中考冲刺语文学生讲义1.doc

专业好文档鱼我所欲也 孟子 鱼，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生，亦我所欲也；义，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。生亦我所欲，所欲有甚于生者，故不为苟得也。死亦我所恶，所恶有甚于死者，故患有所不辟也。如使人之所欲莫甚于生，则凡可以得生者何不用也？使人之所恶莫甚于死者，则凡可以辟患者何不为也？由是则生而有不用也，由是则可以辟患而有不为也。是故所欲有甚于生者，所恶有甚于死者。非独贤者有是心也，人皆有之，贤者能勿丧耳。 一箪食，一豆羹，得之则生，弗得则死。呼尔而与之，行道之人弗受；蹴尔而与之，乞人不屑也。万钟则不辩礼义而受之，万钟于我何加焉！为宫室之美，妻妾之奉，所识穷乏者得我与？乡为身死而不受，今为宫室之美为之；乡为身死而不受，今为妻妾之奉为之；乡为身死而不受，今为所识穷乏者得我而为之：是亦不可以已乎？此之谓失其本心。本课必须掌握知识点：一、文学常识：1、孟子：名轲,字子舆， 战国时期、，是继孔子以后儒家学派的代表人物，与孔子合称“孔孟”，有“亚圣”之称。孟子的政治主张主要是2、孟子是儒家学派的经典著作之一，记述了孟子的言行、政治主张、哲学主张及个人修养。、合称“四书”。本文节选自孟子告子上。告子上的主要内容是阐明“性善说”，即人性里天生就有向善的种子，所谓“恻隐之心，人皆有之；羞恶之心，人皆有之；恭敬之心，人皆有之；是非之心，人皆有之”。这种善的天性，就是人的“本心”。 本文讲的是每个人都有“本心”，无论在什么情况下，人都应该保有自己的“本心”。只要“本心”在，即使在生死关头，人也能经受住考验；而如果丧失了“本心”，人就会做出有损于人格的事来。二、主要内容及思想 本文论述了孟子一个重要主张：义重于生，当义和生不能两全时应该舍生取义。同时也说明了在人生道路上，我们会面临许多重要的抉择，应以“义”为重，为了维护它，要不惜做到“舍生而取义”。三、文章的思路及论证方法 第一段可分为三层。 第一层（12句）：作者提出自己的论点： 。 1句：用生活中熟知的具体事物“ ”和“ ”设喻，把 比作鱼，把 比作熊掌，得出结论是“ ，即认为 ，就像熊掌比鱼更珍贵一样。 2句：由上一句的设喻自然引出“ ”的主张。这也是全文的中心论点。 第二层：（37句）：对于为什么要舍生取义，孟子从三方面进行了论证： 第1方面（3句）：这是作者从 面阐述自己的观点，论证义比生更珍贵，在二者不可兼得时应该 。这一句里作者所说的“ ”就是指“义”；“ ”就是“不义”。于是为了“义”可以“舍生”，即使死掉，也不做“不义”的事。 第2方面（45句）：这是作者从 面申述观点。论证义比生更珍贵，在二者不可兼得时应该舍生取义。 第3方面（67句）：这是从 论证义比生更珍贵，在二者不可兼得时有人舍生取义。这2句论证说：有人不去做（第2方面论证的反面行为）所以还有比生命更为人们所珍爱的义；还有比死亡更为人们所厌恶的不义。第三层（8句）：得出结论，其实人人都有向善之心，“义”本来就是一种充塞天地之间的正气，无处不有，但是当面临生死存亡的考验时，大多数人做不到，只有贤人没有丧失而做的到。第二段可分为两层，运用 论证来论证中心论点。第一层（910句）：举“ ”的例子，从 面告诉我们看似微不足道的“一箪食、一豆羹”在生死关头，也能考验一个人的品德。第二层：（1113句）：又举例，从 面说明“万钟”亦不应受之。这里作者又运用了 论证，将“ 与“ ”作对比。而无论哪个与“义”字比较起来都是次要的，于是两次举例论证的运用，是从正反两方面再次证明了“舍生取义”这一论点。第三层（14句）：归纳本节，照应开头。本心是指“我固有之”的“羞恶之心”，是“义”，是“善”的本性。四、课文中理解背诵的句子1、本文的中心论点是什么？ 用原文回答：2、文中能概括全篇大意的句子是：3、鱼我所欲也中出现的成语有：4、鱼我所欲也中体现“性本善”思想的句子是：5、孟子认为能做到舍生取义的人是；6、孟子认为失其本心的行为是：7、在孟子看来，什么情况下，即使遇到祸患也会挺身而出的？8、不辩礼仪的接受万钟是为了：五、课文理解1、文章开端没有直接进入议题，而是先从生活中人们可能遇到的事情写起，这样写的好处是什么？2、 本文观点广为后人所赞同，请找出本文观点并写出与之一致的两句诗。3、 非独贤者有是心也。“是心”指什么？十分钟练习：1.二者不可得兼（ ）2.故不为苟得也。（ ）（ ）（ ）3.故患有所不辟也（ ）（ ）4.如使人之所欲莫甚于生，则凡可以得生者何不用也？（ ）（ ）（ ）（ ）5.非独贤者有是心也，人皆有之，贤者能勿丧耳（ ）（ ）（ ）6.一箪食，一豆羹（ ）（ ）7.呼尔而与之，行道之人弗受（ ）（ ）8.蹴尔而与之，乞人不屑也（ ）（ ）（ ）9.万钟则不辩礼义而受之，万钟于我何加焉（ ）（ ）（ ）（ ）10.为宫室之美、妻妾之奉、所识穷乏者得我与（ ）（ ）（ ）11.乡为身死而不受（ ）（ ）12.是亦不可以已乎？此之谓失其本心。（ ）（ ）（ ）（ ）翻译：1所恶有甚于死者，故患有所不避也。2生，亦我所欲也；义，亦我所欲也，二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。3万钟则不辩礼义而受之，万钟于我何加焉？4如使人之所欲莫甚于生，则凡可以得生者，何不用也？5.非独贤者有是心也，人皆有之，贤者能勿丧耳。 7由是则生而有不用也，由是则可以辟患而有不为也。8乡为身死而不受，今为所识穷乏者得我而为之。9呼尔而与之，行道之人弗受。10.是亦不可以已乎？此之谓失其本心。winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes