonetablets”.Ingeneral,thelatterisbetterthantheformer.Therearetworeasonsaboutthisconclusion.Firstly,“stele”,asaGreekarchaicwordisrarelyknowntomanytouristsanditespeciallyreferstothosestonetabletsorpostwithsculptures.Secondly,“stele”hastwospellingforms:stela[sti:l]andstele[sti:li].4.2PreferenceofSimpleSentencesItwillbeeasyfortheforeigntouriststounderstandsimpleandshortsentencesratherthancomplexones.Infact,atraveloravisitcanberegardedasanexperiencetounderstandandknowaboutthetouristdestinationwithinalimitedtimeandtourguidescanbeconsideredasthepeoplewhogivelectures.Thus,likethemosteffectivelecturer,themostsuccessfulguideismeasuredbythequantityofinformationtheguidecantransmittotheforeigntouristinadefinitetime.Itturnsoutthatsimple,shortandemphaticsentencesworkinasuccessfulinterpretation;onthecontrary,complexandlongsentenceswillconfusetheforeignvisitorsandusuallytheyareimpatienttolistentothematacrowdedscenicspot.Besides,whenthesesentencesarebrieflyandeasilyrestated,including“nuggets”ofinformation,theyaremorelikelytoberememberedfortheforeigntourists.Grinderhasconcludedthat“thebestsentencesareshort”.[9]Thus,generallylongsentenceswithcomplicatedparticiplephrasesandpassivevoicearenotusedi