山西晋城市阳城县瑞义大型沼气可研报告_-定稿1.doc

山西晋城市阳城县瑞义大型沼气示范工程建设项目his company into two parts. they say that he is unfair to other people who want to sell similar software. because hefits his new software free in every new computer, the government says he is stopping other companies from selling their programs. this is not fair. everyone should be able to do what they can to make their company bigger. bill gates has not only done what he can to stop other competitors. he is very rich, but he is generous. he has given millions of dollars to help the education and the health of many children around the world. you could not meet a better man than bill gates.a competitors of bill gatesbill gates has been very successful and become very rich. he is very generous but how has he got his money? he has down this by making sure that no one else will be able to compete with his software. his software is not the best but it is used most widely in the world. when he sees what is needed, he makes a program and produces it quicker than anybody else. that way he gets a large part of the software market. then he works on improving the software later. he tries hard to stop others making better software. in 1995 the government tried to make things fairer for people like me. the government wanted to make microsoft into two companies so that neither of them was so strong nor so rich. this meant that they could not stop somebody else making new software. i always wonder how he could get so rich so quickly. has he done it by fair means? or has he done it by being a computer bully?必修二unit 1in search of the amber roomfrederick william i, the king of prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the russian people would have such an amazing history. this gift was the amber room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. the amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey. the design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. it was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took the countrys best artists about ten years to make.in fact, the room was not made to be a gift. it was designed for the palace of fredrick i. however, the next king of prussia, fredrick william i, to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. in 1716 he gave it to peter the great. in return, the czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. so the amber room became part of the czars winter palace in st petersburg. about four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important vistors. later, catherine had the amber room moved to a palace outside st petersburg where she spent her summers. she told her artists to add more details to it. in 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. almost six hundred candles lit the room, and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. sadly, although the amber room was cnsidered one of the wonders of the world, it is now missing.in september 1941, the nazi army was near st petersburg. this was atime when the two countries were at war. before the nazis could get to the summer palace, the russians were able to remove some furnitures and small art objects from the amber room. however, some of the nazis secretly stole the room itself. in less than two days 100000 pieces were put inside twenty-seven wooden boxes. there is no doubt that the boxes were then put on a train for konigsberg, which was at a time a german city on the baltic sea. after that, what happened to the amber room remains a mystery.recently, the russians and germans have built a new amber room at the summer palace. by studying old photos of the former amber room, they have made the new one looke like the old one. in 2003 it was ready for the people of st petersburg when they celebrated the 300th bithday of their city.a fact of an opinionwhat is a fact? is it something that people believe? no. a fact is anything that can be proved. for example, it can be proved that china has more people than any other country in the world. this is a fact.then what is an opinion? an opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved. so an opinoion is not good evidence in a trail. for example, it is an opinion if you say “cats are better pets than dogs”. it may be true, but it is difficult to prove. some people may not agree with this opinion but they also cannot prove that they are right.in a trail, a judge must decide which eyewitnesses to believe and which not to believe. the judge does not consider what each eyewitness looks like or where that person lives or works. he/she only cares about whether the eyewitness has given true information, which must be facts rather than opinions. this kind of information is called evidence.big feng to the rescuehis friends and family call him “big feng” because he is bery tall and played basketball as a young man. but he is also big in a different way he fights hard to protect chinas past. his real name is feng jicai and he has written many novels about life in china. several years ago, however, he put down his pen for a while and began to protect the cltural relics in tianjin, where he lives. once someon asked him why he no longer wrote. he replied that at the moment he felt protecting cultural relics was more important. feng loves his hometown. he believes that old things must be given a plave next to new thins, or people will soon forget ther great past. he does not make speeches to get others to help him in his projects. instead he goes out and does what he can himeself. if others follow him, so much the better. one of his biggest projects was to protect the oldest street in tianjin. along that street some shops had done business for seven hundred years. althought the city government rebuilt this street, they did save its oldest building. another project was more successful: he persuaded the city government to buy some land in the centre of the city so it could not be sold for businesses. this area is very improtant for the history of tianjin. it was here that the city was first built during the song dynasty. later many treasures were found here.to feng, digging down in to the earth is like reading page after page of a book. each dynasty found in the earth is like an interesting story. not long ago he and other writers and artists took photos of the old parts of tianjin. the photos were put into a book which was very popular. the money from the book helps his prjects. once, and old man asked feng to sign a book for him, saying he would give it to his grandson who was not yet born. feng was glad to do it - he knows that he past is not only for us to enjoy but also for the children of the future.unit 2an interviewpausanias, who was a greek writer about 2000 year ago, has come on a magical journey on march 18th ,2007 to find out about the present-day olympic games. he is now interviewing li yan, a volunteer for the 2008 olympics games.p: my name is pausanias. i lived in what you call “ ancient greece” and i used to write about the olympic games a long time ago. ive come to your time to find out about the present-day olympic games because i know that in 2004 they were held in my homeland. may i ask you some questions about themodern olympics?l: good heavens! have reallycome from so long ago? but of course you can ask any questions you like. what would you like to know?p: how often do you hold your games?l: every four years. there are two main sets of gamesthe winter and the summer olympics, and both are held every four years on a regular basis. the winter olympics are usually held two years before the summer games. only athletes who have reached the agreed standard for their event will be admitted as competitors. they may come from anywhere in the world.p: winter games? how can the runners enjoy competing in winter? and what about the horses?l: oh no! there are no running races or horse riding events. instead there are competitions like skiing and ice skating which need snow and ice. thats why theyre called the winter olympics. its in the summer olympics that you have the running races, together with swimming, sailing and all the team sports.p: i see. earlier you said that athletes are invited from all over the world. do you mean the greek world? our greek cities used to compete against each other just for the honour of winning. no other countries could join in, nor could slaves or women!l: nowadays any country can take part if their athletes are good enough. there are over 250 sports and each one has its own standard. women are not only allowed, but play a very important role in gymnastics, athletics, team sports and p: please wait a minute! all those events, all those countries and even women taking part! where are all the athletes housed?l: for each olympics, a special village is built for them to live in, a main reception building, several stadiums for competitions, and a gymnasium as well.p: thats sounds very expansive. does anyone want to host the olympic games?l: as a matter of fact,every country wants the opportunity. its a great responsibility but also a great honour to be chosen. theres as much competitions among countries to host the olympics as to win olympic medals. the 2008 olympics will be held in beijing.p: oh yes! you must be very proud. l: certainly. and after that the 2012 olympics will be held in london. they have already started planning for it. a new village for the athletes and all the stadiums will be built to the east of london. new medals will be designed of course and p: did you say medals? so even the olive wreath has been replaced! oh dear! do you compete for prize money too?l: no, we dont. its still all about being able to run faster, jumper higher and throw further. thats the motto of the olympics, you know“ swifter, higher and stronger.”p: well, thats a good news. how interesting! thank you so much for your time.the story of atlantaatlanta was a greek princess. she was very beautiful and could run faster than any man in greece. but she was not allowed to run and win glory for herself in the olympic games. she was so angry that she said to her farther that she would not marry anyone who could not run faster than her. her father said that she must marry, so atlanta made a bargain with him. she said to him, “ these are my rules. when a man says he wants to marry me, i will run against him. if he cannot run as fast as me, he will be killed. no one will be pardoned.”many kings and princes wanted to marry atlanta, but when they heard of her rules they knew it was hopeless. so many of them sadly went home, but others stayed to run the race. there was a man called hippomenes who was amazed when he heard of atlantas rules, “ why are these men so foolish?” hethought. “ why will they let themselves be killed because they cannot run as fast as this princess?” however, when he saw atlanta come out of her house to run, hippomenes changed his mind. “ i will marry atlantaor die !“ he said.the race started and although the man ran very fast, atlanta ran faster. as hippomenes watched he thought, “ how can i run as fast as atlanta?” he went to ask the greek goddess of love for help. she promised to help him and gave him three golden apples. she said, “ throw an apple in front of atlanta when she is running past. when she stops to pick it up, you will be able to run past her and win.” hippomenes took the apples and went to the king. he said, “ i want to marry atlanta.” the king was sad to see another man die, but hippomenes said, “ i will marry her or die!” so the race began.three inspiring stories about the olympic games1. the kind norwegianthere is a cross-country skiing race which is part of the winter olympics. in 2006 a canadian skier, sara renner, was taking part in the cross-country final when her left pole broke. this was a serious problem as she needed the pole to help her travel quickly through the deep snow. immediately bjornar hakensmoen , the coach of the norwegian team, gave her another pole. so renner was able to get a silver medal. hakensmoen said that he had only behaved as any good sportsman should, but sara said that hakensmoen had shown everybody the true meaning of sport.2. the special olympic athletefor athlete eric williams gold medals are nice, but good sportsmanship is more important. eric has a low mental ability but this does not stop him from taking apart in the olympics. in 2005 eric competed in running races and the long jump. he said, “ ive been competing in the special olympics ever since目 录第一章 总论1第二章 项目背景3第三章 市场分析10第四章 项目选址方案13第五章 产品方案与建设规模15第六章 工艺技术方案与设备选型17第七章 建设内容22第八章 环境保护与安全生产32第九章 项目组织管理及实施进度安排35第十章 投资估算与资金筹措37第十一章 财务评价41第十二章 效益评价43第十三章 结论与建议45第十四章 附表、附图、附件46第一章 总论1.1项目概要1.1.1、项目名称：山西晋城市阳城县瑞义农牧有限公司大型沼气示范工程建设项目1.1.2、项目建设单位：山西晋城市阳城县瑞义农牧有限公司1.1.3、项目建设单位负责人：于章瑞1.1.4、建设性质：新建1.1.5、项目建设地点：山西晋城市阳城县演礼乡献义村1.1.6、项目建设期限：2006年10月至2007年10月1.1.7、项目主管部门：山西省农业厅1.1.8、项目监管单位：山西省农村可再生能源办公室1.1.9、项目建设规模及产品方案：项目建设在晋城市阳城县演礼乡献义村的下风向西北20亩的空地上，项目建设用地20亩（晋城市阳城县瑞义农牧有限公司己征土地范围内）；项目利用阳城县瑞义农牧有限公司生猪养殖基地存栏5600的粪便及屠宰加工废水产沼，拟采用目前在山西运行良好的500m3改良型usr厌氧反应器二座；年产沼气14.89万立方米，沼气用于该公司发电、生产生活用能和邻近阳城县演礼乡献义村200户村民生活用能；年产沼液1.3万吨，经过固液分离的固体沼渣晒干粉碎后作有机固肥和饲料添加剂的干沼渣年产923.5吨；经过固液分离的液体沼液采用管道输送到邻近的200余亩果蔬田中喷灌、渗灌和滴灌800亩的耕地用肥；整个项目是“变废为宝、资源全面综合利用的生态环保工程”，对晋城市畜禽业发展和拉动有机农业产业发展具有重大推动和示范意义。1.1.10、项目主要建设内容：改造完善晋城市阳城县瑞义农牧有限公司新老生猪养殖基地雨污分流、干湿分开减量化系统的改建，新建6m3污泥池一口、20m3集水池一口、15m3调浆调节计量池一口、调浆池房40m2、发电、泵房81m2、固液分离机房52m2；有机肥加工库房81m2、厌氧反应器500m3一座、沼气贮气柜300m3一座、酸化池60m3、沼液池60m3、田间沼液简易贮存池5000m3、围墙、道路场地、花台、照壁、大门及供气、沼液喷灌、工艺管道、机械设施、沼液消纳等配套系统。1.1.11、项目投资估算：示范工程项目总投入177.48万元，其中申请国家投入100万元，地方配套50万元（其中市财政25万元、县财政25万元）企业自筹27.48万元。1.1.12、效益分析：经济效益为年产“三沼”销售收入为78.65万元，年创税利合计38.27万元；社会、生态、节能效益相当明显于经济效益。1.2、结论与建议我国畜禽养殖业近年间发展迅速，但在排泄物快速处理方面的技术、政策相对滞后。该项目针对山西省养殖业的发展和环境保护之间出现的矛盾，建设大型沼气工程项目，变废为宝、资源综合利用，对减少畜禽养殖污染、改善生态环境和促进畜牧业的健康发展和发展生态有机农业具有重大的现实意义。项目建设方案科学合理，建设规模适中，投资结构合理，社会效益、节能效益和生态效益显著。综合上述分析，本项目可行，建议国家农业部批准立项。1.3、编制依据1.3.1、国家农业部大中型畜禽养殖场粪便综合利用“能源环保”工程十五规划1.3.2、农业部制定的2005年农业国债项目投资指南；1.3.3、国家环境保护总局令 第9号畜禽养殖污染防治管理办法；1.3.4、中国农业出版社出版的农村能源工程学;1.3.5、化学出版社出版的有机肥料加工与施用、农业环境保护；1.3.6、中国环境科学出版社出版的全国规模化畜禽养殖污染情况调查及防治对策；1.3.7、中国电力出版社出版的投资项目可行性研究指南；1.3.8、山西省发展和改革委员会与山西省建设厅制定的山西省建设工程其他费用标准；1.3.9、农业灌溉水质标准，gb5084-1992;畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准；1.3.10、建筑结构设计可靠度设计统一标准 gb50068-2001；1.3.11、建筑结构荷载规范 gb50009-2001；1.3.12、混凝土结构设计规范 gb50010-2002；1.3.13、建筑抗震设计规程 gb50011-2001；1.3.14、钢结构设计规范 gb50017-2001；1.3.15、地表水环境质量标准 ghzb1-1999；1.3.16、畜禽养殖业污染物防治技术规范hj/t8120011.3.17、畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准 gb18596-20011.3.18、畜禽养殖业能源环保工程设计设计规范ny0520051.3.19、其它相关的国家标准和设计规范。1.3.20、项目单位提供的有关资料。1.4、主要技术经济指标主要技术经济指标 单位mg/l 序号主要工程项目名称bod5codcrnh3n1猪粪、尿污水调浆90001000012002格栅沉砂、集水池810090008003厌氧反应567027007204沼液储存455024304005固液分离清液272012002006固液分离清液储水调配系统200350200400801008农田、果园或蔬菜田喷灌000第二章 项目背景2.1、项目的由来2.1.1、当地畜禽养殖污染现状当地养殖场目前没有粪便处理的条件和设施，也没有大中型沼气工程，牧畜粪便采用集中堆放沤制后，供给当地农民做有机肥使用，占地面积大，对环境的污染较大。2.1.2、当地农村能源使用现状和存在问题晋城市农村生活取暖、做饭采用燃烧型煤，有相当一部分农户用燃烧作物秸秆来解决能源问题，既造成资源浪费又污染环境。开发新型能源利用沼气群众积极性相当高。2.1.3、当地政府扶持政策和沼气应用现状晋城市2003年开始进行户用沼气建设，为了推进沼气建设的持续有效开展，晋城市政府先后出台了关于加快农村沼气化建设的实施意见、关于全面实施农产品无害化建设的发展规划等相关配套政策，一方面加大户用沼气宣传和推广力度，完成高标准“一池三改”户沼气池，目前，已建设完成沼气户3000多个，涉及全市的130个村。另一方面进行大中型沼气试点示范建设，为解决适应大中型畜禽业发展的环境保护和发展生态有机农业，解决小城镇集中供应沼气和日趋石油液化气紧缺而提高价格农民难以承受的矛盾。2.1.4、当地有机肥的应用现状全市有机肥在农业种植生产运用大体占到总肥量的30%，其中80%局限于大田作物和蔬菜、瓜果等种植产业，年施有机肥总量约3万吨，随着近年来无公害建设力度的不断加大，农民在种植生产过程中对有机肥的需求量日益加大，有机肥年市场缺口在10万吨以上。2.2、项目建设的必要性近年来，随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，对肉、蛋、奶等畜产品的需求增加，为丰富城镇副食品供应，山西省政府十分重视畜牧业的发展，在全省大中城市和主要产区相继实施了一批“菜篮子工程”。“菜篮子工程”的实施，促进了山西省的禽畜饲养业向着规模化、集约化的方向发展。据统计，到2002年底，全省出栏商品肉猪637万头，家禽4131万只，肉羊599万只，肉牛59.8万头，存栏奶牛17.56万头。全省34个省级瘦肉型猪基地县发展已初具规模，生产能力、生产水平、科技含量均已达到较高水平。目前全省年出栏100头以上的集约化猪场共有4095个，出栏生猪134万头。其中年出栏生猪100-500头的养猪场有3689个，500-3000头的养殖场有376个，3000-10000头的养殖场有25个，10000-50000头的养殖场有5个。集约化养殖已成为全省畜牧业生产稳定发展的主力军，并且朝着标准化生产、产业化经营、规模化管理方向迈进。集约化养殖业的发展满足了人们不断增长的生活需求，为提高城乡居民生活水平、农业增效、农民增收做出了贡献，但与之俱来是，大量的畜禽粪便过渡集中和冲洗水大量增加带来了一系列环境问题。由于绝大多数畜禽场的粪便未得到处理和利用，使得大中城市周边地带和郊区农村单位土地面积的粪便承载量过高，粪水的肆意排放。这些污染物对周围环境造成了极其严重的影响，制约了农业生产的可持续发展： 2.2.1、污染水质粪便中的某些有害物质，如蛋白质、脂肪酸腐败的产物（也是粪便恶臭的构成物质）能溶解于水，使水具有臭味，从而恶化了水质，使之不适于人畜的饮用。这些腐败性有机物质进入水体，经微生物分解后，会释放氮、磷等富营养成分，促使水中藻类等水生生物大量繁殖，引起水质的富营养化。另外，粪便中的病原微生物（或寄生虫等）进入河道后，能够通过水体或水生动植物进行快速的扩散和传播，直接或间接的传染各种疾病。畜禽粪便造成水质污染的同时，还造成了杂草丛生、河床淤积，甚至堵塞了河道，妨碍了防洪和排涝，威胁着饮用水水源的安全。某些地区还发生过当地居民与畜禽场之间的矛盾冲突等严重事件。2.2.2、产生恶臭污染空气在厌氧条件下，畜禽粪便在某些微生物的作用下，碳水化合物分解为甲烷、有机酸和醇类的带酸臭味的气体；蛋白质和脂类分解为氨、硫化氢、甲硫醇和粪臭素等有恶臭的含氮和硫的化合物。这些臭气严重恶化了畜禽场内外大气环境质量，对畜禽业工作人员产生危害，还会影响畜禽的生产性能、降低其生产力水平。2.2.3、污染土壤进入土壤的畜禽粪便，其中的有机物质本来可以通过微生物的作用完全分解，非但不会污染环境，而且可以向土壤提供植物生长所需要的营养物质，维持土壤的自净肥力，但是由于粪便堆积不施入土壤，堆积养殖场附近，超过堆积土壤消化的能力，就造成污染。另外，还有一些以土壤传播为主的传染病，这些病原体往往可以在土壤中寄生或以芽孢等形式在土壤中存活许多年，如炭疽和破伤风等，许多寄生虫也可以经土壤或土壤中生活的动物（如蚯蚓、甲虫等）广为传播，形成巨大的潜在危害。2.2.4、沼气应用的需求沼气,作为一种可再生优质清洁能源资源，无论是用做生活燃料，还是用于生产用能，都能够减少日益枯竭的化石能源的消耗，山西省虽然是产煤能源大省，但近年来煤炭能源无计划超量开采和由此而发生的安全事故日显突出。因此，项目的建设是改善山西省当地环境现状、节约能源、实施有机生态可持续发展战略的需要。本项目沼气四季供周边农民生活用能，寒季利用晋城市晋宏实业有限公司矿厂下脚煤解决厌氧发酵加温问题，寒季多余沼气供周围菜农作大棚蔬菜二氧化碳气肥（此期间农民自家取暖烧炉也不需要过多沼气）；由于菜农使用大棚种植反季节蔬菜，而大棚蔬菜内因保暖长期封闭野外二氧化碳气肥无法进入，而蔬菜生长排出的氧气严重超标，致使蔬菜生长缓慢、产量下降，反季节蔬菜出现无野外蔬菜的口味品质问题。本项目应用大连地区生产的沼气大棚蔬菜二氧化碳气肥转换器，不但解决了蔬菜大棚内缺二氧化碳气肥问题，同时对蔬菜大棚内温度有所提高，可增产1618%，蔬菜的口味品质可达到野外蔬菜的口味品质。本项目建设地点距位于晋城市阳城县8公里，交通便利，通讯方便。反季节蔬菜的需求量特别大，因此，沼气用于大棚蔬菜二氧化碳气肥转换的需求尤为重要。2.2.5、沼液沼渣有机肥的需求畜粪中富含有机质，有机质腐熟后形成腐殖质储存在土壤中，腐殖质对改良土壤、培养地力有明显效果。研究表明粪中的碳氮比越高，氮的含量相对越少，氮素就越不容易释放出来。因此，家畜粪便在保持和提高土壤肥力的效果上远远超过化肥。化肥中的磷酸钙会与土壤中的石灰质、铁反映形成沉淀物，大大降低磷的利用率。有机肥料中的磷是有机磷，肥效优于磷酸钙，被固定的可能性少，相对提高了磷肥肥效。同时畜粪中的有机质在积肥、施肥过程中，经过微生物的加工分解以至重新合成，最后形成腐殖质储存在土壤中。腐殖质对改良土壤、培养地力的作用是多方面的：它能调节土壤水分、温度、空气和肥效，适时满足作物生长发育的需要；能调节土壤的酸碱度，形成土壤的团粒结构；能延长和