XXX县移民公路建设工程可行性研究报告2.doc

trouble with the hero jordan, yet he is a main character as his wife pilar is. minor characters are those in remote and static relation with the hero. it is wrong to think that minor characters are all unimportant. in some novels, one or some of the minor characters may serve a critical role, structurally or interpretationally.foil characters are ones that help enhance the intensity of the hero by strengthening or contrasting. they may be main characters or minor characters. in a word, they serve as foils to the hero or heroine. cohn in the sun also rises is a good example. he is one of the main characters. like jake, he is also “lost,” trying vainly to escape the past by courting women and drinking. but during their stay in spain, cohn displays qualities in contrast to those cherished by jake, which makes jake realize his own problems and finally find a solution, though temporarily. cohn works mainly by contrast. wilson in the great gatsby works by presenting. gatsby lost his lover to tom and wilson lost his wife to tom. by presenting wilsons case the novelist intends to point out the profound cause of gatsbys tragedy. dr. watson in the stories of sherlock holmes serves as a foil to the hero, rendering the detective smarter than he would otherwise appear to the reader.by the degree of their development, characters can be grouped as round characters and flat characters. this division is proposed by e.m forster. round characters are fully developed while flat characters are not. or we can say that round characters grow while flat characters do not. usually the reader is allowed access to the inner life of the round character and permitted to learn about many sides of the round character. the flat character is a “closed” character to whose inner thoughts the reader is denied access. usually one side of the flat character is shown in the novel. most heroes are round characters who grow emotionally or spiritually.chapter three themearistotle in poetics lists six basic elements of tragedy. melody (song) and diction (language) fall in the general category of style, and spectacle is relevant to setting in our discussion of fiction. the other three aspects are mythos or plot, ethos or character, and dianoia, which we generally translate into “thought” in english. according to aristotle, plot is the “soul” or shaping principle or fiction, and characters exist primarily as functions of the plot. in most of the stories, plot plays the role of principal structure of the story. but, as northrop frye points out, besides the internal fiction of the character and his/her society, there is an external fiction consisting of a relation between the writer and the writers society. we indeed have literary works by the likes of shakespeare and homer in which artistry is completely absorbed in their internal characters and we can hardly perceive the existence of the author. however, as soon as the authors personality appears on the horizon, a relation with the reader is established, and sometimes there seems no story at all apart from what the author is conveying to his/her reader. in this case, the primary interest in dianoia, the idea or thought that reader gets from the writer, which in modern criticism we generally call “theme”.i. what is theme?one of the safest comments to make about novels is on the theme. everyone is entitled to extract a theme based upon his understanding of the novel. theme may be the most democratic elements in literature, because its definition is the least restrictive. the theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central insight. being an idea or an insight, the theme should be abstract and it should generalize about life. labeled as controlling or central, the theme should be capable of unifying the whole novel. so the theme of a story, then, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. ii. clarification about themecommon as it is, theme suffers some misunderstandings. one misconception about theme is that each novel has a theme or themes, or theme is important to all novels. in fact, some novels, interesting ones though, do not provide any insight into life. for example, many novels of ratiocination and novels of horror. these novels are aimed at entertaining the reader, not at improving his understanding of life. they may sometimes touch upon the human nature or social problems, but these issues are only used to push the plot forward and they are not mentioned for their own value. theme exists only in the novel that seriously attempts to reflect life faithfully or intends to reveal truth about life, or in the novels that are based on ideas or theories of life. (for example, novels of ideas).another misconception about theme is that the theme is largely what the novel is. some people discard the novel when they think that they have got the theme. it should be made clear that the novel is not written to convey an idea but to convey an idea artistically. the novel is a work of art whereas the theme is only an abstract idea. an analogy from daily life may help clarify this question. people all need vitamins and get them from various kinds of vegetables and fruits. only those with deficiency of one kind or another have to take vitamin pills to get the required amount. the difference between the theme and the novel is much like that between the vitamins and the vegetables. the reader sometimes finds that the theme of a novel is similar to or even the same as what he has already known about life and that he is still fascinated by the novel. theme appeals solely to the intellectual level of reading while the novel as a whole mainly appeals to the emotional level.another pitfall concerning the theme is to confuse a theme with moral or lesson. usually, a moral or a lesson is the advice stated or implied in a parable or fable. it is something of a rule by which one can regulate his behavior. for example, “be kind to your neighbors,” or “honesty is the best policy.” but a theme is more complicated than this as a novel is to enhance ones awareness of life rather than simply to tell him how to behave.a novel is a complicated matter and different readers may have different interpretations of the same novel, so it is incorrect to presume that one novel has only one theme. in some cases, there are several subthemes to the main theme. in reality, some novels are appreciated for their thematic ambiguity. for example, moby dick can be interpreted in more ways than one.finally, the theme is not to be confused with the subject. the theme is an idea while the subject is a matter or an affair. “love is invincible” may be a theme, but “love” is only a subject. a subject may be universal. the subjects of the scarlet letter, the great gatsby, and women in love are all “love.” but these novels have different themes. a theme is particular to its novel, though there are many similar themes to be found in other novels.iii. five requirements for stating a themethe statement of a theme may be brief or long. and there are different ways to express oneand the same theme. but it should meet the following requirements.a theme must be expressed in the form of a statement with a subject and a predicate. for example, “love of ones country often inspires heroic self-sacrifice.” if a theme is expressed in the form of a phrase, then the phrase must be convertible to sentence form. one can say that the theme of a novel is “futility of envy.” the phrase can be changed to “envy is futile.” when one chooses to state a theme in the phrase form, he must be very careful about its convertibility to sentence form. for instance ,the phrase “selfless maternal love” does not always mean that “maternal love is selfless.”the theme is generalization about life based on the novel, and the statement of theme should be true also of other people or life situations. therefore, names of characters and places should not be mentioned, for they suggest specific things and invite limitations. so in thematic discussion of wuthering heights, one may mention “peoples psychology of revenge,” but not “heathcliffs.”though a theme is a generalization, over-generalization should be avoided. since a theme is extracted from a particular novel (a particular event), it may not be applicable to all situations. so words like “always,” “never,” “all,” and “every” should be avoided. instead, one should use words like “some,” “sometimes,” and “may.” when making a generalization, one should strictly keep to what is actually in the novel and not smuggle into it assumptions supplied from his past experience.since theme is the central and unifying idea of the novel, it must account for all the major details and must not be contradicted by an details in the novel.since a theme is different from a moral or a lesson, one should avoid reducing a theme to a clich or platitude like “beauty is only skin-deep.” if one crams every new experience into an old formula, he loses the opportunity of new perception provided by reading novels.iv. where to look for the themethe novelist may state or imply the theme. he uses every possible method to convey the theme. though the theme is based upon the whole novel, practically, we can specify some important areas in which to look for the theme.how the novel is entitled. the title is the name of the novel and in many cases (almost all cases) the novelist intends it to tell something important about the novel. sometimes the central theme of the novel is present in the title. for example, pride and prejudice is about darcys pride and elizabeth bennets prejudice. main street is about the life of middle-class people in a midwestern town. think what the title of for whom the bell tolls tells about its theme, and as i lay dying.how the novelist shows his interest. if the novelist is interested in something, he would allow more space to it, describing or narrating in great detail. yet, sometimes he emphasizes it by leaving it out, as in the case of ernest hemingway. the point concerned here is that why the novelist gives more attention to this particular character, since or event but not others.how the novelist deals with a common subject. often the novelist has to include in his work some common subjects, but if he treats the common subjects in an uncommon way, it shows that he is trying to convey something new or important in the novel. maybe it is the theme that demands him to do so.important symbols. symbols are loaded with important meanings. so if a symbol appears repeatedly or at important moments, it may point to the theme of the novel. a good example is the letter “a” in the scarlet letter.important speeches. characters talk and in their talk are revealed their judgments of the other characters or event. the characters judgments may give important clues to the theme.v. obvious and unobvious themeobvious theme:the theme of a story, since we know, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. in some stories, the theme is rather obvious. for example, in aesops fable about the council of the mice that cannot decide who will bell the cat, the theme is stated in the moral at the end: “it is easier to propose a thing than to carry it out.” in some novels, the title may offer a suggestion about the main theme. for example, jane austens pride and prejudice is named after its theme, and the whole story unfolds itself around that theme. in some novels, the title is not so named but the plot exists primarily to illustrate the theme and it is not very difficult for us to infer what it is. for example, uncle toms cabin by h.b.stowe and the grapes of wrath by john steinbeck voice the themes of slavery and migratory labor respectively. the title of the grapes of wrath comes from a line in an extremely famous civil war song, “the battle hymn of the republic.” the line is, “he is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored,” which means “an unjust or oppressive situation, action or policy that may inflame desire for vengeance: an explosive condition.” the song was written by a famous and influential social activist, julia ward howe. unobvious theme: but in most literary works of fiction, the theme is seldom so obvious. that is, generally a theme is not a moral nor a message, neither is it clearly conveyed in the title. when we finish reading a finely wrought story, it is easier to sum up the plotto say what happensthan to describe the main idea. to say of james joyces “araby” that it is about a boy who goes to a bazaar to buy a gift for a young woman but arrives too late is to summarize plot, not theme. in many fine short stories, theme is the center, the moving force, the principle of unity. clearly, such a theme is something more than the characters and events of the story. most of the short stories challenge an easy-come theme. in hemingways “a clean, well-lighted place,” as observed by kennedy and gioia, the events are rather simplea young waiter manages to get rid of the old man from the caf and the older waiter stops at a coffee bar on his way homebut while the events themselves seem relatively slight, the story as a whole is full of meaning. for a deep understanding of the meaning, we have to look to other elements of the story besides what happens in it: narrative, symbols, tone, the dialogue between the two waiters, the monologue of the older waiter, etc. evidently the author intends us to pay more attention to the thoughts and feelings of the older waiter, the character whose words echo the authors voice. one try on the theme may be: “the older waiter understands the old man and sympathizes with his need for a clean, well-lighted place.” but here we are still talking about what happens in the story, though we are notxxx镇移民公路建设工程可行性研究报告第一章、概 述1.1项目背景与任务依据 1.1地理位置及xx水库概况 xx镇位于xx省xxx市xxx西北部，总面积298平方公里，人口4.8万，辖46个村5个居委会。xx地处慈利、桑植、武陵源、湖北鹤峰四区县交汇处，距武陵源风景区仅30公里，距xxx城60公里，升级后的s305、s306等交通主干线穿境而过，邻近xxx荷花机场、常德桃花机场和xxx火车站、常张高速公路，是湘、鄂、黔边陲重镇，素有“小武汉”之称。随着经过杜心五故居清李公路的改造升级，xx至常德直达快巴线路的开通，xx与外界的联系沟通日益方便、快捷。xx水库概况：xx水利枢纽工程是国家“九五”重点工程，工程位于xx省xxx境内的澧水一级支流娄水干流中游，具有防洪、发电、灌溉、航运等综合效益，是防治澧水洪灾的关键性工程。枢纽工程最大坝高131m，水库正常蓄水位236m，总库容18.5亿m3 ,水面35.8km2，装机300mw，年发电量7.56亿kw.h。库区淹没涉及xx省慈利、桑植县和湖北省的鹤峰县。枢纽工程于1992年开始前期准备工作，1995年国家批准立项正式开工建设，1998年底第一台机组安装完毕，1999年5月正式并网发电。xx水库库区共安置移民2208人（其中搬迁安置1509人，生产安置699人），涉及xx镇七个村。库区土地资源极其贫乏、交通不便，严重制约了库区移民经济发展，库区移民生产安置主要进行农业综合开发，开发项目主要是板栗、核桃、柑桔等干果及三木药材，为了让库区的移民尽早脱贫致富、并让库区有限的资源得到充分利用，我县计划开发水产养殖和旅游休闲等项目，但由于库区交通条件不便，项目也不能很好的开展，于是通过我局、xx镇政府等有关单位全力争取，库区公路硬化改造项目得到了交通部门的大力支持，项目进入了省交通厅村村通工程总体规划，目前项目已开始实施。1.2任务依据 1.2.1任务依据根据省交通厅2006、2007、2008年村村通工程总体安排。1.2.2报告编制依据(1) 交通部颁发的水运、公路建设项目可行性研究报告编制办法；(2) 国家计委、建设部计投资（2006）530号建设项目经济评价方法与参数（第三版）；(3) 交通部公路桥梁施工技术规范(jtt041-2000);(4) 交通部颁发公路工程技术标准jtg b01-2003及现行有关标准规范；(5)基本建设工程投资估算编制办法及公路工程估算指标(公交路发1996611号);1.3研究范围 项目工程可行性研究范围包括以下八个方面： 1. 项目区域交通现状分析； 2. 交通量发展预测； 3. 公路建设规模及技术标准； 4. 备选方案拟定及推荐方案工程概况； 5. 投资估算及资金筹措； 6. 实施方案； 7. 经济评价； 8. 问题和建议； 1.4研究的主要结论 1.4.1建设理由 1、改善公路行车环境，是移民区的迫切愿望。由于本项目道路的落后状况，制约了当地经济发展和交流，该项目的实施能改善行车环境，促进移民区群众经济发展和方便城乡一体化的实施，该项目的实施还能改变农村“单一”种养等传统模式，促进产业结构的调整，有利于剩余劳动力的转移，加快移民区群众奔小康的步伐，并能提供良好的投资环境。 2、是完善路网结构的需要，本项目是xxx极为重要项目之一。由于县、镇财力不足等因素影响，致使镇内主干道连接线道路等级低、标准差、通行保障能力不够，已成为制约库区经济发展壮大的“瓶颈”。3、提高公路路况，有利于当地自然资源的开发需要。区域内山清水秀、空气清新、盛夏凉爽、生态环境保护良好，特别是具有丰富的xx水库旅游休闲度假资源，xx温泉胜地，温泉水温常年保持在38度左右，日出水量300吨左右，是度假休闲的好去处。4、改善库区公路，加大库区扶贫基础设施建设，是振兴库区经济发展的需要。改革开放以来，虽然全县的工农业生产飞跃发展，但是与沿海地区相比，贫困山区经济远落后于沿海地区经济，而造成这种落后状况的根本原因，则是库区农村交通基础设施差，不易于交流，原有公路成为阻碍经济发展的“瓶颈”，因而振兴当地贫困移民区经济发展，改善公路路况和行车环境，是十分必要的，有利于当地贫困移民区群众经济繁荣，为振兴地方经济发展创造有利条件。 1.4.2.交通量发展预测 根据本项目路段的交通量调查以及项目影响区国民经济发展与公路运输指标的关系，进行交通量预测，其预测结果详见表1-1。 交通量预测结果表 单位：辆/日（小客车）表1-1年 份2009201220152017趋势交通量610670835908诱增交通量6174109122最终交通量67174494410301.4.3建设规模 本项目地处xx水库库区区内，涉及七条移民道路（全部为移民村）:双潭5.5公里，金鸡12.0公里，合心3.3公里，毕架8.5公里，逃驾峪2.4公里，枫垭10.0公里，老凼6.0公里，总计47.7公里。1.4.4技术标准 本项目技术标准采用交通部颁发的jtg b01-2003公路工程技术标准中v=20km/h四级公路标准。见表1-2。 指标名称单位指标备注建设规模公里47.7公路等级级四级设计行车速度公里/小时20路基宽度米4.5小桥涵与路基同宽路面宽度米3.5一般最小平曲线半径米30极限最小平曲线半径米15停车视距米40最大纵坡%9路基设计洪水频率1/25小桥涵设计洪水频率1/25桥涵设计荷载公路级主要技术标准表 表1-2 1.4.5主要工程数量 本项目推荐方案充分利用现有老路，力求路基土石方填挖平衡，推荐方案主要工程数量见表1-3。主要工程数量表 表1-3项目工程名称单位数量一路线长度公里47.7二路基土石方工程立方米1土方立方米2石方立方米三填方立方米四路面工程公里47.71路面垫层（15cm）平方米25水泥稳定基层（15cm）平方米3砼面层（22cm）千平方米166.95五桥涵工程米/道1涵洞米/道2小桥米/座七排水防护工程立方米1.5投资估算、资金来源及工期安排 根据推荐方案的建设规模、技术标准及主要工程数量，进行本项目的投资估算，估算总金额1190.82万元，除工程直接费外，只计建设单位管理费、工程监理费和勘察设计费。平均每公里造价为24.96万元。见概算表。 资金来源由以下两部分组成： a争取交通部门的补助600.00万元。（已解决） b由xxx移民局和xx镇自筹解决390.82万元（已解决）。 c.争取省移民局解决200万元。本项目前期工作及建设工期安排详见表1-4。 工期安排表 表1-4 阶 段 名 称时 间施工图设计2009年3月2009年4月施 工 工 期2009年5月2010年4月1.6经济评价 经计算，当社会折现率为10%时，经济内部收益率(eirr)16.64%(大于10%社会折现率)。经济效益费用比（ebcr）1.393。经济投资回收期（en）15.63年。 在费用上浮20%,同时效益下降20% 的不利情况下，项目的经济效益费用比(ebcr)为1.13，经济内部收益率(eirr)13.36%(大于社会折现率10%),经济投资回收期(en)17.47年（小于22年）。从国民经济评价结果来看,项目可行,并具有一定的抗风险能力。 1.7 问题与建议 a. 项目为老路改建，施工时应做好科学的施工组织安排，以保证施工时道路畅通； b本工程实施的关健问题是资金筹措，资金若不能按时到位，将影响工程质量及延误施工工期，务请有关部门落实筹资计划，确保资金及时到位，有利于施工计划顺利进行； c有关施工用水用电等具体情况，以及征地拆迁由当地村组自行解决； d建议在工可批准后，按线位两侧用地加以控制； e建议施工时严格控制噪音、粉尘等污染，同时做好环境保护工作，避免水土流失和自然景观破坏。 第二章、项目区域交通现状分析2.1.xxx综合运输网分析 2.1.1.综合运输概况 慈利位于xx省的西北部，地处武陵山脉东部边缘，澧水中游，东北与石门县相连，东南与桃源县接壤，西北与桑植县相邻 ，西南与永定区连接，是一个典型的“七山半水分半田，一分道路和庄园”的山区县。长期以来，由于受自然条件的制约，xxx对外交通运输以公路运输为主。近年来，随着国家对交通基础设施投资的力度加大，省道s305、s306改造工程等等的建设，极大的改善了xxx公路运输体系，与沿海地区相比，还存在较大差距。常张高速公路的建成通车为xxx的发展提供一条经济腾飞的主动脉。 xxx综合运输网包括公路和水路，无航空和管道运输。据统计资料，2008年，全县公路完成的客运量及货运量占较大的比例，分别