bone骨和软骨课件

Chapter4

Cartilage&Bone

Gao,Qing

Dept.ofHistology&Embryology,Email:IntruductionCartilage–mainlycartilagetissue;Bone–mainlybonetissue;Bothcartilageandbonebelongtoconnectivetissue;Samepoint–solidextracellularmatrixDifferentpoint–characteristicsandproportionofgroundsubstanceandfiberCartilage(软骨)Structure&feature:Cartilage:cartilagetissue+perichondrium(软骨膜）Cartilagetissue:chondrocyte(软骨细胞）+cartilagematrix(fiber+groundsubstance)NobloodV.,lymphaticV.andnerves,nourishedfromdiffusion.Function:Support,connection,slidingsurfaceforjoints.Classification:accordingtothetypeoffibersA.hyalinecartilage(透明软骨）B.elasticcartilage（弹性软骨）C.fibrocartilage（纤维软骨）ABCHyalinecartilage(透明软骨）Structure:1.CartilagetissueA.Cartilagematrix(软骨基质）

①Groundsubstance:

basophilic,similarchemicalstoLCT--proteoglycan(蛋白多糖）

+glycoprotein(糖蛋白)，alsoformmolecularsieve（分子筛）；

cartilagelacunae（软骨陷窝)：matrixcavitywithcartilagecells;cartilagecapsule(软骨囊)：surroundthelacunae,strongbasophilic-morechondroitinsulphate.C．软骨囊

Ch．软骨细胞IG.同源细胞群L．软骨陷窝M.软骨基质

P．软骨膜②Collagenousfibril

,D=10-20nm,composedoftypeIIcollagen,invisibleinLM(thin&samerefractiveindexasthegroundsubstance).Location:embryonicskeleton,articularcartilage,ribcartilage,trachealcartilage（胚胎期骨骼，肋软骨，关节软骨，呼吸道壁）B.Chondrocyte（软骨细胞）:Locatedincartilagelacunae,basophiliccytoplasm,roundorovoidnucleus;LM:

peripheralchondrocyte:small,immature,single,immature;deepcentralchondrocyte:bigger,mature,roundorovoid,group,2-8chondrocyteseachgroup,cellsofsamegroupcomefromthesameimmaturechondrocyte,calledisogenousgroup(同源细胞群);EM:manyprocessesandfoldsonthecellsurface,abundantRER,developedGolgicomplex,glycogen&lipiddroplet.Function:synthesizeandsecretfiberandgroundsubstance.C．软骨囊

Ch．软骨细胞IG.同源细胞群L．软骨陷窝M.软骨基质

P．软骨膜2.Perichondrium(软骨膜）:denseCT,covercartilagetissue.outerlayer:densercollagenousfibers,protection;Innerlayer:looserfibers,morecells,chondroblast(成软骨细胞）→

chondrocyte,bloodvesselssupplynourishforcartilagetissue.Function:protection,nutrition,repairElasticcartilage(弹性软骨）Location:externalear;eustachiantube;epiglottis.(耳廓,外耳,咽鼓管,会厌）Structure:Similarto

hyalinecartilage,lotsofelasticfibersincartilagematrix,formweb,denserelasticfibersinthecenterofthecartilage,butlesscollagenoufibrils,perichondrium.Feature:yellow,non-transparent,strongelasticityE．弹性纤维LC．软骨陷窝和软骨细胞P．软骨膜Fibrocartilage(纤维软骨）Location:

intervertebraldisk;symphysispubis;（椎间盘，耻骨联合等）Structure:

Parallelorinterweavearrangementcollagenousfibersbuddle(typeIandtypeIIcollagen),lesscartilagematrix,linesofchondrocytesamongbuddles,noperichondrium.Feature:Ivory,strongextensibility,anti-pressureandanti-friction.3种软骨的比较透明软骨弹性软骨纤维软骨分布肋、关节面、鼻、喉、气管、支气管、骺板、早期胚胎的骨架耳郭、外耳道、咽鼓管、会厌、喉椎间盘、关节盘、半月板、耻骨联合、肌腱和韧带插入部软骨基质Ⅱ型胶原原纤维、聚集蛋白聚糖弹性纤维、Ⅱ型胶原原纤维、聚集蛋白聚糖Ⅰ型胶原纤维、Ⅱ型胶原原纤维、多功能蛋白聚糖细胞软骨细胞、成软骨细胞软骨细胞、成软骨细胞软骨细胞、成纤维细胞软骨膜有（除关节软骨和骺板）有无功能对抗压力，减少摩擦，提供结构支持，软骨内成骨，长骨生长提供柔韧的结构支持对抗压力和应力，吸收震荡钙化可（软骨内成骨）否可（骨折修复）生长间质生长和外加生长（成人的软骨生长有限）再生再生能力很弱，损伤后通常形成致密结缔组织瘢痕或纤维软骨GrowthofcartilageTwoways(differentoccurrencesite)Interstitialgrowth(间质生长):软骨内生长Chondrocyteinthecartilagetissue→division&proliferationandsynthetize&secretefibersandgroundsubstance→increasecartilagetissuefrominterior（yoougcartilage)Appositionalgrowth（外加生长):软骨膜下生长Osteoprogenitor(骨祖细胞)attheinnerlayerofperichodrium→division&differentiation→chondroblast(成软骨细胞）→

chondrocyte→synthesize&secretefibersandgroundsubstance→increasecartilagetissuefromsurfaceBone(骨）Structure&feature:Bone:bonetissue+bonemarrow(骨髓）+periosteum(骨膜）Bonetissue:cells

+bonematrix(fibers+calcifiedgroundsubstance)Function:support,protection,movement,calcium&phosphorusstorageI.BonetissueStructure:A.Bonematrix(骨基质）

Mineralization(矿化）orcalcification(钙化）Organic(35%)+inorganic(65%)Organicpart:

collagenousfibers(90%)+lessamorphousgroundsubstance(glycosaminoglycanandglycoprotein)collagenousfibers—bonecollagenfiber(骨胶纤维)Function:keeptoughnessInorganicpart(bonemineral)骨盐:mainlyhydroxyapatite（羟磷灰石）

crystal-lieamongcollagenousfibrils.Function:keepbonehardness.Bonelamella(骨板)Primarybonetissue(初级骨组织)/

wovenbone(编织骨)

thickbonecollagenfiber,irregulararrangement,lessbonemineral,manybonecells.Secondarybonetissue(次级骨组织)/lamellarbone（板层骨）thinregulararrangementbonecollagenfiber,tightlycombinewithbonemineralandgroundsubstance,formbonelamella(骨板）Fibersofthesamelayeroflamellaparalleleachother,fibersoftwoadjacentlayersoflamellasverticaleachother.

在HE染色的骨切片上呈不同折光的红色B.Cellsofbonetissue5types-osteoprogenitorcell,osteoblast,osteocyte,osteoclast,boneliningcell.(骨祖细胞，成骨细胞，骨细胞，骨被覆细胞，破骨细胞）Osteocyteinbonematrix,otherson

thesurfaceofbonetissue.1.Osteoprogenitorcell(骨祖细胞）Location:surfaceofbonetissue;LM:small,spindle,weakbasophiliccytoplasm,lightnucleu;EM:lessorganelles;Function:division&differentiateintoosteoblast.2.Osteoblast(成骨细胞）Location:surfaceofbonetissue,lineinonelayer;LM:big,cuboidalorshortcolumn,smallprocesses(formgapjunction),basophiliccytoplasm,big&roundnucleuwithlightstaining,clearnucleolus;EM:abundantRER&ribosomedevelopedGolgicomplex.Function:embeddedosteoblastsosteoblastfiber—bonecollagenfiberorganicgroundsubstanceosteoid(类骨质)osteoblastmatrixvesicle(基质小泡）Ca++osteoidbonematrixosteoblastosteocytebonetissue3.Osteocyte(骨细胞）Location:singledistributioninorbetweenbonelamellas.LM:small,flat,ovoid,manyprocesses,weakbasophiliccytoplasm.Flat&ovoidcellbodyinbonelacunae(骨陷窝);Longandthinprocessinbonecanaliculus(骨小管);tissuefluidinlacunae&canaliculus.EM:gapjunctionbetweenadjacentprocesses.Function:maintain&renewbonematrix,exchangeCa2+betweenbloodandtissuefluid,keepCa2+concentrationofblood.B．骨基质L．骨陷窝↑骨小管和骨细胞突起4.Boneliningcell(骨被覆细胞）Location:surfaceofbonetissueLM:flatepithelialcell,onelayer,lesscytoplasmandorganelle,processesEM:gapjunctionbetweenadjacentprocesses.inactiveosteoblastorspecialosteoprogenitorcell→ostocyte(getstimulation),participateinossificationandboneresorption,maintainCa2+concentrationaroundostocyte.5.Osteoclast（破骨细胞）Location:Indepression(resorptionbay吸收凹

orHowshiplacuna)ofbonetissuesurface.LM:few,Irregular,multinucleatedgiantcell(多核巨细胞）(2-100,fusionofmonocytes),foamyacidophiliccytoplasm,ruffledborder(皱褶缘）-lightband,nearbonematrix.EM:ruffledborder-figureprocesses(sameasmicrovillus)→cellsurfacearea↑;clearzone(亮区）-cytoplasmsurroundingruffledborder,containmicrofilament;manylysosomes(溶酶体）;phagocytosisvacuoles(吞饮小泡）,Mit.&RER.Function:dissolve&absorbbonematrix.II.Longbonestructure:compactbone(骨密质),

spongebone（骨松质),periosteum(骨膜),jointcartilage,bonemarrow,bloodvessels,nerveetc.A.Compactbone(骨密质）Location:surfaceofdiaphysis（骨干)andepiphysis（骨骺)oflongboneStructure:Regulararrangementlamellae,accordingtoarrangementoflamellae:

Circumferentiallamella(环骨板）Osteon(Haversiansystem)

（骨单位）Interstitiallamella（间骨板）Circumferentiallamella(环骨板）Outerandinnersurfaceofdiaphysis.Outercircumferentiallamella(外环骨板)-outersurfaceofdiaphysis,thick,10-40layers,regularparellelarrangement.innercircumferentiallamella(内环骨板）

-

innersurfaceofdiaphysis,thin,fewerlayers,accordwithbonecavity.Volkmanncanal

(perforatingcanal,穿通管)withb.v./n./tissuefluid–connectinner~andouter~

,connectwithcentralcanal(中央管).Osteon/Haversiansystem(骨单位）B/w

outer~&inner~,structureunitofcompactbone;Cylindrical,longitudinalaxisparallelwithlongitudinalaxisofdiaphysis;4-20layersosteonlamellae(Haversian~)concentriccirclesarrangement,centralcanal/(Haversian~)inthecenter(b.v./n./tissuefluid)connectwithVolkmanncanal;Cementline

(粘合线):alayerofbonematrix(morebonemineral&lesscollagenousfibers)onthesurfaceofosteon;Canaliculi(骨小管):sameosteon:connecteachother;differentosteon:notconnect;innermost~opentocentralcanal;blood↔ostecyte.Interstitiallamella(间骨板）amongtheosteons/amongosteonsandinner/outerlamellas;Irregularlamellae,remainofoldosteonorinner/outerlamella,nobloodvessels.BL．骨板C．中央管I．间骨板CL．黏合线LC．骨陷窝和骨细胞Location:Epiphysisandinteriorsurfaceofdiaphysisoflongbone.Structure:Lotsofspikesandsheetsofbonetrabeculas

(骨小梁),formnetwork;Spaceofamongtrabeculas-bonemarrowcavitywithbonemarrow.Severallayersofparallellamellaes+osteocytes→bonetrabeculaCanaliculiopentothemarrowcavity.BM．红骨髓BT．骨小梁B.Spongybone（骨松质)C.Periosteum

(骨膜）Location:

Periosteum(骨外膜）-outersurfaceofbonetissue(exp.articularsurface(关节面）.Endosteum(骨内膜)-surfaceofbonemarrowcavity/innersurfaceofVolkman’s¢ralcanals/surfaceofbonetrabeculas.Function:Protect&nourishbonetissue,supplynewosteoblastsforgrowthandrepairofbone.Structure:Periosteum:denseCT,thicker,twolayers;

outerlayer:dense,bundleofcollagenousfibers,formnetwork,somefibersinsertouterC.L.,calledperforatingf.(穿通纤维)

fixingtheperiosteumtobone;Innerlayer:looser,lessfibers,osteoprogenitorcell(骨祖细胞),smallb.v.&n.Endosteum:thinner,thin&lessfibers,onelayerofboneliningcell（骨被覆细胞）.III.Osteogenesis

(骨发生）Basicprocess:

mesenchymalcells

→

osteoprogenitorcells→osteoblastsfibers+g.s.osteoidsCa2+bonematrixosteoblastsosteocytesosteoids→bonetissueFormbonetissue↔dissolve&absorbbonetissuetwoways:Intramembranousossification(膜内成骨）Intracartilaginousossification

(软骨内成骨）A.Intramembranousossification(膜内成骨）Location:parietalbone,frontalbone,clavicle(顶骨、额骨、下颌骨和锁骨)mesenchymalcells↑→osteoprogenitorcells→osteoblastsfibers+g.s.osteoidsCa2+bonematrixosteoblastsosteocytesprimarybonetissue(primaryossificationcenter)初级骨化中心primitivespongybone(trabecula)os