chapt 1材料概论

材料概论Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering任课教师：张欣任课教师：张欣办公室：材料楼办公室：材料楼 A344电话：电话： 81668693 程内容材料科学与工程概论Introduction to materials science and engineering工程合金 Engineering alloys陶瓷 Ceramics复合材料 Composite materials课 程性 质 、目的和任 务 本课程是在学生具备一定英语基础的前提下开设的一门双语课程。通过本课程的学习，使学生掌握本专业及相关的一些英语词汇、短语和句型，熟悉科技文章的写作特点；提高学生阅读、理解专业英语文献的能力，培养科技英语写作能力。同时，通过本课程的学习，还可加强学生的专业基础，拓宽专业知识面。课 程要求 通过本课程的学习，使学生掌握本专业及相关的一些词汇、短语和句型，熟悉科技文章的写作特点；提高学生阅读、理解专业英语文献的能力，培养科技英语写作能力。同时，通过本课程的学习，可加强学生的专业基础，拓宽专业知识面。第一章 材料科学与工程概论 Introduction to materials science and engineering1.1 材料与工程1.2 材料科学与工程1.3 材料的分类1.4 材料的比较1.5 材料科学与技术进展及发展趋势1.6 材料的设计与选择Key wordsrefractory adj.耐熔的 ,难熔炼的ceramics n.陶瓷 ,陶器superalloys n.超耐热合金transistor n.晶体管integrated circuit 集成电路demarcation n.划界，立界 metallurgy n.冶金学ferrous adj.含铁的nonferrous adj.不含铁的 ,非铁的creep n.蠕变orthopedic adj.整形手术的biocompatibility n.生物相容性hot isostatic pressing 热等静压isothermal forging 等温锻powder metallurgy 粉末冶金elastomer n.人造橡胶bumper n. 保险杠，缓冲器polyeurathane n.聚亚安酯acrylic adj.丙烯酸的advanced ceramics 先进陶瓷smart materials 智能材料shape-memory alloys 形状记忆合金piezoelectric ceramics 压电陶瓷microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) 微型机电系统micromachine 微型机械装置nanomaterial n.纳米材料Opportunity and Spirit(“机遇号和 ”勇气号 ”）1.1 Materials and Engineering（材料与工程）n材料的发展史，就是人类社会的发展史。Material: What is that?uMaterials may be defined as substances of which something is composed or made.A few examples of common materialsn材料的作用：社会经济支柱之一StructurePropertiesApplicationCompositionProcessingCeramic-matrix composite, refractory intermetallic compounds, and single-crystal superalloys高速民用飞机high-speed civil transport (HSCT) : high-temperature mate-rials that will withstand tem-peratures as high as 18000C.Light-weight, against the impact, air pressure, massive stresses. The International Space Station国际空间站International Space Station (ISS): an environment far different than ours on earth. 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering（材料科学与工程）n Materials Science （材料科学） is primarily concerned with the search for basic knowledge about the internal structure, properties, and processing of materials.n Materials engineering （材料工程） is mainly concerned with the use of fundamental and applied knowledge of materials so that the materials can be converted into products needed or desired by society.材料科学 材料科学与工程材料的基础知识工程材料的结构、性能与加工的相关知识材料工程材料的应用知识图 1 材料知识图谱图 2 材料科学与工程的知识图解工程医学力学化学民用矿业、矿石和地质工程电学航空航天学核学应用科学生命科学地球科学聚合物冶金陶瓷材料科学与工程基础科学力学物理化学数学1.3 Types of Materials（材料的分类）材料Materials金属材料 Metallic materials聚合物材料 Polymeric materials陶瓷材料 Ceramic materials复合材料 Composite materials电子材料 Electronic materials1.3.1 Metallic Materials（金属材料）nMetallic materials (metals and metal alloys): inorganic materials that are characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivities.u铁基金属与合金（ Ferrous metals and alloys） : steel and cast ironu非铁金属与合金（ Nonferrous metals and alloys） : aluminum, copper, zinc, titanium and nickellMetallic elements（金属元素） : iron ( Fe ), Copper ( Cu ), Aluminum ( Al ), Nickel ( Ni ) , Titanium ( Ti ), lNonmetallic elements（非金属元素） : Carbon ( C ), Nitrogen ( N ), Oxygen ( O ), Composition（成分）Structure（结构）lCrystalline structure（晶体结构）Property（性能）lGood thermal and electrical conductor（良好的电热导体） lStrong （高强度）lDuctile （高塑性）lGood strength at high temperature（好的高温强度）Application（应用）lAerospace（航空航天）lBiomedical（生物医学）lSemiconductor（半导体）lElectronic（电子）lEnergy（能源）lCivil structure（民用结构）lTransport（运输）Gasket 垫圈, 衬垫spring wireValvenSuperalloys(超耐热合金 ): metal alloys with improved performance at elevated temperatures and high stress levels.1.3.2 Polymeric Materials（聚合物材料）nPolymeric materials: materials consisting of long molecular chairs or networks of low-weight elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Most polymeric materials have low electrical conductivities.lCarbon ( C ), Hydrogen ( H ), Oxygen ( O ), Nitrogen ( N ), Composition（成分）Structure（结构）lNoncrystalline structure（非晶结构）lmixtures of crystalline and noncrystalline regions（晶体与非晶体的混合结构）Property（性能）lGreat strength and ductility （高强度高塑性） lGood insulation （良好的绝缘性）lLow density （低密度）lLow softing or decomposition temperature（低软化或分解温度）1.3.3 Ceramic Materials（陶瓷材料）nCeramic materials: materials consisting of compounds of metals and nonmetals. Ceramic materials are usually hard and brittle.nType of ceramic materials:l traditional ceramic materials（传统陶瓷）Clay, glass, stone, and so on.l advanced ceramics（先进陶瓷）oxides, nitrides, and carbides, and so on.nProperty（性能）lLight weight（重量轻） lHigh strength and hardness （高强度高硬度）lGood wear resistance（良好的耐摩擦磨损性）lGood high-temperature properties（良好的高温性）lGo