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-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面,使用请直接删除文学导论知识点(总17页)poetry(一)ElementsofPoetryRhyme(Rime)Rhymeistherepetitionofthestressedvowelsoundandallsucceedingsounds1.SingleorMasculinerhyme单(阳)韵----rhymingsoundsinvolveonlyonesyllable..cold,bold;thing,king;day,wayorFemininerhyme双叠(阴)韵----rhymingsoundsinvolvetwoormoresyllables..begin,again;flatter,matter;3.Triplerhyme三叠韵----akindoffemininerhymeinwhichidenticalstressedvowelsoundsarefollowedbytwoidenticalunstressedsyllables..machinery,scenery;tenderly,slenderly;spitefully,delightfully;remember,September4.Internalrhyme(行内韵)----atleastoneoftherhymingwordsarewithintheline..“Eachnarrowcellinwhichwedwell”;“thegrainsbeyondage,thedarkveinsofhermother”5.Endrhyme(orTerminalrhyme)(行尾韵)----thebothrhymingwordsoccurattheendsoflines.(Thecommonestandmostconsciouslysought-aftersoundrepetitioninEnglishpoetry.).Undermywindow,acleanraspingsoundWhenthespadesinksintogravellyground.Letusrollallourstrength,andallOurSweetness,upintooneball.6.BeginningRhyme行首词韵----rhymethatoccursinthefirstsyllableorsyllablesofsuccessivelines..WhyshouldIhavereturnedMyknowledgewouldnotfitintotheirs.Ifounduntouchedthedesertoftheunknown.7.InterlacedorCrossedRhyme交错韵----Wordsinthemiddleofeachlinerhyme.Itoccursinlongcouplets,especiallythehexameter..Laurelisgreenforaseason,andloveissweetforaday,Butlovegrowsbitterwithtreason,andlaureloutlivesnotMay.orExactrhyme(全韵)----differingconsonantsoundsarefollowedbyidenticalstressedvowelsounds,andthefollowingsoundsareidentical..foe,toe;meet,fleet;buffer,rougher;fix,sticks;9.Halfrhymeoroffrhyme,nearrhyme,obliquerhyme,slantrhyme)(斜韵)----thefemininerhymesthatdonotrhymecompletely..frightful,slightly;yellow,pillow;mirth,forth;trolley,bullyrhyme(视觉韵)----formedbywordsthatlookalikearhymedunitbutdonothavethesamesounds..cough,bough;home,some;hear,bear11.ApproximaterhymesAlliteration头韵----repetitionofinitialsounds..alltheawfulauguries..Bringmemybowofburninggold;moreoftendefinedastherepetitionofconsonants..afterlife’sfitfulfever(二)Rhymescheme(押韵格式)----thepatternofalternatingendrhymesinastanzaorpoem.Inanalysisofarhymescheme,eachrhymeisrepresentedbyasmallletter..Loveisasicknessfullofwoes,(a)Allremediesrefusing;(b)Aplantthatwithmostcuttinggrows(a)Mostbarrenwithbestusing.(b)Whyso(c)(三)Stanza----agroupoflinesofverseformingoneoftheunitsordivisionsofapoem.(Itisusuallyrecurrent,characterizedbyaregularpattern,withrespecttoorunderdeterminationof,thenumberoflines,andarrangementofmeterofrhyme.)Commonstanzaformsincludethecouplet,thetriplet,andthequatrainCouplet----twosuccessiverhyminglines:Forthysweetloverememb’redsuchwealthbringsThatthenIscorntochangemystatewithkings.(ThecoupletisoneofthemainverseunitsinWesternliterature,andisaformofgreatantiquity.ChaucerwasoneofthefirstEnglishpoetstouseitandit’sgenerallythoughtthatChaucerdevelopedtheform.)Triplet----astanzaofthreelines;anindividualpoemofthreelines.E.g.WhenasinsilksmyJuliagoesThen,then(methinks)howsweetlyflowsThatliquefactionofherclothes.Next,whenIcastmineeyesandseeThatbravevibrationeachwayfree;Ohowthatglitteringtakethme!Quatrain----astanzaoranindividualpoemoffourlinesrhymedorunrhymed.ItoccursasthecommonestofallstanzaicformsinEasternandWesternpoetries,andlendsitselftowidevariationinmeterandrhyme..IenvynotinanymoodsThecaptivevoidofnoblerage,ThelinnetbornwithinthecageThatneverknewthesummerwoods;IenvynotthebeastthattakesHislicenseinthefieldoftime,unfetteredbythesenseofcrime,Towhomaconscienceneverwakes.OtherStanzaicforms:Quintain----astanzaoranindividualpoemof5lines.Sexain,orsixain,sextain,hexastich/`heksəstik/----astanzaof6linesHeptastich/`heptəstik/----astanzaoranindividualpoemof7lines.Sonnet----a14-linepoem./(四)MetricalRhythmAccentsandpausesInpoetry,theendofalineofverseisitselfamarkofpunctuation.Ifthelastwordofalineisfollowedbynopunctuationandispartofacontinuinggrammaticalunitlikeaprepositionalphrase,wecallthelinerun-on,orenjambed.(跨行连续).somuchdependsuponaredwheelbarrowglazedwithrainwaterbesidethewhitechickens.(WilliamCarlosWilliams)MetricalRhythmMeter(韵律,格律)----derivedfromtheGreekword“metron”meaning“measure”.Referstotheregularpatternofstressed(markedasOor/)andunstressedsyllables(markedasoor~;u;xetc.).E.g.morningOo(or:/~)verbalizeOoo(or:/~~)tomorrowoOo(or:~/~)againoO(or:~/)MetricalRhythmNamesforMeters:1.Iamb/`aiæmb/(Iambic/ai`æmbik/adj.):anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.抑扬格(英);短长格(西、拉)oO(~/)(da-dum)E.g.againoO(or:~/)ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sdayThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperateoOoOoOoOoOShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sdayoOoOoOoOoOThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.2.Trochee/`trəuki:/(trochaic/trəu`keiik/adj.):astressedsyllablefollowedbyanunstressedsyllable.扬抑格(英);长短格(西、拉)Oo(/~)(dum-da)E.g.morningOo(or:/~)Tiger!Tiger!burningbrightIntheforestsofthenight.OoOoOoOTiger!Tiger!burningbrightOoOoOoOIntheforestsofthenight.OR:/~/~/~/Tiger!Tiger!burningbright/~/~/~/Intheforestsofthenight.3.AnapestorAnapaest/`ænəpi:st/(AnapesticorAnapaestic/ænə`pi:stik/adj.):twounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedsyllable抑抑扬格(英);短短长格(西、拉).ooO(~~/)(da-da-dum)E.g.beneficial…theoldinnandthelights,andthefireAndthefiddler’soldtuneandtheshufflingoffeetooOooOooO…theoldinnandthelights,andthefireooOooOooOooOAndthefiddler’soldtuneandtheshufflingoffeet4.Dactyl/`dæktil/(Dactylic/dæk`tilik/adj.):astressedsyllablefollowedbytwounstressedsyllables.扬抑抑格;长短短格Ooo(/~~)E.g.verbalizeOoo(/~~)OooOooOooOoJustforahandfulofsilverheleftus,OooOooOooOJustforaribandtostickinhiscoat–5.syllables.扬抑抑格;长短短格Ooo(/~~)E.g.verbalizeOoo(/~~)OooOooOooOoJustforahandfulofsilverheleftus,OooOooOooOJustforaribandtostickinhiscoat–6.Spondee/`spɔndi:/(Spondaic/spɔn`deiik/adj.):astressedsyllablefollowedbyanotherstressedsyllable.扬扬格OO(//)mostoftenusedasasubstituteforaniambortrocheeE.g.Smartlad,toslipbetimesawayOOoOoOoO(五)Foot诗的音步----Aunitofpoeticmeterofstressedandunstressedsyllablesiscalledafoot.Namesforfeet:Monometer/mɔ`nɔmitə(r)/:onefoot单音步诗行Dimeter/`dimitə(r)/:twofeet二音步诗行;二步格诗行Trimeter/`trimitə(r)/:threefeet三音步诗行Tetrameter/te`træmitə(r)/:fourfeetPentameter/pen`tæmitə(r)/:fivefeetHexameter/hek`sæmitə(r)/:sixfeetHeptameter/hep`tæmitə(r)/:sevenfeetOctameter/ɔk`tæmitə(r)/:eightfeetNonameter/nɔ`næmitə(r):ninefeet(linescontainingmorethansevenfeetdonotoftenoccurinEnglishverse)Illustrationsofmetricalrhythms:iambicpentameteroOoOoOoOoOShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sdayoOoOoOoOoOThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.oOoOoOoOoORoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,oOoOoOoOoOAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate:Twotermsmarkingthemetricalpatternandrhymeschemeofapoem:Scansion(音律分析:将诗行分成音步,标出重音位置,算出音节)----tomarkthestressedandunstressedsyllablesandrhymeschemeistoscan.Caesura/si:`zjuərə/(诗行中根据意思而作的)主要停顿----apauseinalineofversedictatedbysenseornaturalspeechrhythmratherthanbymetricsiscalledcaesura,whichisoftenmarkedwith“‖”Illustrationofcaesurae:Meanwhile,‖decliningfromthenoonofdayThesunobliquely‖shootshisburningray;Thehungryjudges‖soonthesentencesignAndwretcheshang‖thatjurymenmaydine…KindsofPoetry1.Ballad2.LyricPoemVerseVerseNarrativePoem(叙事诗):A.Ifapoemmainlytellsarelativelycompletestory,itiscalledanarrativepoem.B.widespreadinmanyliteraturesandcontinuetobewrittenandread.Epic(史诗):oneoftheancienttypesofpoetry.playsaveryimportantroleinearlydevelopmentofliteratureandcivilizationlongnarrativepoemofgreatscaleandgrandiosestyleaboutheroeswhoareusuallywarriorsorevendemigodsdealswithnoblecharactersandheroicdeedsincorporatesmyth,legendandfolktalereflectsnationalhistory,thusmoreculturalthanliterarySonnet(十四行诗):oneofthemostconventionalandinfluentialformsofpoetryinEurope----popularinRenaissanceItaly,andthereafterinSpain,PortugalandotherEuropeancountries.GermanandEnglishRomanticsrevivedtheform,whichremainspopular.alyricinvariablyof14lines,usuallyiniambic/ai`æmbik/pentameter/pen'tæmitə/,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.Sonnet:therearethreeprominenttypesofsonnet,allnamedaftertheirfoundersorperfectersShakespeareanSonnet莎士比亚体十四行诗alsocalledElizabethansonnetorEnglishsonnet.structuredofthreequatrainsandaterminalcoupletiniambicpentameterwiththerhymepatternababcdcdefefgg.2)PetrarchanSonnet彼特拉克体十四行诗alsocalledItaliansonnet----originatedinItalyinthe13thcentury.consummatedbyFrancescoPetrarch,acrownedlaureatecontainsanoctave/`ɔktiv/(意大利十四行诗的前八行)withtherhymepatternabbaabbaandasestet/ses`tet/(十四行诗的最后六行)ofvariousrhymepatternssuchascdecdeorcdcdcd3)SpenserianSonnet斯宾塞体十四行诗isconsideredbysomeavariationofShakespeareansonnet.comprisesthreequatrainsandacoupletiniambicpentameterwiththerhymeschemeababbcbccdcdee.somepoetswritesonnetsonasinglesubjectorunderonecontrollingideaandthuscreateasonnetsequenceorsonnetcycle(六)ElementsofPoetry----Tonethepoise,mood,voice,attitudeandoutlookofthepoetthespeakerorthepoet’sattitudetowardhissubject,hisaudienceorevenhimself.personalityreflecteddiscussedusuallyinordinaryvocabulary..cold,eager,uncertain,boastful,protesting,indifferent,positive,optimisticJudgedbysyntheticanalysisofalltheelementsinvolvedinthepoem(imagery,metaphor,understatement,etc),especiallyitsdictionandsentencepatternsElementsofPoetry----Imageawordpicturetoevokesenseimpressionsinthereader’smindrepresentationofsenseexperiencethroughlanguagethesoulofpoetryaslanguageisthebodyofpoetryOneimageisfrequentlytheresultofthecooperationoftheseveralsensesandsometimescanberatherabstract..freshair----cooperation;death/coffin----abstractimageryAlltheimagesformedintoameaningfulwholeinapoemFunctionsofimagery:tocreatetheatmospheretoprovideaninternalpatternfocusthethemeofthepoemElementsofPoetry----ThemecontrollingideaoritscentralinsightAnovel:thought-provokingApoem:emotion-arousing.ElementsofPoetry----PoeticDevices(1)Simile:acomparisonoftwothings,indicatedbysomeconnective,usuallylike,as,thanoraverbsuchasresembles.Yourfingersarelikemine.Yourfingersarelikesausages..OmyLove’slikeared,redrose,That’snewlysprunginJuneOmyLove’slikethemelodieThat’ssweetlyplayedintune.(2)Metaphor:astatementthatonethingissomethingelse,which,inaliteralsense,itisnot.Yourfingersaresausages..Oh,myloveisared,redrose.Oh,mylovehasredpetalsandsharpthorns.Oh,Iplacedmyloveintoalong-stemvaseAndIbandagedmybleedingthumb.(3)Conceit:originallymeans“concept”or“idea”andlatercametomean“afancifulidea”.Itisametaphororsimilethatismadeelaborate(far-fetched),oftenextravagant..twolover’ssoulsarecomparedtothelegsofthecompasses.(4)Personification:afigureofspeechinwhichathing,ananimal,oranabstractterm.truth,nature)ismadehuman..TheWindbyJamesStephensThewindstoodupandgaveashout.HewhistledonhisfingersandKickedthewitheredleavesaboutAndthumpedthebrancheswithhishand.Andsaidhe’dkillandkillandkill,Andsohewillandsohewill.(5)thepun:oftensubjectedtoabuseasa“low”formofwit,thepunisessentiallyakindofmetaphorthatcanbeusedlightlyandfacetiouslyorformoreseriouspurposes..Customer:DoyouservecrabhereWaiter:YesSir,weserveeveryone!(6)apostrophe:awayofaddressingsomeoneorsomethinginvisibleornotordinarilyspokento.Suchasaninanimateobject(spade!),somedeadorabsentperson(Milton!),anabstractthing(Return,delights!),oraspirit(soul).Apoetusesapostrophetoannouncealoftyandserioustone,givinglifetotheinanimateandgivinglifetotheintangible(awayofspeakingtoitpersontoperson)..Death,ain’tyougotnoshame(7)metonymy(换喻,转喻):thenameofathingissubstitutedforthatofanothercloselyassociatedwithit..theWhiteHousedecided.(8)synecdoche(提喻
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