2021年跨文化交际考试重点归纳

题型：partI，TrueorFalse,30%（提示学生在答题时要对的画A，错画B）15x2（除第八章）partII.MultipleChoices20%，20x1.(2,4,5细节)PartIII.CulturalPuzzles10%(与课后习题中cultrualpuzzles类似，但是是四个选项，范畴为课后习题中culturalpuzzles和咱们在每个单元划出重点案例）5X2.PartIV.TermMatching15%（名词解释，从备选terms中选取与其相应definitions，要考到terms都已经发给人们）15x1.PartV.Short-Answer

Questions15%(简答题，范畴在咱们划过重点内）5X3.PartVI.CaseStudy10%(课外案例分析，阅读一种案例，回答三个小问题，题目不会超过课内解说内容）10x1.要补充重点为p114，（E.DiscoverthemeaningofsomecommongesturesinEnglish)，p129，(B.Whatarethecharacteristicsoffemininetalkandmasculinetalkrespectively)此外让学生进一步研究unit5和Unit2，Unit4(culturally-loadedwords)，以及每单元重点案例，以及单元背面练习A，B(划过问答题）,C(EuphemismUnderstanding)，以及E(culturalpuzzles)TermsUnit11.Economicglobalization:经济全球化theintegrationofnationaleconomiesintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade，foreigndirectinvestment，capitalflows，migration，andthespreadoftechnology.2.Globalvillage:地球村Allthedifferentpartsoftheworldformonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications，especiallytheInternet.3.Meltingpot：大熔炉asocio-culturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.4.CulturalDiversity:文化多样性themixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforcewithafullmixofculturesandsub-culturestowhichmembersbelong.5.Interculturalcommunication:跨文化交际communicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.6.Culture:文化alearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs，values，andnorms，whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople.7.Enculturation:文化适应alltheactivitiesoflearningone’sculturearecalledenculturation.8.Acculturation:文化传入theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.9.Ethnocentrism:民族优越感thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Communication:交际tosharewithortomakecommon，asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts，hopes，andknowledge.（如下为componentsofcommunication)PS：whatisthedifferencebetweenencoding&decodingEncodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.Decodingistheprocessofassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.11.Source发送信息人Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.12.Encoding编码Unfortunately(orperhapsfortunately)，humansarenotabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.13.Message信息Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess，theverb；themessageistheresultingobject.14.Channel渠道Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium，then，maybeprint，electronic，orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.15.Noise噪音Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.16.Receiver接人Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.17.Decoding解码Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.18.Receiverresponse反馈Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.19.Feedback反馈Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.20.Context语境Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally，contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.精讲案例 Case1(p.1)case2(p.2)思考题whatarethefourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage?P8-9+简要阐明convenienttransportationsystemsinnovativecommunicationsystemseconomicglobalizationwidespreadmigrationsWhatarethethreeingredientsofculture?Artifacts(thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce)Behavior(whattheydo)Concept(whattheythink)Howtounderstandculturaliceberg?P7Theaspectsofculturethatareexplicit,visible,taught.Theaspectsofculturethatareintangibleandnottaughtdirectly.Whatarethecharacteristicofculture?Shared,learned,dynamic,ethnocentric(文化中心主义），Whatarethecharacteristicofcommunication?Dynamic,irreversible,symbolic,systematic,transactional,contextualUnit2-411.Pragmatics:语用学thestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandbehavior.12.Semantics:语意thestudyofthemeaningofwords.13.Denotation:字面意思theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword---theexplicit，particular，definedmeaning.14.Connotation:弦外之音thesuggestivemeaningofaword---allthevalues，judgments，andbeliefsimpliedbyaword，thehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.15.Taboo:禁忌语someobjects，wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople，orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.16.Euphemism:委婉语theactofsubstitutingamild，indirect，orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh，blunt，oroffensive.精讲案例Case1，case2(p.17)case4(p.19)Case2(p43)case3(p.45)Case1(p.67)case3(p.69)思考题6.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?(p.33)TheAmericanstendtoaddressonlywithgivennameswhiletheChinesemayusethefullname.EvenwhenthefullnamesareusedinsomeformaloccasionsbytheAmericans,thegivennameswouldbeplacedbeforethesurnamewhiletheChinesewoulddotheopposite.ChineseoftenextendkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriagewhiletheAmericansseldomdoso.TheChinesetendtoaddressthepeoplewithtitlesbutinEnglishonlyafewoccupationortitlescouldbeused.7.Whatarethesocialfunctionsofcompliments?(p.60)(答案p50第一段)Complimentshaveaseriesofsocialfunctions：creatingorreinforcingsolidarity，greetingpeople，expressingthanksorcongratulations，encouragingpeople，softeningcriticism，startingaconversation，orevenovercomingembarrassment.Unit517.Chronemics:时间学Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.18.Monochronictime:一元时间概念payingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.19.Polychronictime:多元时间概念beinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.20.Proxemics:空间学theperceptionanduseofspace.21.Kinetics:身势学thestudyofbodylanguage22.Paralanguage:辅助语言involvingsoundsbutnotwordsandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.精讲案例case1(p.85)case3(p.87)case5，6(p.90)case7(p.91)思考题8.WhatarethedifferentfeaturesofM-timeandP-time?(p97)M-timemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.M-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedules，segmentationandpromptness.Itfeaturesoneeventatatime.Timeisperceivedasalinearstructureandsomethingconcretetangible.P-timemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.P-timeislessrigidandclock-bound.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Itismoreflexibleandhuman-centered.9.whatisthemeaningofcommongesturesinEnglish?P114(答案P233-234)Unit6精讲案例case1(p.115)case2(p.116)p.124-126中小案例思考题9.Howisgenderdifferentfromsex?（p.129）(答案P.119/120)10.Whathasinfluencedthegendersocialization?Therearetwoprimaryinfluencesongendersocialization：familycommunication，particularlybetweenmothersandchildrenandrecreationalinteractionamongchildren.Whatarethesixprinciplesforeffectivecross-gendercommunication?(p.129)(答案127-128)Suspendjudgement，recognizethevalidityofdifferentcommunicationstyles，providetranslationcues，enlargeyourowncommunicationstyle，suspendjudgement.whatarethecharacteristicsoffemininetalkandmasculinetalkrespectively?P123Unit7精讲案例case1(p.137)case3(p.139)Discusstheconceptsofhighcontextcultureandlowcontextculture(p153)(结合最后一种单元中ppt解说，理解high-contextculture和low-contextculture两个概念)Ahigh-contextcommunicationormessageisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson，whileverylittleisinthecoded，explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage.Inhigh-contextcultures，verbalmessageshavelittlemeaningwithoutthesurroundingcontext，whichincludestheoverallrelationshipbetweenallthepeopleengagedincommunication.(沉默是金；一切尽在不言中；心有灵犀一点通)Alowcontextcommunicationisthejusttheopposite；i.e.themassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.High-contextculturelow-contextcultureJapaneseChineseKoreanAmerican…………..GermanGerman-SwissUnit923.Aplanetaryculture:行星文化aculturethatintegrateseasternmysticismwithwesternscienceandrationalism.24.Interculturalperson:跨文化人representssomeonewhosecognitive，affective，andbehavioralcharacteristicsarenotlimitedbutopentogrowthbeyondthepsychologicalparametersofhisorherownculture.思考题13.WhataretheAmerican/ChineseculturalvalueslikeintermsofCulturalOrientationputforwardbyKluckhohnandStrodtbeck?（ppt中补充内容）