2014年职称英语考试 理工类C级 王牌押题大师王霞押题 附带王霞字典版理工C教程 押题+小抄.pdf

. 375 . h,hh,hh,hh,h hhhh 注意：以上王霞老师已按重要程度排序，前两位必须掌握注意：以上王霞老师已按重要程度排序，前两位必须掌握 附带理工附带理工 c c c c 文章文章 王霞字典版王霞字典版 . 376 . 英语多功能词典英语多功能词典英语多功能词典英语多功能词典 hhhh captaincaptaincaptaincaptain cookcookcookcook arrowarrowarrowarrow legendlegendlegendlegendit was a great legend while it lasted, but dna testing has finally ended a two-century-old story of the hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of british explorer captain james cook who died in the sandwich islands1 in 1779. “there is no cook in the australian museum,” museum collection manager jude philip said not long ago in announcing the dna evidence that the arrow was not made of cooks bone. but that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in itsexhibition,“uncovered:treasuresofthe australian museum” which does include a feather capepresentedtocookbyhawaiianking kalaniopuu in 1778. cook was one of britains great explorers and is credited with_discovering the “great south land,” now australia, in 1770. he was clubbed to death in the sandwich islands, now hawaii. the legend of cooks arrow began in 1824_when hawaiian king kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to william adams, a london surgeon and relative of cooks wife, saying it was made of cooks bone after the fatal fight with islanders. in the 1890s the arrow was given to the australian museum and the legend continued until it came face-to-face with science. dna testing by laboratories in australia and new zealand revealed the arrow was not made of cooks bone but was more likely made of animal bone, said philp. however, cooks fans refuse to give up hope that one cook legend will prove true and that part of his remains will still be uncovered, as they say there is evidence not all of cooks body was buried at sea in 1779. “on this occasion technology has won,” said cliff thornton, president of the captain cook society, in a statement from britain.“but i am sure that one of these daysone of the cook legends will prove to be true and it will happen one day.” avalancheavalancheavalancheavalanche andandandand itsitsitsits safetysafetysafetysafetyan avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a among the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property. all avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope that supports it.determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is likely to cause an avalanche, is a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors. terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low risk of avalanche. snow does not gather significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not flow easily on flat slopes. human-triggeredavalancheshavethegreatest incidence when the snows angle of rest1 is between 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degrees.the rule of thumb2 is: a slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle.additionally, avalanche risk increases with use; that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur. due to the complexity of the subject, winter traveling in the backcountry4 is never 100% safe. good avalanche safety is a continuous process, including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather conditions, and human factors. several well-known good habits can also reduce the risk.if local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid attention to. never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are missing or damaged. avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche. giantgiantgiantgiant structuresstructuresstructuresstructuresit is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modem world since every year more wonderful constructions appear. here are three giant structures which are worthy of our admiration although they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders. the petronas twin towers the petronas towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were completed in 1999. with a height of 452 metres, the tall twin towers, like two thin pencils, dominate the city of kuala lumpur. at the 41st floor,the towers are linked by a bridge, symbolizing a gateway to the city. the american architect cesar pelli designed the skyscrapers. constructed of high-strength concrete, the building provides around， 800 square metres of office space on every floor. and it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base. other features of this impressive building include double-decker lifts, and glass and steel sunshades. the miuau bridge the millau bridge was opened in 2004 in the tam valley，in southern france. at the time it was built， it was the worlds highest bridge, reachingover 340m at the highest point. the bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the world. it was built to relieve millauscongestion problems. the congestion was then caused by traffic passing from paris to barcelona in spain. the bridge was built to withstand themost extreme seismic and climatic conditions. besides, it is guaranteed for 120 years! the itaipu dam the itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the world. it consists of a seriesof dams across the river parana,which formsanatural border between brazil and paraguay. started in 1975 and taking 16 yearsto complete, the construction was carried out as a joint project between the two countries.the dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size. in 1995 it produced 78% of paraguays and 25% of brazils energy needs. in its construction, the amount of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 eiffel towers. it is atruly amazing wonder of engineering. . 376 . 英语多功能词典英语多功能词典英语多功能词典英语多功能词典 hhhh animalsanimalsanimalsanimals “sixth“sixth“sixth“sixth sense“sense“sense“sense“a tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the indian ocean in december, 2004. it killed tens of thousands of people in asia and east africa.wild animals, however seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami. this phenomenon adds weight to notions that1 they possess a “sixth sense” for disasters, expert said. sri lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people along the indian ocean islands coast clearly missed wild beasts, with no dead animals found. “no elephants are dead, not_even a dead rabbit.i think animals can sense disaster. they have a sixth sense.they know when things are happening,“ h. d. ratnayake, deputy director of sri lankas wildlife department, said about one month after the tsunami attack. the waves washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at yala national park in the ravaged southeast, sri lankas biggest wildlife reserve and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards. there has been a lot of apparent evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. but it has not been proven, saidmatthewvanlierop,ananimalbehavior specialist at johannesburg zoo. “there have been a lot of specific studies because you cant really test it in a lab or field sctting,“ he told reuters.otherauthoritiesconcurredwiththis assessment “wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain phenomenon,especiallybirdstherearemany reports of birds detecting impending disasters,“ said clive walker, who has written several books on african wildlife. animals certainly rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger such as predators. the notion of an animal “sixth sense“ - or_some other mythical power is an enduring one3 which the evidence on sri lankas ravaged coast is likely to add to. the romans saw owls as omens of impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special powers or attributes. singingsingingsingingsinging alarmsalarmsalarmsalarms couldcouldcouldcould savesavesavesave thethethethe blindblindblindblindif you cannot see, you may not be able to find your way out of a burning building and that could be fatal.a companyinleedscouldchangeallthatwith ndirectional sound alarms capable of guiding you to the exit. sound alert, a company run by the university of leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for blind people in sommerset and a resource centre for the blind in cumbria.the alarms produce a wide rangeoffrequenciesthatenablethebrainto determine where the sound is coming from. deborah withington of sound alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be heard by humans.“it is a burst of white noise that people say sounds like static on the radio,” she says.“its life-saving potential is great.” she conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of a large smoke-filled room. it took them nearly four minutes to find the door without a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one. withington studies how the brain processes sounds at the university. she says that thesource of a wide band of frequencies can be pinpointed more easily than the source of a narrow band.alarms based on he same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles. the alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up or down stairs. they were developed with the aid of a large grant from british nuclear fuels. fordfordfordford abandonsabandonsabandonsabandons electricelectricelectricelectric vehiclesvehiclesvehiclesvehicles 福特放弃电动汽 车 the ford motor companys abandonment of 分析家说，福特汽车公司放弃电动汽车的决定，标 志着公路技术的结束。 1999 年，通用汽车公司和 本田汽车公司停止生产电动汽车，专注于燃料电池 和混合动力的电动汽油发动机，以此来吸引更多消 费者。现在福特汽车公司声明将采取同样的行动。 三年前，福特公司推出两座的 think city 汽车和被 称为 think 或 think neighbor 的高尔夫用车，期望 每年能够售出 5000 辆汽车和 10000 辆高尔夫用车。 但是，由于需求的缺乏，仅生产了 1000 辆汽车， 而 2002 年至今仅售出不到 1700 辆高尔夫用车。福 特汽车公司欧洲分公司的迪姆霍姆斯星期五说： “这个结果表明，我们认为这不是交通环境巨大市 场的未来。我们觉得我们对于电动汽车已经全力以 赴了。 ” think city 汽车一次充六小时仅能行驶大 约 53 英里的路程，而通用汽车公司的 evi 电动汽 车也只有 100 英里。非常昂贵的电池也意味着电动 汽车的成本远远高于汽油动力汽车。在美国，与汽 油动力汽车仅 17000 美元的价格相比，电动汽车丰 田 rav4 ev 的价格超过了 42000 美元。丰田与尼 桑现在是仅有的主要的电动汽车制造商。英国地球 之友的高级交通宣传家瑞格海格曼对环境新闻社 说： “感觉上电动汽车拥有发展的机遇，现在福特 公司不得不转向混合动力项目。而那正是我们将进 行判断的东西。 ” 近几年丰田和本田推出的混合动 力汽车销售良好。混合动力发动机比汽油发动机和 电池动力提供更多的里程，并且电池还能自己充 电。福特公司指出，它认为在美国这类车有助于汽 车排放废气的新规则。然而，新规则的确切规定目 前仍不清楚。今年 6 月，通用汽车公司和戴姆勒克 莱斯勒公司赢得了法院的禁令，加州立法要求到 2003 年， 汽车制造商推迟两年向加州提供十万辆零 排放低排放车辆。汽车制造商们希望立法改为排放 量更低，而不是零排放的车辆。 carmanufacturershopethelegislationwillbe rewritten to allow for more low-emission, rather than zero-emission, vehicles. 1.what have the ford motor company, general motors and honda done concerning electric cars? -they have given up producing electric cars. 2.accordingtotimholmesofford europe,battery-powered cars-will not be the main transportation vehicles in the future 3.whichautomanufacturersarestillproducing electric vehicles?-toyota and nissan 4.according to the eighth paragraph,hybrid cars -run more miles than petrol driven cars 5.which of the following is true about the hope of car manufacturers according to the last paragraph? . 377 . h,hh,hh,hh,h hhhh -the legislation will allow more low. emission to be produced worldworldworldworld crudecrudecrudecrude oiloiloiloil productionproductionproductionproduction maymaymaymay peakpeakpeakpeak a a a a decadedecadedecadedecade earlierearlierearlierearlier thanthanthanthan somesomesomesome predictpredictpredictpredict 世界原油产量可能提前 十年达到峰值 in a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil 科威特科学家预测世界常规原油产量 将在 2014 年达到峰值，这一发现可能会促进储存 石油的努力。这一预測比其他预测提前了将近十 年，已经发表在美国化学学会能量与燃料杂志 上.伊布赫姆 纳夏威和同事们指出， 全球石油消耗 的快速增长使人们对“石油峰值“预测的兴趣越来 越浓。 “石油峰值”指的是石油产量达到最大值然 后开始下降的时间点。科学家已经构建了几个模型 来预测这一时间，有些模型认为这一时间在 2020 年或更晚。其中最著名的预测模型之一是赫伯特模 型。赫伯特模型认为世界石油产量呈钟形曲线，与 此相关的概念是“石油峰值” 。这一术语指的是世 界石油产量达到峰值的那一刻，之后将呈现无法逆 转的下降趋势。赫伯特模型精确地预测到美国石油 产量于 1970 年达到峰值。这一模型从此受到欢迎， 已经用于预测世界石油生产。 但是， 最近研究表明， 这一模型不足以解释某些国家更加复杂的石油生 产周期。科学家称，这些生产周期受到技术变化、 政策和其他因素的很大影响。最新研究描述了赫伯 特模型的新版本，提供了更加实际、更加准确的石 油生产预测。科学家使用新模型评估了 47 个主要 产油国家的石油生产趋势，这 47 个国家是世界常 规原油的主要提供者。科学家预计全球常规原油产 量将于 2014 年达到峰值，比之前预计的要早很多 年。科学家还指出，世界石油储量正在以 2.1%的 速度逐年减少，他们认为新模型会帮助做出与能源 相关的决定，帮助进行国家政策辩论。 the new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest. 1.which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “sparked” appearing in paragraph 2?-stimulated 2.the term “a bell shaped curve” appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production will_-start to decline after global oil production peaks. 3.which of the following is not true of the hubbert model?-it provides a very realistic and accurate oil production 4.what is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph?-it predicts global oil production will peak in 2014. 5.who develop the new version of the hubbert model?-kuwaiti scientists. citizencitizencitizencitizen scientistsscientistsscientistsscientists 公 民 科 学 家 understanding how nature responds to climate 理解大自然对气候变化 有怎样的反应需要监视世界各个角落的关键生命 周期事件一花开、叶子的出现、第一只青蛙叫出春 天的到来。但是生态学家不可能去到世界的各个角 落，所以他们向非科学家求助，这些非科学家有时 也被称作公民科学家。气象科学家不可能足迹遍及 天下。因为在世界上有如此多的地方，没有足够的 科学家来观察它们。所以他们请求你来帮助观察全 世界气候变化的迹象。公民科学家运动鼓励普通人 根据自己的兴趣来观察某一个特定的方面鸟 儿、树木、花开等等并把他们的观察结果发送 到一个巨大的数据库来供专业科学家研究。这有助 于数量有限的科学家得到如果只靠他们自己根本 收集不到的巨大数据。就像公民记者帮助报道传统 新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区的相关信息一样， 公民科学家也对他们所居住的环境很熟悉。所需要 的就是每天或每周留出几分钟来搜集数据并发送 过来。一群科学家和教育家在去年发起了一个叫做 纽约国家物候学的组织。 “物候学”就是科学家们 所说的在自然中研究每个事件的时间。其中一个小 组的首要尝试就是依靠科学家和非科学家来收集 关于每年植物开花和长叶子的数据。这一项目叫做 花季追踪计划，它收集遍布美国的各种各样的植物 生长周期的数据。参与这一项目的人们这一计 划对所有人开放把他们的观察记录在花季追 踪计划网站上。 “人们不需要是植物学家他们仅仅需要环视 四周看看周围有什么。 ”jennifer schwartz说，她是 这项计划的教育顾问。 “通过收集数据，我们就能 够估算出气候变化对植物和生物群落会有怎样的 影响。 ” and animals will respond as the climate changes 1.ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them-to collect data of the life cycle-of living things. 2.what are citizen scientists asked to do?-to send their research observations to a professional database. 3.in“allthatsneededtobecomeone ( paragraph2)“ ,what does the word “one“ stands for?-a citizen scientist. 4.what is not true of project budburst?-only experts can participate in it. 5.what is the final purpose of project budburst?-to investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes. motoringmotoringmotoringmotoring technologytechnologytechnologytechnology 汽 车 技 术 1.2 million road deaths worldwide 每年， 全世界有120万起路面交通 死亡事故，以及5000万起路面交通伤残事故。为降 低车祸发生率，现在有很多研究将注意力放在行车 安全和开发新型燃料上。而有些关于电动机车和生 物燃料的研究旨在达到更快的速度。高速驾驶一向 是很危险的。一项在机动车安全前沿领域的研究是 有关车内数字化辅助设施的。这些设施会确保：时 睡着。通过运用人工智能软件，这些辅助设施可监 控行车过程并确保在关键时刻司机不会被手机或 广播干扰注意力。许多车祸是由人为原因造成的而 非机械故障。一些行车安全方面的改进力图改善司 机的视野。雷达可对雾中的障碍物定位，而其他的 科技手段可透过阻碍你视线的高大车辆看到前方。 对安全带、刹车板控制和车胎的改进也使行车过程 变得更顺畅、 安全。 人们发现车的颜色与安全有关， 令人不会感到惊讶的是，车的大小和形状也与安全 有关。从矿物燃料中提取的汽油的替代物，例如植 物油，也是研究中的一个热门区域。取材于氢气的 燃料电池燃烧时无污染，并已成为一项重要研究的 攻克对象。但不管燃料箱中盛为何物，你可不想在 驾驶座上坐的是一个窃贼。对此，也有很多创新来 打击汽集中一些运用了卫星跟踪和远程通讯。当发 生车祸时，这些通讯系统也可起作用，自动地呼叫 帮助。交通事故可引发许多交通堵塞。但在一畅通 却繁忙的路段上，汽车间也有很多的细微互动，从 而导致可能的阻塞。此类阻塞可用数据统计工具来 进行分析。被编程的机器人可使交通流动更顺畅， 并有朝一日有望成为每个人的私家司机。但最新成 果表明这种设想并非短期内可以实现。 but their latest efforts suggest that wont be soon 1.what are researchers interested in doing as the road . 378 . 英语多功能词典英语多功能词典英语多功能词典英语多功能词典 hhhh accidentsworldwideincreasetoashocking rate?-they focus their research on safety and new fuels. 2.according to the second paragraph, most road accidents happen -because drivers make mistakes. 3.whichofthesafetydevelopmentsisnot mentioned in the passage?-windscreens that can help drivers to improve their vision. 4.what is not the purpose of innovations that use satellite tracking and remote communications?-to call for help when the car gets jammed in the traffic. 5.what is true of robotic drivers?-it will take some time before robotic drivers can be put to practical use. late-nightlate-nightlate-nightlate-night drinkingdrinkingdrinkingdrinking在深夜饮咖啡 coffee lovers beware咖啡爱好者注意了。在深夜喝一杯快速提神 的咖啡会严重影响你的睡眠，跟兴奋剂一样，咖啡 因会扰乱褪黑激素的自由流动，这种褪黑激素是大 脑里促人睡眠的一种荷尔蒙。在上床睡觉前约2小 时的时候褪黑激素含量开始上升，在凌晨2点到4点 达到最高值，然后再次下降。加州斯坦福大学斯坦 福睡眠流行病学研究中心的maurice ohayon说：“控 制我们睡眠的是神经激素，它告诉我们的身体什么 时候睡觉，什么时候醒来。 ”而以色列的研究人员 们发现含咖啡因的咖啡使这种睡眠荷尔蒙浓度降 至一半。 lotan shilo和telaviv大学 “sapir医学中心” 的一组人员，在给六位志愿者做试验时发现，他们 在饮了咖啡因的咖啡后比饮了脱咖啡因的咖啡后 睡眠质量要差。平均来说，在喝了含咖啡因的咖啡 后每晚睡眠时间为336分钟，而喝了脱咖啡因的咖 啡后则睡415分钟。同时他们得花半个小时入睡， 是通常情况的两倍，另外，他们在床上辗转次数也 要长一倍。在实验的第二阶段，研究人员每三个小 时便叫醒一次志愿者，并叫他们提供尿样。shilo 检验了他们褪黑激素分解产物的浓度，结果显示， 咖啡因摄入者体内的褪黑激素是非咖啡因摄入者 的一半。在睡眠医学刊物上发表的文章中，研 究人员暗示说，褪黑激素的生成由酶来促成，而咖 啡因阻止了酶的生成。因为要花许多小时的时间才 能将身体中的咖啡因除去， ohayon建议咖啡爱好者 应在午后换喝脱咖啡因的咖啡。 that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch 1.the author mentions “pick-me-up” to indicate that -coffee is a stimulant. 2.which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep?-caffeine halves the bodys levels of sleep hormone. 3.what does paragraph 3 mainly discuss?-different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep. 4.what does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove?-caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone. 5.the author of this passage probably agrees that -we should not drink coffee after supper. makingmakingmakingmaking lightlightlightlight ofofofof sleepsleepsleepsleep不要太在意睡眠all we have a clock located inside our brains我们每个人的大脑 里都有一个像我们床边的闹钟一样的生物钟。人脑 里的生物钟24小时走一圈，这一圈也就是一次完整 的昼夜节律，正是这个节律决定了我们吃饭、睡觉 和起床的时间。青春期时，人的生物钟在定时方面 会发生变化，生物钟会提前。这时，青少年会比以 前睡得晚，所以当你妈妈告诉你该睡觉时，你的生 物钟可能会让你多推迟几小时，并且电脑或电视光 线可能会导致你熬夜到更晚。生物钟的这种变化对 青少年说是正常的，但熬夜到太晚会打乱你生物钟 与昼夜时间循环之间的平衡，这样就会带来一些问 题，例如：早晨很难按时起床。位于美国罗得州布 郎大学睡眠方面的研究员mary carskadon说：“当 青少年睡眠不足时会打不起精神，这将影响到他们 心情、学习和思考问题的状态。 ”其实生物钟与闹 钟一样，也是可调的，事实上，生物钟每天都在进 行着自我调节，其方式就是通过你眼睛接收到光线 的变化。很早之前，科学家就知道了昼夜光线强弱 的变化对生物钟调节起到了重要的作用，长久以 来，研究者们认为眼睛所接受到的平衡生物钟的光 信号同样作用于人类的视觉系统。但最近几年的研 究发现，人类眼睛有两个感光系统，一个是视觉系 统，而另一个是感知昼夜的系统。 system tells our body whether its day or night. 1.