英语写作基础教程Chapter 4.ppt

1、Chapter 4,Developing Paragraphs,Features of a Paragraph,Analysis of Sample 1,Features of a Paragraph,Task 1: Read Sample2 on page94 and identify the three fundamental features: the central idea, the supporting evidence, and how connection between sentences is achieved. Read Sample3 and find the cent

2、ral idea.,An effective paragraph must have a central idea, which may be expressed either explicity in a topic sentence or implicitly.,Features of a Paragraph,Topic sentence,We now have, as a result of modern means of communication, hundreds of thousands of words flung at us daily. We are constantly

3、being talked at, by teachers, preachers, salesmen, public officials, and motion picture soundtracks. The cries of advertisers pursue us into our very homes, thanks to the radioand in some houses the radio is never turned off from morning to night. Daily the newsboy brings us, in large cities, from t

4、hirty to fifty enormous pages of print, and almost three times that amount on Sunday. We go out and get more words at bookstores and libraries. Words fill our lives.,Features of a Paragraph,Has new information Is specific Is general enough to invite exploration of the topic Is strong Is not an annou

5、ncement,Topic sentence,A good topic sentence:,a. We went to the show last night. b. We had a terrible time at the show last night. 2) a. Norris is the brightest student in our biology class. b. Norris is enrolled in a biology class. 3) a. The longest three weeks of my life were when our aunt visited

6、 last summer. b. Our aunt visited us for three weeks last summer. 4) a. I had my first date with Clarence last spring. b. My first date with Clarence last spring was a disaster.,Features of a Paragraph,Topic sentence,Write your own topic sentence for each of the following topics. Make sure each sent

7、ence expresses a particular point about the topic. Topic: Night Classes Topic sentence: I prefer taking night classes to day classes to fit my work schedules.,(1) Topic: Black-and White Movies Topic sentence:_ (2) Topic: Capital Punishment Topic sentence:_,(3) Topic: Rap Music Topic sentence:_ (4) T

8、opic: Horror Movies Topic sentence:_,Exercise,Supply a topic sentence for the following paragraphs:,A dog will follow his master anywhere, but a cat keeps to the house it is used to: and even when the house changes hands, the cat will remain there, so long as it is kindly treated by the new owners.

9、A cat does not seem to be capable of the personal devotion often shown by a dog. It thinks most of its own comfort, and its love is only cupboard love. Red, for example, is the color of fire, heat, blood and life. People say red is an exciting and active color. They associate red with a strong feeli

10、ng like anger. Red is also used for signs of danger, such as stop signs and fire engines. Orange is the bright, warm color of leaves in autumn. People say orange is a lively color. They associate orange with happiness. Green is the cool color of grass in spring. People say it is a refreshing color.,

11、Features of a Paragraph,Transition,Ive had a real problem with my car leaking oil on the driveway lately. Theres a pool of oil two thirds of the way up on both sides of the driveway. Theres a pool of oil inside the garage where I park the car. I clean the oil up. The next day its back again. I took

12、the car to a garage to have the oil changed and the leak topped. The problem was more difficult than Id expected. The rear main bearing seal was leaking, but to replace it, the engine would have to be pulled. I couldnt afford that, so I had to wait and save up some money. I put three oil pans on the

13、 spots where the car leaks oil when its parked. I cant think of any other solution for now.,Ive had a real problem with my car leaking oil on the driveway lately. First, theres a pool of oil two thirds of the way up on both sides of the driveway. Theres another pool of oil inside the garage where I

14、park the car. After I clean the oil up. The next day its back again. Finally, I took the car to a garage to have the oil changed and the leak topped. However, the problem was more difficult than Id expected. The rear main bearing seal was leaking, but to replace it, the engine would have to be pulle

15、d. I couldnt afford that, so I had to wait and save up some money. In the meantime, I put three oil pans on the spots where the car leaks oil when its parked. I cant think of any other solution for now.,Exercise,A. in additionB. for exampleC. in factD. alsoE. furthermore Teachers of foreign language

16、s should be extremely well-qualified in order to carry out their duties properly. _(1)_, a teacher should possess a minimum of a graduate degree from a certified education school or institute if he is to teach high school or below. Besides the academic degree, teachers should not consider teaching o

17、nly as an occupation for earning money; they should _(2)_ be interested in teaching. _(3)_, it was necessary that teachers be knowledgeable in their major fields. They should be skillful as well. _(4)_, the language teacher must know the target language well enough to be imitated by his students. Pr

18、oficiency in the target language includes fours skills: understanding, speaking, reading, and writing. A teacher should know the linguistic facts of the language of the students in order to understand the problems they will have in learning the target language. _(5)_, the teacher must be familiar wi

19、th audio-lingual techniques. Knowing all this will help the students to learn correctly and quickly.,Steps in Writing a Paragraph,Step 1： think of the topic or theme or main idea, and express it in a complete sentence (topic sentence).,Step 2: think of the details or examples or facts that may be us

20、ed to support or explain the main idea.,Step 3: work out an outline to arrange the details or examples or facts in logical order. With the outline, the paragraph is almost half-done.,Ways of Developing a Paragraph,Development by Time Development by Process Development by Space Development by Example

21、 Development by Comparison and Conrast Development by Cause and Effect Development by Classification,Ways of Developing a Paragraph,1. Development by Time to describe things in order of time chronological sequencing,Words and phrases used in Describing Chronological Relations,1. Development by Time,

22、Frank was definitely not expecting any visitors to his room that afternoon and indeed he had just begun to snooze in the mild afternoon sunshine _(1)_ someone tapped lightly on the door. _(2)_ Frank could respond to the knock, the handle turned and two children sidled in. _(3)_the first, a slightly

23、gipsy-looking child wandered over to the window, the other leaned over Franks desk and placed a large box on the top. There was a short silence, and _(4)_ both children edged towards the door. They said nothing, not a word, and Frank too failed to find his voice; they had gone _(5)_ he could protest

24、. He looked uneasily at the box.,when, as, before, then,Ways of Developing a Paragraph,2. Development by Process step-by-step description,the right sequence , present tense,Words and phrases used in writing process descriptions,2. Development by Process,Assignment 160111, 121，131 No. 9

25、02235 160112, 160122, No. 902237,Ways of Developing Paragraphs,3. Development by Space,3. Development by Space,In the middle of the rectangular-shaped courtyard stood three magnolia trees, all in full bloom. A little girl was hopping among them, now gazing at a bud, now collecting fallen petals. Und

26、er one of the trees stood her parents, who, while keeping an eye on her, were examining the milk-white blossoms with great interest and admiration. In front of another tree a young couple, fresh and bright as the flowers, was posing for a picture. At one end of the couryard a group of youngsters had

27、 gathered behind an artist painting a flourishing limb, which looked so charming and real that a boy stooped to sniff at a half-open flower. At the opposite end a few elderly men and women stood admiring the leafless flowering trees and the people looking at them.,Ways of Developing Paragraphs,4. De

28、velopment by Example illustrations may be a single example or a series of examples,Whether you do or do not open a gift in the presence of the giver; whether you should or should not turn the plate over to look at the makers symbol on the back; whether you put your coat on before or after you leave

29、the hosts house; whether you eat as quietly or as noisily as possible; whether you carry on a conversation during a meal; whether you walk in front of or behind a seated person; whether it is a friendly or an offensive gesture to put your hand on the arm of the person with whom you are talkingthese

30、and a thousand other questions are matters of cultural definition. None of them is inherently right or wrong, and none is good or bad manners except as a society defines it so.,Examples are ususlly arranged in climactic order: the least important comes first, followed by others in order of increasin

31、g importance.,Exercise,In a well-written paragraph of detail and example, all the facts support the topic sentence. Pick out the irrelevant material in the following:,The topic sentence: I am fascinated by my grandmother. supporting evidence: My grandmother is about 90 this year. She was born into a

32、 well-to-do urban family. She seems never to require the services of a doctor. She has an abiding interest in collecting postcards. She does not have much sense of humor. She believes in everything: festivals, news, TV ads, success, and all the gods. She likes to eat fruit. She hates dogs. She likes

33、 the color of a strawberry. She takes a walk in the garden every day.,2. The topic sentence: Male chauvinism is evident in TV commercial advertisements. Supporting evidence: Commercials are new in China compared to those in developed countries. Television sets, like air-conditioners, are seen as lux

34、ury goods in China. There are two female images in Chinese TV commercials: traditional women busy with household chores and “modern women” who believe that pleasure is the most important thing in life. In TV ads, “modern women” usually invire their boyfriends to buy them presents. Chinese men have g

35、ot nicknames, like “qiguanyan” or “mofan zhangfu”. Chinese commercials are providing a stage for women. “Modern women” appear wise in commercials because they know how to depend on men but evade conventional duties.,Ways of Developing Paragraphs,5. Development by Comparison and Contrast,Comparison,s

36、imilarities,Contrast,differences,block presentation,alternating presentation,subject-by-subject pattern,point-by-point pattern,Ways of Developing Paragraphs,5. Development by Comparison and Contrast,block contrast,alternating contrast,Sample1,Sample2,block comparison,Sample3,5. Development by Compar

37、ison and Contrast,The same qualities that make people good house guests make them good hospital patients. Good house guests can expect a reasonable amount of service and effort on their behalf, and hospital patients can also. Guests have to adjust to what is for them a change, and certainly hospital

38、 patients must do the same. No one appreciates a complaining, unpleasant, unappreciative house guest, and the hospital staff is no exception. House guests who expect vast changes to be made for their benefit are not popular for long. Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the

39、same way about patients in their care. Just as house guests must make adjustments to enjoy their visits, so patients must make adjustments to make their stays reasonably pleasant and satisfying under the circumstances.,Exercise,Read the following sentences and indicate if they are sentences of COMPA

40、RISON or CONTRAST. Though both are forms of humor, comedy is different from satire. In 2050 the world will surely be different form what it is today. Fashions in furniture change just as clothing fashions do. Buying a car requires as much skill as selling one. Badminton is as important a sport in In

41、donesia as football is in the United States. There is more hard work in writing than in physical labor. Ballet is a more exhausting art than gymnastics. “Friendship”, like “love”, is often discussed but seldom understood.,Exercise,2. Write statements of contrast to fit the following patterns(you may

42、 need a word or a phrase to complete the sentence). TV and newspapers are_in many ways even though their aims may be the same. Sound travels_through air than water. Before 1880 many people died of smallpox; _, the percentage of deaths from smallpox is small today. Some children grow_ than other chil

43、dren because of nutritional differences. _ to living on the farm, living in the city is an intense struggle to survive in a concrete wasteland. Per capita earnings in Japan _ those in South Korea.,Exercise,3. Write statements of comparison to fit the following patterns(you may need a word or a phras

44、e to complete the sentence). The development of transportation and the development of communications_in many ways. Anshan in the Northeast of China and Panzhihua in the Southwest are _steel centers. Despite centuries of change, human beings and their primitive ancestors have many traits_. _ badminto

45、n _table tennis requires a large playing area. Although the last days of the Roman Empire may at first appear very different from those of the United States today, there are ominous_ .,Assignment,Write a paragraph on the topic Advantages and disadvantages of multiple-thoice questions in exams.,No. 9

46、15378,Ways of Developing Paragraphs,6. Development by Cause and Effect,To state a cause and then mention or predict the effects.,More and more fertile land is taken up by new buildings.,the reduction of the grain output,increasing environmental problems,congestion,too many peasants lost their jobs,e

47、ffects,6. Development by Cause and Effect,In the past few years, higher education has become less important to young people than it was previously.,the pressure of fierce competition,better opportunities in the job market,much of the knowledge taught in universities and colleges being out-dated,To s

48、tate an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes.,causes,Exercise,Study the following information, and write C if it is a statement of CAUSE or E if it is a statement of EFFECT.,Topic: Music in the United States Popular music showed a definite change in the 1950sa movement

49、 away from the big band sound . Teenagers became more affluent and thus had the money to buy records. The black population finally had the money in the 1950s to support the singers and musicians they had preferred for years. A large proportion of the adult white population that had been poor during

50、the depression began to rebel against the sounds of the big band musicians. The new affluence of groups of people who had previously had littele money to spend on entertainment paved the way for the emergence of gospel, blues, and rock music.,Exercise,Study the following information, and write C if

51、it is a statement of CAUSE or E if it is a statement of EFFECT.,2. Topic: Tornados Tornados are formed when warm, moist air spreads northward, meeting with cold air flowing from the north and west above it. The meeting of cold and warm air starts the characteristic circular motion. The circular motion quickly builds up and becomes forceful en