《页岩气文献翻译》word版.doc

SPE 125975The Role of Economics on Well and Fracture Design Completions ofMarcellus Shale Wells(马赛勒斯页岩井在井上的经济学作用和破裂设计完成)R. Schweitzer, H.I. Bilgesu, West Virginia U. R. 史怀哲,H.I. Bilgesu,西弗吉尼亚 U。Copyright 2009, Society of Petroleum Engineers 版权2009石油工程师协会This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2009 SPE Eastern Regional Meeting held in Charleston, West Virginia, USA, 2325 September 2009.This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, itsofficers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright. (这篇文章是为在2009年9月23到25号在东方地区的查尔斯顿，西弗吉尼亚，美利坚合众国举行的2009石油工程师协会而颁发准备的。这篇文章被为颁发通过SPE 程序委员会，跟着对关于的信息，在经过作者提交的摘要中含有的评论而选择。文章的目录还没有被石油工程师协会检阅和是取决于作者的改正。材料不确实必然反映出任何石油工程师,它的官员或者成员的社会的位置。这篇文章的任何部分在没有经过石油工程师协会的写作同意而被电子复制或转载是不被允许的。而批准销售的复制是限于不超过300字的摘要；用说明可以不被抄写。摘要必须突出的标注石油工程师协会版权。)Abstract 摘要The demand for energy is increasing exponentially（按指数律的） in the U.S and internationally.（在美国和国际中人们对能源的需求呈正指数的增长） As a clean source of energy, the natural gas production is gaining importance.（作为一种能源的来源，天然气生产正获得重视） Many potential sources exist for gas production in the Appalachian（阿巴拉契亚） Basin with the Marcellus shale being the largest resource in the U.S. （很多潜在能源来自于在阿巴拉契亚山脉的盆中的气体产生是由于美国中的最大资源的马赛勒斯页岩存在）This covers several states in the Eastern U.S. and plays a vital role in the future of gas production.（这些在美国东部的覆盖物会在未来天然气的生产中起到非常重要的作用）One of the unknowns of the Marcellus shale is the lack of commercially available information. （马赛勒斯页岩的未知之一是缺少商业上可用的相关信息）Information on well andcompletion designs for the Marcellus shale is rather vague（含糊的，不确定的） and tightly lipped.（关于井和为 马赛勒斯页岩完成设计的信息是相当的模糊和说不清的。） This information plays a key role in the production of these shale wells and can determine whether or not these wells may or may not be economical.（这些信息将会对这些页岩井起到重要作用，以及能决定这些井是否能有经济效益）In this study, simulations（仿真品） have been conducted with several wellbore configurations for gas production from the Marcellus shale.（在这个研究中，为了马赛勒斯页岩的气体生产，仿真品被用在一些井眼装置） Some of the parameters（参数） studied include lateral（侧面的，横向的） wellbore length, propped half length and the amount of fracture stages along with others. （参数的研究包括侧面井眼的长度，支撑物的半长以及大部分破裂钻台的总重）Economic evaluations were performed to determine the most cost efficient configuration（结构，构型）. （经济上的评价是被履行决定最有成本最有效率的配置）The average present day completion costs and projected sale price of gas are used in the calculation process.（气体的平均目前日子完成成本和预测特价被在计算的过程中使用。）Introduction(简介) Over time conventional wells gave way to unconventional wells during the mid 1980s.（在十九世纪80年代中叶传统时代的井能给不合常规的井指明道路） This was primarily due to the increase in natural gas prices, unconventional wells were becoming profitable and more companies were willing to go after them. As of 2000, it became even more profitable and thus the emergence of all new gas plays such as the Marcellus,Haynesville and many others.（这主要由于天然气价格的不断增长，非常规井变的更有经济效益，许多公司更愿意追求他们。就在2000年，它变得越来越有经济效益，因此许多新的气藏出现了，列如马赛勒斯，海尼斯维尼以及其他很多） The Marcellus shale is contained within the Devonian（泥盆纪的）/Ohio（俄亥俄） shale and has an estimated gas in place at 168 516 TCF or 70 150 (BCF/sq mile) (Armas, 2008) (Chernoff, 2008) (Sumi, 2008).（马赛勒斯页岩被含有在泥盆纪俄亥俄页岩里面和在168- 516 校正温度 或者70- 150(十亿立方英尺/平方英里）(阿马斯,2008）(切而诺夫,2008）(苏米,2008）有一估计气体放回原位。）According to estimates generated by Deutsche Bank（德意志银行）, the range of internal rate of return (IRR（内部收益率）) for the Marcellus shale is72-100% (Nome, 2008).（根据经过德意志银行产生的估计, 马赛勒斯页岩的内部回报率在72-100%(诺姆,2008）的。） IRR is a capital budgeting metric used by firms to decide whether they should make investments.（内部回收率是一项公司用来衡量和决定是否应该进行投资的编制预算的标准） It is an indicator of the efficiency or quality of an investment, as opposed to net present value, which indicates value or magnitude（大小，数量，等级）. （它是一效率的指示者或者一在投资上的品质，如同反对从为净赚指示对的价值或者大小的现值那样）The IRR is greater for the Marcellus than for other U.S. shales, they concluded, because of premium（优质的，高效的） natural gas pricing due to location and relatively low royalties（矿区使用费） in Appalachia.（内部收益率对马赛勒斯页岩来说比对其他美国页岩还要重大，他们得出的结论是由于优质的天然气价格所选位置以及相对来说在阿巴拉契亚较低的矿区使用费） In addition, the Marcellus is estimated to have the lowest breakeven price ($3.17) when compared to Haynesville, Barnett, Fayetteville, and Woodford shales.（此外，与海尼斯维尼，巴尼特，非特维尼和伍德页岩相比马赛勒斯页岩在价格的估计上已经降到历史最低3.17美元。） The next closest breakeven（得失相当） price was $4.73 dollars in the Haynesville. These breakeven prices come from the NYMEX（纽约商品交易所） natural gas prices required to drive the individual plays returns down to a 10% weighted average cost of capital.（下一个最封闭的价格得失相当的是在海尼斯维尼页岩中的4.73美元。这些得失相当的价格来自纽约商品交易所对天然气价格要求的驱动加重到平均个人资本的百分之十） Notably, this study believesthat the five plays（气藏组合） analyzed represent the “best of breed” among U.S. shale plays, and would not expect most other shale and tight gas（致密地层气藏） plays to compare to these strong metrics (Nome, 2008).（引人注意的是，这些研究表明那五个气藏组合分析代表在美国中“最好的生产”页岩气藏组合，其他大多数页岩和致密底层气藏组合是不能和这些强有力的衡量标准相比的。（诺姆，2008）Another interesting point is that the total production of U.S. gas from shale predicted at year end 2011 will be nearly eight times greater than at year end 2006. （另一有趣的点是总的产量从在2011年末端预言的美国页岩气体将是在2006年末端的几乎八倍大。 ）The Woodford, Fayetteville, and Haynesville gas production are currently increasinggreatly while the Marcellus shale is not predicted to really take off until about 2010 (Nome, 2008). （伍德福德，费耶特维尔，和海恩斯维尔天然气生产正在增加，同时，马塞勒斯页岩气是没有预测增长的，直到大约2010年（诺姆，2008）The slower transition inthe Marcellus is due to the difficult terrain（地带，地区）, uncertain regulator（可控制的）y environment, lack of infrastructure and proper equipment(Perkins, 2008).（马塞勒斯页岩过渡慢是由于地形复杂，不确定的监管环境，缺乏基础设施和适当的设备（帕金斯，2008）。）The problem with typical Marcellus shale wells is the lack of information that has been gathered and that is commercially available to the public. （马塞勒斯页岩井的典型问题是缺乏已经收集到的信息，即可供商业用途的消息向公众提供。）The Marcellus formation is a relatively new play and details involving ways to maximize production through well and fracture design have yet to be published.（马塞勒斯页岩的形成是一个比较新的发现，细节涉及到生产最大化和断裂设计，尚未公布。） The Marcellus shale is important due to its large size and theeconomic impact that it could have on the U.S.（马塞勒斯页岩是很重要的，由于其庞大的规模和它可能对美国产生的经济影响） As often happens, different companies have certain ideas about the best way to produce the Marcellus shale, while other companies have different development ideas.（正如经常发生的，不同的公司有一定的想法的最佳途径生产马塞勒斯页岩，而其他的公司有不同的发展思路。） What is the best method to drill in the Marcellus is the question to be answered.（问题的关键是用什么方法在马塞勒斯页岩开钻） Maybe it is vertical wells or possibly horizontal wells; maybe it is a combination of both.（也许这是垂直或水平井可能；也许它是两者的一个组合） Maybe some areas will be better suited for verticals due to geology.（由于地质原因，有些区域也许更适合垂直井）Either way, these shale wells need stimulation to increase the permeability（渗透性）. （无论哪种方式，这些页岩井需要刺激来增加渗透性）Currently, the pore spaces（孔隙空间） in shales are typically not large enough for even tiny methane molecules to flow through easily.（目前，孔隙空间通常是在页岩没有足够大，甚至微小的甲烷分子轻易流过） Shales may contain natural fractures due to stressfrom overlying rocks（应力覆岩）.（页岩可能含有天然裂缝由于应力覆岩） Shale gas has long been produced when natural fractures are present. （页岩气一直存在时产生的裂缝。）Recently, however, there hasbeen more development of gas shales due to the use of techniques that create artificial fractures around well bores known as hydraulic fracturing（水力压裂） (Sumi, 2008). （最近，然而，由于开发页岩气技术的发展，创造人工裂缝周围井孔，称为水力压裂（墨，2008）。）The shale formations are naturally fractured, and made up of two distinct porous media, a shale matrix（基质） and a fracture network.（页岩地层的形成是由于自然破裂，并由不同的多孔介质，一页岩基质和裂缝网络共同作用的结果。） Gas can be stored in the molecular size micropore space of the shale; it can also beabsorbed on the surface of the shale, or may be dissolved in the organic content of the shale.（气体可以存储在分子大小孔隙空间的页岩；它也可以吸附在页岩的表面，或可溶解在有机质含量的页岩中。） The shale matrix contains most of the gas stored in the reservoir, but possesses a low permeability. （页岩基质包含大多数储存在储层里面的气体，但是有一个低渗透）The fracture network has a high permeability, but a low storage capacity.（裂缝网络具有较高的渗透性，但低存储容量。） It is believed that natural gas is stored in the Devonian shales as both conventional “free” gas and as adsorbed gas, or gas that is physically attached to the surface of the shales by Van der Waals-type forces (Lane, 1990).（据认为，天然气是储存在泥盆纪页岩作为传统的“自由气”，如吸附的气体，或是由物理上范德华力吸附在页岩的表面（巷，1990） Thesenatural fractures and adsorbed gas have to be accounted for in the reservoir modeling.（这些天然裂缝和吸附气要在储层建模中计算。）Approach （处理）A study was conducted using a reservoir modeling software package to investigate the gas production from the Marcellus shale.（进行了一项研究，利用储层建模软件包研究马塞勒斯页岩的气体生产。） The objective was to compare and contrast the gas production in vertical and horizontal wells with varying fracture half lengths and horizontal lateral lengths.（目的是比较和对比的天然气生产中的垂直和水平井不同的断裂长度的一半水平方向的长度。） This paper discusses the Marcellus shale wells along with economic results from this study.（本文讨论的是马塞勒斯页岩井随着经济发展的结果这项研究。）Reservoir modeling and simulation was conducted using Marcellus shale properties to calculate gas production rates in order to determine economic feasibility（可用性）.（为确定经济可行性，储层建模和仿真是利用马塞勒斯页岩特性计算产气率的） Prior to runs with Marcellus shales properties, a Barnett shale well was modeled using the same software and the results were compared to field production data.（马塞勒斯页岩之前的运行性能是通过与巴内特页岩是模仿使用相同的软件和结果对现场生产数据进行了比较。） The primary purpose of the run conducted for the Barnett shale reservoir was to validate the model setup used in the Marcellus reservoir.（巴内特页岩储集层程序控制的主要目的是用来验证该模型设置用于马塞勒斯储层。） Once, all of the production data was simulated, an economic analysis was conducted to determine the most optimal（最优的） designs for the parameters（参数） studied.（曾经，对所有的生产数据进行了模拟，经济分析，确定最优设计参数研究。） In order to determine economic feasibility, first a cash flow model was constructed for all of the simulated runs.（为了确定经济可行性，首次软页岩流模型构造所有的模拟运行。） Once the cash flow charts were constructed, net present values (NPV) can be calculated along with internal rates of return (IRR). （一旦现金流量图表建造，净现值（净现值）可以计算与内部收益率（回报率）。）These two values are used to analyze the economic feasibility of the design parameters considered in this study.( 这两个值是本研究用来分析经济可行性的设计参数。） All equations used in the economic analysis are based on theory published in books (Newman (1988) and Ikoku (1985). （所有方程中使用的经济分析理论都是依据出版的书籍（纽曼（1988）和ikoku（1985）。）The main parameters needed were: Capital Expenses or Investment, Operating Expenses, Interest rate and Gas price.（主要参数需要：资本支出或投资，经营费用，利息率和天然气价格。） In a cash flow model, investment is defined as the sum of all costs.（在现金流模型，投资是指的总和的所有费用。） The capital expenses used in the economic analysis for drilling a horizontal well of varying lateral lengths along with the cost associated with drilling the vertical well are given in（资本支出的经济分析水平井钻井的不同侧面长度随着成本与钻垂直井的进度）Table 1. The costs of fracture treatment per stage depending on the fracture half length employed in this study are shown in（表1。受雇于本研究的破裂处理费用每阶段取决于裂缝半长） Table 2. All cost values used are general averages based on personal communications with different operators.（表2。所有的成本价值使用的是一般的基础上平均个人通信与不同的运营商。） Operating costs were assumed to（假设） remain constant at thirty dollars a day per well. A fixed（固定利率） interest rate of 15% is used throughout the economic study.（在整个经济研究经营成本被认为保持在每天三十美元每井。固定利率15%的使用。） A constant gas price of 3 dollars per MSCF（千标准立方英尺） was also used in this study followed by a constant price of 6 dollars per MSCF.（恒天然气价格3美元千标准立方英尺也被用于这项研究之后，一不变价格6美元千标准立方英尺随之出现。） This may be a very conservative number for gas price considering todays gas price is 3.33 dollars per MSCF.（这可能是一个非常保守的数字为天然气价格考虑到今天的天然气价格为3.33美元千标准立方英尺。） Thus the 6 dollars cost was used to analyze the difference between the two values.（因此，6美元是用来分析之间的差异值。） Along with thefact that the price of gas is projected to increase at some point in the next ten years, however, a conservative economic analysis is used to prevent overestimation（过高估计） of costs for the project.（事实上，石油价格预计将增加，在未来的十年，然而，一个保守的经济分析是用来防止过高成本的项目。） In addition, a 12.5% royalty tax was taken out of the totalgas revenue.（此外，12.5%的版税税率是从总天然气收入来的。） For all cases, the same parameters were used and the economic results were calculated for the first ten years of the wells life.（在所有情况下，对一个十年井的寿命用同样的参数和使用的经济效益进行了计算。） Table 3 lists the economic parameters used in the analysis.（表3列出了经济指标分析中的应用。）Discussion of Results（讨论结果） The results of economic analysis for all $3/MSCF cases are given in Table 4. （从经济分析结果为所有3美元/ 千标准立方英尺，情况见表4。）The results are color coded in light blue for uneconomical results and color coded in dark blue for economical designs.（结果是彩色编码在浅蓝色不合算的结果和彩色编码在深蓝色经济的设计。） The final results from the data discussed above showed that no single fractured horizontal or vertical wells were economical.（从最后结果数据上面讨论结果表明，没有单一裂缝水平或垂直井更具有经济性。） Only the 1000-foot fracture half length well with three fractures was economical regardless of lateral length or spacing. （无论长度或距离只有1000英尺的裂缝半长和三个裂缝是具经济性的。）The same was true with five fractures, except now a 750 foot and 1000 foot half lengths were economical regardless of lateral length and spacing.（同样是真实的，有五个裂缝的，无论横向长度及间距现在除了一个750英尺和1000英尺长度的一半是经济的。） As for seven and nine fracturetreated wells 500, 750, and 1000 foot half lengths were economical regardless of lateral lengths. （对于七和九个裂缝的井无论横向长度500，750，和1000英尺长度的一半是经济的无论横向长度。）From the IRR results it was shown that larger amounts of fractures had higher IRRs.（从内部收益率的结果表明，大量的裂缝是有较高的收益率的。） Also, well designs with the same amount of fractures had higher IRRs with longer fracture half lengths yet when the different lateral lengths are considered the shorter lateral lengths actually had higher IRRs.（此外，井设计与同样数量的裂缝有较高的内部收益率的较长的断裂长度的一半当不同的横向长度被认为是较短的横向长度其实有较高的收益率的。） The results of economic analysis for all $6/MSCF cases are given in Table 5.（从经济分析结果为所有6美元/千标准立方英尺，情况见表5。） The results are color coded in light blue for uneconomical results and color coded in dark blue for economical designs.（结果是彩色编码在浅蓝色不合算的结果和彩色编码在深蓝色的经济设计。） The final results differ quite a bit from the 3 dollar gas pricing.（最后的结果有很大的差异从3美元天然气价格。） Due to the price change, 24 more of the original well and fracture designs now become economical.（由于价格变化，24以上的原井和断裂设计已成为经济的。） Now vertical wells become economical with a 750 and 1000 foot fracture half length regardless of the amount of wells.（现在，不论金额的垂直井与750和1000英尺的裂缝半长成为经济的。） Also three and five stage fracture treatments now become economical in all fracture half length treatments except in the 250 foot fracture half lengths.（三和五阶段的裂缝处理已成为经济中的所有裂缝半长的处理除了在250英尺处裂缝的一半长度。） Once again, the IRR showed that the well designs with larger amounts of fractures had higher IRRs.（再次，内含报酬率表明，井设计与大量的裂缝有较高的收益率的。） Also, for well designs with the same amount of fractures, higher IRRs were found with longer fracture half lengths yet when looking at the different lateral lengths the shorter lateral lengths actually had higher IRRs.（此外，以及设计与同样数量的骨折，高回报率的发现较长的断裂长度的一半回看的时候不同的横向长度与较短的横向长度却有较高的收益率的）Figure 1 shows a graphic representation of the economic evaluation（评估） of the NPV values.（图1显示的图形表示的经济评价净现值价值。） From left to right the number offracture treatments increases, and in those fracture sections the half length increases from left to right as well.（从左至右数裂缝处理的增加，并在这些裂缝部的一半长度的增加从左至右。） In the graphical representation, it can easily be seen that larger the amount of fractures and higher the fracture half length, the larger the profit and more economical is the well.（在图形表示，它可以很容易地看到，数额较大的裂缝和裂缝的一半长度，有较大的利润和更好的经济。） The red color is the economical study done with 3 $/MSCF gas price shown in the foreground and the blue color is the study done with 6 $/MSCF shown in the background.（红颜色是经济的研究做了3美元/千标准立方英尺 天然气价格显示在前景与蓝颜色是研究做了6美元/千标准立方英尺 显示在背景中。） This figure shows the larger difference in the NPV values and between the two different gas prices.（此图显示了较大的差异，净现值和两者之间的不同天然气价格。） The results discussed above are shown in Table 6 for wells with seven fracture designs. （讨论的结果是示于表6井与7裂缝设计。）As discussed earlier, wells with seven fractures, the only economical results are with half lengths of either, 500, 750 or 1000 feet regardless of length for three dollar gas pricing and all seven fracture treatments were economical at 6 dollar per MSCF gas pricing.（如前面所讨论的，井7裂缝，唯一的经济效果与长度的一半或者500，750，或1000英尺，不论长度三美元的天然气定价和所有7裂缝的经济在6美元每千标准立方英尺天然气定价。） As seen in Tables 4 and 5 and Figure 1, as the amount of fractures and half length distance increases the IRR and NPV values increase as well.（如在表4和表5和图1，为大量的裂缝和一半长度的距离增加的内部收益率和净现值价值增加。） As for the difference in lateral lengths it is very close, but actually it doesnt pay to drill the extra 1000 feet of wellbore if you can put the same amount of fracture in the smaller wellbore.（至于差异外侧的长度是非常密切的，但实际上它不付钻额外的1000英尺如果你能把井相同数量的裂缝在较小的井。） The shorter wellbores are actually more costefficient over this time period.（在这一时间内较短的井筒是更实际的有效成本。）Conclusions（结论） The Marcellus shale has tons of potential in this developing play.（马塞勒斯页岩在这发展的过程中有着巨大的潜力。） From this study with given costs, horizontal wells werefound to be more economical when compared to the vertical wells.（从这个考虑成本的研究，水平与垂直井相比有更多的经济性。） Vertical wells were found to be economical in the higher gas pricing scenario（方案）.（垂直井被认为是经济的高天然气定价方案。） In general when economics were considered, it was shown that the longer fractured half length of 1000feet and maximizing the number