第四章经济剩余分析课件

第四章经济剩余分析2007Fall1几个消费者剩余度量尺度马歇尔的消费者剩余ConsumerSurplus价格变动的补偿CV等值变动EV补偿剩余CS等值剩余ES2价格变动的补偿CV常被称为补偿变化compensatingvariation：为使某人保持变化以前的福利水平，应该从他那里取走的补偿金的数额。

回想卡尔多补偿对良种农产品的补贴，对农民养猪的补贴3价格变动的补偿CVPertainingtoPriceReductionTheCompensatingincomevariation(shownasCVinthefollowedfigure)equalstheamoutofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,afterareductioninthepriceofXhascausedhimtopurchasealargerquantityofXatthelowerprice,wouldhavetopayinordertobepushedbackthesameindifferencelevelthathehadattainedwhenhepurchasedasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P1224价格变动的补偿CVPertainingtoPriceIncreasesTheCompensatingincomevariationequalstheamoutofalump-sumsubsidywhichtheconsumer,afteranincreaseinthepriceofXhascausedhimtopurchaseasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice,wouldhavetopaywouldhavetoreceiveinordertobeliftedbacktothesameindifferencelevelthathehadattainedwhenhepurchasedalargerquantityofXatthelowerprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P1225补偿变化衡量的是一个计划者的净收入。这个计划者必须在价格变化发生之后，对消费者进行补偿使消费者的效用恢复到初始效用水平。

它可以设想为计划者为使消费者同意价格发生变化而必须向消费者支付的金额的负数。补偿变化与可以表述为：价格变动的补偿CV6价格变动的补偿CV7价格变动的补偿CV希克斯需求函数马歇尔需求函数8等同变差equivalentvariation：在没有变化发生的情况下，为了使某人达到变化发生后他可能达到的福祉水平而应给予他的补偿金的数额。

与补偿变动的区别？回想希克斯补偿标准向农民征地前政府承诺的补偿等同变差或等值变动（EV）9等同变差EVPertainingtoPriceReductionsTheequivalentincome

variation(shownasEVinthefollowedfigure)equalstheamountofalump-sumsubsidywhichtheconsumer,afterpurchasingacertainquantityofXatagivenprice,wouldhavetoreceiveinordertobelifteduptothesameindifferencelevelthathewouldattainifareductioninthepriceofXatthelowerprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P12310等同变差EVPertainingtoPriceIncreasesTheequivalentincome

variationequalstheamountofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,afterpurchasingacertainquantityofXatagivenprice,wouldhavetopayinordertobepusheddowntothesameindifferencelevelthathewouldattainifanincreaseinthepriceofXcausedhimtopurchaseasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P12311关于等同变差说明等同变差可想象为一笔金钱，消费者在接受这一笔钱和接受价格变化间是无差异的，也就是说，就对福利的影响而言，这笔钱和价格变化等价的。等同变差EV12等同变差EV13等同变差EV14补偿剩余CS补偿剩余CompensatingSurplus：当某人被限制以变化后的新价格购买如果没有补偿他所购买的物品的量时，为使他保持变化以前的福利水平，而应该从他那里取走的补偿金的数额。与补偿变化CV的区别？变化后的价格没有补偿的数量－－－变化后的数量15补偿剩余CSPertainingtoPriceReductionsThecompensatingconsumer’ssurplus(shownasCSinthefollowedfigure)equalstheamoutofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,afterareductioninthepriceofXhascausedhimtopurchasealargerquantityofXatthelowerprice,wouldhavetopayinordertobepushedbacktothesameindifferencelevelthathehadattainedwhenhepurchasedasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P12316补偿剩余CSPertainingtoPriceIncreasesThecompensatingconsumer’ssurplusequalstheamoutofalump-sumsubsidywhichtheconsumer,afteranincreaseinthepriceofXhascausedhimtopurchaseasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice,wouldhavetoreceiveinordertobeliftedbacktothesameindifferencelevelthathehadattainedwhenhepurchasedalargerquantityofXatthelowerprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P12317补偿剩余CSX价格降低18补偿剩余CS希克斯需求函数马歇尔需求函数19等值剩余ES等值剩余EquivalentSurplus：在没有发生变化的情况下，如果某人被限制以旧的价格来购买如果没有补偿金他可能购买的物品的量，为使他能够达到变化发生后他可能达到的福祉水平而应该给予他的补偿金数额。与EV的区别？变化前的价格没有补偿的数量（－－－变化前的数量）20等值剩余ESPertainingtoPriceReductionsTheequibalentconsumer’ssurplus(shownasESinthefollowingfigure)equalstheamoutofalump-sumsubsidywhichtheconsumer,afterpurchasingacertainquantityofXatagivenprice,wouldhavetoreceiveinordertobelifteduptothesameindifferencelevelthathewouldattainifareductioninthepriceofXcausehimtopurchasealargerquantityofXatthelowerprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P12421等值剩余ESPertainingtoPriceIncreasesTheequibalentconsumer’ssurplusequalstheamoutofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,afterpurchasingacertainquantityofXatagivenprice,wouldhavetopayinordertobepusheddowntothesameindifferencelevelthathewouldattainifanincreaseinthepriceofXcausehimtopurchaseasmallerquantityofXatthehigherprice…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P12422ESX价格降低23价格变化的Laspeyre成本差价格变化的Laspeyre成本差：为使消费者刚好能够购买变化前他所能购买的物品量而从他那里取走的补偿金的数额。变化后的价格价格变化前的商品量24价格变化的Laspeyre成本差PertainingtoPriceReductionsThecostdifferenceL[forLaspeyre]equalstheamoutofalump-sumtaxwhichtheconsumer,followingareductioninthepriceofX,wouldhavetopayinordertobeabletopurchasejustthesamequantities,andnomoreofXandofallothergoodsthathepurchasedbeforethepricereduction…---FritzMachlup”ProfessorHicks’revisionofDemandTheory”P12225价格变化的Laspeyre成本差希克斯需求函数马歇尔需求函数26价格变化的Laspeyre成本差X价格降低Laspeyre成本差27Paasche成本差Paasche成本差：为使消费者刚好能够有足够的钱来以原来的价格购买新的物品量时，所应该给予他的金额。原来的价格价格变化后的商品量28Paasche成本差PertainingtoPriceIncreasesThecostdifferenceP[forPaasche]equalstheamountofalump-s