某污水处理工程可行性研究报告(氧化沟工艺)1.doc

fish was caught near madagascar. a small fishing-boat was carried miles out to sea by the powerful fish as it pulled on the line. realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made every effort not to damage it in any way. when it was eventually brought to shore, it was found to be over thirteen feet long. it had a head like a horse, big blue eyes, shining silver skin, and a bright red tail, the fish, which has since been sent to a museum where it is being examined by a scientist, is called an oarfish. such creatures have rarely been seen alive by man as they live at a depth of six hundred feet.lesson83 after the elections 大选之后the former prime minister, mr wentworth lane, was defeated in the recent elections. he is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad. my friend, crawley, has always been a fanatical opponent of mr lanes radical progressive party. after the elections, crawley went to the former prime ministers house. when he asked if mr lane lived there, the policeman on duty told him that since his defeat, the ex-prime minister had gone abroad. on the following day, crawley went to the house again. the same policeman was just walking slowly past the entrance, when crawley asked the same question. though a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer. the day after, crawley went to the house once more and asked exactly the same question. this time, the policeman lost his temper. i told you yesterday and the day before yesterday, he shouted, mr lane was defeated in the elections. he has retired from political life and gone to live abroad ! i know, answered crawley, but i love to hear you say it ! lesson84 on strike 罢工busmen have decided to go on strike next week. the strike is due to begin on tuesday. no one knows how long it will last. the busmen have stated that the strike will continue until general agreement is reached about pay and working conditions. most people believe that the strike will last for at least a week. many owners of private cars are going to offer free rides to people on their way to work. this will relieve pressure on the trains to some extent. meanwhile, a number of university students have volunteered to drive buses while the strike lasts. all the young men are expert drivers, but before they drive any of the buses, they will have to pass a special test. the students are going to take the test in two days time. even so, people are going to find it difficult to get to work. but so far, the public has expressed its gratitude to the students in letters to the press. only one or two people have objected that the students will drive too fast!lesson85 never too old to learn 活到老学到老i have just received a letter from my old school informing me that my former head- master, mr regmald page, will be retiring next week. pupils of the school, old and new, will be sending him a present to mark the occasion. all those who have contributed towards the gift will sign their names in a large album which will be sent to the headmasters home. we shall all remember mr page for his patience and understanding and for the kindly encouragement he gave us when we went so unwillingly to school. a great many former pupils will be attending a farewell dinner in his honour next thursday. it is a curious coincidence that the day before his retirement, mr page will have been teaching for a total of forty years. after he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening. for him, this will be an entirely new hobby. but this does not matter, for, as he has often remarked, one is never too old to learn. lesson86 out of control 失控as the man tried to swing the speed-boat round, the steering-wheel came away in his hands. he waved desperately to his companion, who had been water-skiing for the last fifteen minutes. both men had hardly had time to realize what was happening when they were thrown violent1y into the sea. the speed-boat had struck a buoy, but it continued to move very quickly across the water. both men had just begun to swim towards the shore. when they noticed with dismay that the speed-boat was moving in a circle. it now came straight towards them at tremendous speed. in less than a minute, it roared past them only a few feet away. after it had passed, they swam on as quickly as they could because they knew that the boat would soon return. they had just had enough time to swim out of danger when the boat again completed a circle. on this occasion, however, it had slowed down considerably. the petrol had nearly all been used up. before long, the noise dropped completely and the boat began to drift gently across the water.lesson87 a perfect alibi 极好的不在犯罪现场的证据at the time the murder was committed, i was travelling on the 8.0 oclock train to london, said the man.do you always catch such an early train ? asked the inspector.of course i do, answered the man. i must be at work at 10.0 oclock. my employer will confirm that i was there on time. would a later train get you to work on time ? asked the inspector. i suppose it would, but i never catch a later train.at what time did you arrive at the station ?at ten to eight. i bought a paper and waited for the train.and you didnt notice anything unusual ? of course not.i suggest, said the inspector, that you are not telling the truth. i suggest that you did not catch the 8.0 oclock train, but that you caught the 8.25 which would still get you to work on time. you see, on the morning of the murder, the 8.0 oclock train did not run at all. it broke down at ferngreen station and was taken off the line.lesson88 trapped in a mine 困在矿井里six men have been trapped in a mine for seventeen hours. if they are not brought to the surface soon they may lose their lives. however, rescue operations are proving difficult. if explosives are used, vibrations will cause the roof of the mine to collapse. rescue workers are therefore drilling a hole on the north side of the mine. they intend to bring the men up in a special capsule. if there had not been a hard layer of rock beneath the soil, they would have completed the job in a few hours. as it is, they have been drilling for sixteen hours and they still have a long way to go. meanwhile, a microphone, which was lowered into the mine two hours ago, has enabled the men to keep in touch with the closest relatives. though they are running out of food and drink, the men are cheerful and confident that they will get out soon. they have been told that rescue operations are progressing smoothly. if they knew how difficult it was to drill through the hard rock, they would lose heart. lesson89 a slip of the tongue 口误people will do anything to see a free show-even if it is a bad one. when the news got round that a variety show would be presented at our local cinema by the p. and u. bird seed company, we all rushed to see it. we had to queue for hours to get in and there must have been several hundred people present just be- fore the show began. unfortunately, the show was one of the dullest we have ever seen. those who failed to get in need not have felt disappointed as many of the artistes who should have appeared did not come. the only funny things we heard that evening came from the advertiser at the beginning of the programme. he was obviously very nervous and for some minutes stood awkwardly before the microphone. as soon as he opened his mouth, everyone burst out laughing. we all know what the poor man should have said, but what he actually said was: this is the poo and ee seed bird company. good ladies, evening and gentlemen !lesson90 whats for supper ？ 晚餐吃什么？though brazil is one of the richest countries in the world, much of it has not yet been developed. it was mainly for this reason that the brazilian government decided to have a new city built 600 miles north-west of rio de janeiro. designed by the great architect lucio costa, the new city, brasilia, replaced rio de janeiro as the capital of brazif in 1960. brasilia has been carefully planned for modern living. its wide roads, which can take fourteen lanes of traffic, have been keptaway from living areas. children do not have to cross busy streets to go to school. housewives can visit-shopping centres on foot, for in these specially designed living areas, cars are unnecessary. at first, the government had great difficulty in persuading people to leave rio and to settle in brasilia. since 1960, however, the population has been growing all the time. brasilia has quickly established itself as the capital of the country. the idea to have the capital moved so far inland will have a great effect on the future of brazil.lesson91 three men in a basket 三人同篮a pilot noticed a balloon which seemed to be making for a royal air force station nearby. he informed the station at once, but no one there was able to explain the mystery. the officer in the control tower was very angry when he heard the news, because balloons can be a great danger to aircraft. he said that someone might by spying on the station and the pilot was ordered to keep track of the strange object. the pilot managed to circle the balloon for some time. he could make out three men in a basket under it and one of them was holding field-glasses. when the balloon was over the station, the pilot saw one of the men taking photographs. soon afterwards, the balloon began to descend and it landed near an airfield. the police were called in, but they could not arrest anyone, for the basket contained two members of parliament and the commanding officer of the station! as the commanding officer explained later, one half of the station did not know what the other half was doing ! lesson92 asking for trouble 自找麻烦it must have been about two in the morning when i returned home. i tried to wake up my wife by ringing the door-bell, but she was fast asleep, so i got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. i was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, i dont think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.i looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when i saw a policeman. i immediately regretted answering in the way i did, but i said, i enjoy cleaning windows at night.so do i, answered the policeman in the same tone. excuse my interrupting you. i hate to interrupt a man when hes busy working, but would you mind coming with me to the station ? well, id prefer to stay here, i said. you see, ive forgotten my key.your what ? he called.my key, i shouted. fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards me.lesson93 a noble gift 崇高的礼物one of the most famous monuments in the world, the statue of liberty, was presented to the united states of america in the nineteenth century by the people of france. the great statue, which was designed by the sculptor auguste bartholdi, took ten years to complete. the actual figure was made of copper supported by a metal framework which had been especially constructed by eiffel. before it could be transported to the united states, a site had to be found for it and a pedestal had to be built. the site chosen was an island at the entrance of new york harbour. by 1884, a statue which was 151 feet tall, had been erected in paris. the following year, it was taken to pieces and sent to america. by the end of october 1886, the statue had been put together again and it was officially presented to the american people by bartholdi. ever since then, the great monument has been a symbol of liberty for the millions of people who have passed through new york harbour to make their homes in america.lesson94 future champions 未来的冠军experiments have proved that children can be instructed in swimming at a very early age. at a special swimming pool in los angeles, children become expert at holding their breath under water even before they can walk. babies of two months old do not appear to be reluctant to enter the water, it is not long before they are so accustomed to swimming that they can pick up weights from the floor of the pool. a game that is very popular with these young swimmers is the underwater tricycle race. tricycles are lined up on the floor of the pool seven feet under water. the children compete against each other to reach the other end of the pool. many pedal their tricycles, but most of them prefer to push or drag them. some children can cover the whole length of the pool without coming up for breath even once. whether they will ever become future olympic champions, only time will tell. meanwhile, they should encourage those among us who cannot swim five yards before they are gasping for air.lesson95 a fantasy 纯属虚构when the ambassador of escalopia returned home for lunch, his wife got a shock. he looked pale and his clothes were in a frightful state. what has happened ? she asked.how did your clothes get into such a mess ? a fire-extinguisher, my dear, answered the ambassador drily. university students set the embassy on fire this morning.good heavens! exclaimed his wife. and where were you at the time ?i was in my office as usual, answered the ambassador. the fire broke out in the basement. i went down3 项目建设的必要性3.1 完善城镇基础设施建设的需要1) 现有排水系统不完善某区经多年的建设，市政排水管道建设有了较大发展，但普遍存在排水管道系统不完善的状况，现有主城区排水体制为合流制，有的地方干管缺少支管，有些地方有支管缺少干管，造成管道系统不配套、排水管网密度较小、不敷使用的情况。致使雨水、污水不能及时收集排除，形成雨、污水漫流，已经影响居民生活和环境卫生。2) 市政排水管理不完善和不统一市政排水管理部门对已建排水设施应进行经常性的维护保养，还需对城市排水设施的使用进行严格的监督与管理。某些单位将有害有毒和带易燃物的废水排入下水道，而下水道又未设水封井和通气井。此外，在开发建设过程中，私自占用城市下水道位置或在下水道上修建房屋，甚至毁坏城市排水设施，迫使顺自然地形条件、自然水力条件设置的城市排水沟渠改道等现象也屡有发生。3) 城市污水未经处理直接排入水体，污染了环境某区污水处理设施及排污管道不完善，污水未经处理直接排放，造成水体污染严重，不利于区域水体资源的保护利用，对下游生态环境有较大影响。某区经济的繁荣发展，人民生活水平的进一步提高，城市污水已成为当前的环境保护工作热点难点问题，广大群众对城市污水的有效治理呼声十分强烈。因此，为了保证某区人民正常的生产、生活要求，适应城市经济社会发展的需要，建设城市基础设施，做好城市生活污水的处理和处置工作刻不容缓，是非常必要的。3.2 保护城区水体水质和生态环境的需要某区的发展以生态环境为根本，对环境保护尤为重要。区政府对城区水体和环境保护十分重视，严格控制工业废水、生活污水的污染，加大力度对工业废水的监督和治理，全面推行排污许可证制度，实行排污总量控制。但是，由于新城区发展迅猛，城市建设日新月异，市政基础建设未能跟上城市发展的需要，随着城区的建设，对原有生态环境破坏日趋加剧，城市水环境污染日益严重，工业废水以及生活污水都直接排入湘江，对其水体水质造成了污染，对河岸环境造成一定影响。作为某区的纳污水体，为了保护湘江水体水质和生态环境，与城市建设同步污水处理工程，是非常必要的。根据某市人民政府发布的某市湘江流域水污染综合整治实施方案（岳政发200822 号）要求“以城镇环境基础设施建设为重点，全面提高生活污水处理率”，“到2010 年，湘江流域我市段县城都要建成生活污水处理设施，市城区和县城污水处理率分别达到80%和50%以上。新建污水处理厂必须采取除磷脱氮工艺。”某区作为某市直辖区，城市污水处理厂的建设任务非常紧迫。3.3 提高生活质量和坚持走可持续发展的道路环境保护是衡量人民生活水平的一个重要标志。某区污水处理工程的建设，不仅有利于城区内部环境的改善，也有利于周边环境质量的改善，对于保护某区生态环境，保护人民的身体健康，发展生产力都有重要意义。某区近年来发展快，经济增长迅猛，人民生活富裕，社会繁荣稳定，但伴随着经济开发区建设的进行，对生态环境的破坏将会加剧。如果任其发展，不尽快采取消除对环境的污染，我们的环境质量就会不断恶化，环境的损失带有持久性，而环境的恶化反过来就会制约社会和经济的发展，这已被无数事实所证明，并已成为有识之士的共同观点。如何着力于环境、文化景观和高效服务设施的建设、保持经济的可持续发展，在建设城市的同时，建设适合国情、省情和当地实情的污水处理厂是当务之急，是十分必要的。4 建设规模4.1 城镇总体规划分析4.1.1 城镇发展趋势分析城市市政公共基础失业的发展与整个城市的发展密切相关，城市污水处理工程是城市建设的基础设施，应适应城市的发展，且适当超前。总体规划中提出以基础设施建设为基础，以生态环境保护为根本，以经济结构调整为主线，大力发展支柱产业，推进包括农业现代化在内的工业化进程和城镇化进程，适当扩大镇区规模，加强某镇作为某区中心城镇的职能，积极主动拓展水运交通和开发旅游潜力，加强与周边城镇的职能，积极主动拓展水运交通和开发旅游潜力，加强与周边城镇的合作与交流，全面提高和增强城镇核心竞争能力，将某镇建设成为区域性综合服务功能较强的现代化城镇，成为经济繁荣、社会文明、环境优良、具有浓郁湖乡特色的生态田园城镇。2015 年，某区某镇总人口达到9.2 万人，城镇人口达5.5 万人； 2030年，某区某镇总人口达到12 万人，城镇人口达8.6 万人。4.1.2 城镇排水规划分析1) 规划原则a) 合理选择排水体制，使排水规划既能解决城区排水问题，又能改善城区生活居住环境。b) 加强污水治理，逐步完善污水系统，严格保护湘江水体。c) 分区排水，排污与排渍相结合，加强调蓄，逐步雨污分流。d) 近远期结合，整个排水系统做到远期布置合理，近期建设切实可行。2) 排水体制近期采用截流式合流制排水体制，远期采用雨污分流排水体制。3) 污水系统规划a) 污水治理的基本要求城市生活污水以集中处理为主，工业区的工业废水先预处理再集中处理，经治理的工业废水必须符合国家现行排放标准方可排入城市下水道。经污水处理厂处理后排入水体的污水，应符合城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(gb18918-2002)。b) 污水处理设施布局根据规划用地布局和现状用地条件，在某镇余家坪居委会古塘岔建设污水处理厂。4.2 污水量预测4.2.1 预测年限的确定城市污水处理工程属于城市建设的基础设施，应与城市建设相配套，且适度超前，以促进经济发展。据此，本可行性研究认为，某区污水处理工程的设计年限应与规划设计年限一致，预测年限以2008 年为基准年，近期确定为2011 年，2020 年作为远期年限。4.2.2 服务区域人口根据某区人口统计数据，2008 年底，某镇镇区总人口为42150 人，其中规划范围内城镇人口42050 人，常住人口41750 人，暂住人口300 人（汩罗航运总公司常住某镇约5000 人口未列入统计）。本报告参照城市人口规模预测规程选取综合增长法和指数增长法等方法对某区某镇城镇人口规模进行预测分析。根据统计结果显示，2001 年某镇建成区人口33071 人，2008 年镇区人口42161人，六年来城镇人口持续增长，人口年均综合增长率为3%，年均增长人口1515 人。今后几年，随着某区经济社会快速发展，城镇基础设施条件及外部交通条件和投资环境的改善，城镇建设将得到飞速发展；伴随着未来长岳高速公路、长湘延伸公路、杭瑞高速公路复线和推山咀深水码头等重大基础设施的建设，以及国家积极推进城镇化的发展战略的实施和“两型社会”改革试验区的实践，可以预计，未来某区某镇城镇建设发展将进入一个新的高峰时期，因此城镇化水平将会大幅度的提高，大量的农村人口将转移到城镇，也将促进城镇人口的增加。参考某市市域城镇体系规划2002-2020确定的某市城镇人口年平均增长率2002-2010 年为5.0%，2011-2020 年为3.0%，综合考虑各方面的因素，确定某区城镇人口年均综合增长率2009-2011 年取4.0%，2012-2020 年取3.0%。1) 综合增长法根据人口综合年均增长率预测人口规模，按下式计算：pt=p0(1+r)n式中：pt预测目标年末人口规模；p0预测基准年人口规模；r人口年均综合增长率；n预测年限。2) 指数增长法运用指数增长法预测未来人口规模，按下式计算：pt= p0ern式中：pt预测目标年末人口规模；p0预测基准年人口规模；r人口年均综合增长率；n预测年限。3) 预测结果根据以上两种预测方法的计算，得到结果如表4.2.2。表4.2.2 预测人口数 单位：万人预测方法2011 年2020 年综合增长法5.296.70指数增长法5.306.74根据两种方法预测结果，确定2011 年某镇城镇人口为5.3 万人，2020 年为6.7万人。4.2.3 城镇需水量预测影响城市供水规模及其增长速度的因素很多，诸如人口规模、工业产值、生产用水、水资源条件、水价、节水措施及供水的政策等。某区某镇需水量预测力求符合城市用水的实际情况，建立在城镇建设和工业发展规划的基础上，合理地分析当地水资源、水环境质量和用水习惯，工业结构以及及其邻近地区城镇供水经验，采用适当方法，确定合适的用水指标，进行用水量预测。经综合分析研究，采用人均综合用水量指标法和分项指标法分别进行预测。a) 人均年综合用水量预测根据城市给水工程规划规范(gb50282-98)确定某区某镇综合用水定额为400l/cap.d800l/cap.d。综合用水定额和用水普及率也将逐年递增。根据城市给水工程规划规范以及某镇供水现状，参考周边类似县市，综合确定2011 年人均综合用水量为360l/cap.d，用水普及率90%，2020 年人均综合用水量为500l/cap.d，用水普及率95%。综合用水量：q1=qnp其中：q1综合用水量(m3/d)；q综合用水定额(l/cap.d)；n人数；p用水普及率。不可见预见用水量按综合用水的10%考虑(管网漏损已包括在综合用水定额范围内)，根据人口、综合用水量指标和普及率，需水量的预测值详见下表4.2.3-1。表4.2.3-1 综合用水量预测表规划年份2011 年2020 年城镇人口规模(万人)5.36.7综合用水定额(l/cap.d)360500用水普及率(%)9095综合用水量(万m3/d)1.713.19b) 分项指标法城市总用水量包括生活用水量、生产用水、道路广场浇洒用水、绿化用水以及城市管网的漏损、消防用水等其他用水，分项指标法就是将各单项指标用水分项预测再统一累加计算出总用水量。1) 生活用水量根据城市给水工程规划规范(gb50282-98)确定生活用水量定额为240l/cap.d450l/cap.d。生活用水额定和用水普及率也将逐年递增。2011 年人均综合用水量为230l/cap.d，用水普及率90%， 2020 年人均综合用水量为300l/cap.d，用水普及率95%。生活用水量：q1=qnp其中：q1综合用水量(m3/d)；q综合用水定额(l/cap.d)；n人数；p用水普及率。生活用水量