核桃种植示范基地建设项目建议书1.doc

at one point we were so high that we found ourselves cycling through clouds. then we began going down the hills. it was great fun especially as it gradually became much warmer. in the valleys colourful butterflies flew around us and we saw many yaks and sheep eating green grass. at this point we had to change our caps, coats,gloves and trousers for t-shirts and shorts. in the early evening we always stop to make camp.we put up our tent and then we eat. after supper wang wei put her head down on her pillow and went to sleep but i stayed awake. at midnight the sky became clearer and the stars grew brighter. it was so quiet. there was almost no windonly the flames of our fire for company. as i lay beneath the stars i thought about how far we had already travelled. we will reach dali in yunnan province soon, where our cousins dao wei and yu hang will join us. we can hardly wait to see them!part 6 the end of our jouneycambodia was in many ways similar to laos, although it has twice the population. at another inn, we talked with a teacher who told us that half of the people in her country couldnt read or write. her village couldnt even afford to build a school, so she had to teach outside under a large tent. when we said goodbye, we all felt very lucky to have studied in college.back on the road, we passed between many hills and forests. then we came to the plains and entered phnom penh,the capital of cambodia. in many ways it looked like vientiane and ho chi minh city; it also had wide streets with trees in rows and old french houses.unlike vientiane, ships could travel the mekong river here.in the center of the city we visited the palace and a beautiful white elephant. it can only be seen outside the palace on special days. we ate an early supper and went to see a great temple with floors made of sliver.the next morning our group slept late. we were very tired from the long bike ride the day before. cycling in the hills had been diffcuilt.now our couins had the chance to make jokes about wangwei and me. perhaps,they said,they were the strong ones!we had lunch at a nice outdoor cafe,then rode out of the city.two days later we crossed the border into vietnam. we began to see many more people,but i wasnt surprised .i read in an atlas before our trip that vietnam has almost seven times the population of cambodia. we met a farmer who gave us directions and told us that he grows a new rice crop four times every year so he can feed more people.he also told us that the northern part of his country has many mountains and it is much cooler than here in the south,where it is flat.although the flat delta made it easier for us to cycle.we got warm very quickly.so we drank lots of water and ate lots of bananas.soon the delta separated into nine smaller rivers.two days later,after we had passed thousands of rice fields,we came to the sea. we were tired but also in high spirits:our dream to cycle along the mekong river had finally come true.unit 4a night the earth didt sleep strange things were happening in the countriside of northest hebei.for there days the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell.farmers noticed that the well walls had deep cracks in them. a smelly gas came out of the cracks. in the farmeryards,the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat.mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide.fish jumped out of their bowls and ponds.at about 3:00am on july 28,1976,some people saw bright lights in the sky.the sound of the planes could be heard outside the city,who thought little of these events,were asleep as usual that night. at3:42 am everything began to shake.it seemed as if the world was at an end!eleven kilometres directly below the city the greast earthquake of 20th century had begun. it was felt in beijing,which is more thantwo hundred kilometres away. one-third of the nation felt it .a huge crack that was eight kilometres long and thirty metres wide cut across houses,roads and canals.steam burst from holes in the ground. hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt. in fifteen terrible seconds a large lay in ruins.the suffering of the people was extreme. tow-thirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake.thounds of families were killed and many chidren were left without parents. the number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.but how could the survivors believe it was natural?everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed. all of the citys hospitals,75%of its factories and buildings and 90%of its homes were gone. bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves. no wind, however,could below they away. two dams and most of the bridges also fell or were not safe for travelling. the railway tracks were now useless pieces of steel. tens of thousands of cows would never give milk again. half a million pigs and millions of chickens were dead. sand now filled the wells instead of water. people were shocked. then later that afternoon,another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook tangshan. some of the rescue workers and doctors were trapped under the ruins. more buildings fell down. water,food, and eletricity were hard to get. people began to wongder how long the disater would last. all hope was not lost. soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soliders to tangshan to help the rescue workers. hundreds of thousands of people were helped. the army organized teams to dig out those were trapped and to bury the dead. to the north of the city, most of the 10,000 miners were rescued from the coal mines there. workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. fresh water was taken to the city by train,truck and plane. slowly, the city began to breathe again. a safe home it is sad but that people die in earthquakes from falling furniture and bricks. earthquake safety is very important and there is more to it than just keeping buildings from falling down. so if your home is in an earthquake area,you should prepare carefully before the earthquake comes. first, make sure you buy a house which is earthquake safe. all pipes should be fixed to the wall and all walls should be especially thick and strong. you also have to make sure that there are bolts underneath your house. they are one of the most important ways of protecting a house. make sure the building has no breaken windows and is well repaired. second ,look at the objects in your house. those in the living room,which are the most likely to hurt us, are computers, televisions and lamps. they can be tied to tables or them so they wont easily move around. the kitchen, which is also very dangerous, must have strong doors on all the cupboards. this is the place where many small things are stored that might fall down. the water heater should have a case round it too. windows are special problem. when they break, glass can cause many accidents,. it is better to use safety glass if you can, especially for pictures. always remember:” it is better to be safe than sorry.” the story of an eyewitnessby jack london never before in history has a city been so completely destroyed. san francisco is gone. nothing is left of it but memories and some houses far from the centre of the city. its buniness are gone. the factories,hotelsand palace are all gone too. within an hour after the earthquake, the smoke of sanfrancios fires could been seen 160 kilometres away. the sun is red in the dark sky. there was no stopping the fires. there was no way to organize or communicate. the steel railway tracks were now useless. and the great pipes for carrying water under the streets had burst. all of the ways man had made江油市大堰乡核桃种植示范基地建设项目建议书江油市大堰乡人民政府二o一o年七月十八日江油市大堰乡核桃种植示范基地建设项目建议书1、项目背景1.1 产业的生产现状核桃是我国具有几千年栽培历史的传统经济作物，近几年来在种植、生产、加工、出口等方面，具有稳定发展的趋势。核桃乳饮料的开发与生产，为饮料市场增加了新的产品，解决核桃深加工的问题，市场前景好，所以建立该项目很有必要性。随着人民生活水平的提高，消费结构也发生了变化，对饮料的需求由低档向中、高档、营养型发展，人们对追求回归自然的向往，特别是对含有氨基酸、蛋白质、维生素、微量元素等多种人体营养素的天然绿色食品的需求量越来越大。因此，核桃乳饮料系列的开发与生产，既符合我国广大人民的饮食口味习惯，也满足了人民大众对于食品的营养、保健功能的需要，将会受到越来越多的消费者的喜爱，国内外市场前景广阔。1.2 项目建设的必要性核桃栽培在我区具有悠久的历史，现有资源较为丰富，我区核桃生产发展过程中，在面积、规模上得到了长足的发展，但重发展，轻管理的现象较普遍，科技与生产资料投入滞后，生产经营粗放，科技含量低，导致产量低而不稳，大小年严重，形成质量差，病虫害严重、座果率低，效益低的局面，未能充分发挥核桃产业的经济效益和社会效益。很多农民的生产积极性降低，对现有资源放任自流，甚至出现毁林现象。为改变现状，充分发挥核桃这一生态、经济兼用树种的优势，从栽植规模，生产产量上有大的飞跃，其生产发展要逐步由粗放、半放任状态向集约经营、基地化、规模化方向迈进，有利于调整农村产业结构，增加农民收入，因此提出实施该项目，该项目的实施具有极大的必要性和重要性，希望能通过示范基地建设，进一步推动和促进我区核桃产业发展。1.3 项目区概要1.3.1 项目区分布状况项目实施区位于江油市大堰乡复兴村。1.3.2 地形地貌江油市位于四川盆地西北部，涪江上游，龙门山脉东南。距离绵阳市30公里，成都160公里。我乡位于江油市东南郊区，距江油城区仅10公里，与我市三合镇、彰明镇、东兴乡、贯山乡和绵阳市游仙区云凤乡、忠兴镇、凤凰乡相邻。地貌以中低山为主，海拔一般在6001500米。1.3.3 河流水系项目区以武引沟渠为主线，沿两侧延伸。1.3.4 气候项目区属处于属亚热带湿润季风气候区，年均日照总数1367小时，年均降雨量1100毫米，年无霜期280天，年均气温16.2。项目区气候温和，冬暖春早，夏长秋短，无霜期长。1.3.5 交通由于我乡地处江油近郊区，并处于绵广高速公路要道，交通、通讯等基础条件较好，全镇各村基本实现了电通、讯通、路通，良好的社会经济及基础设施建设为大规模发展核桃产业提供了有利条件。1.3.9 土地利用现状全乡幅员面积48.6平方公里，辖14个行政村、1个社区、90个村民小组，总耕地面积21418亩，其中水田面积17389，占总耕地面积81.2%，旱地4049亩，其中粮油播种面积35070亩，占农作物总播种面积83.12%。2、项目目标及内容2.1 项目概要2.1.1 项目实施单位江油市大堰乡人民政府2.1.2 项目技术支撑单位江油市林业局2.1.3 项目建设规模项目区内新造1000亩核桃示范林，培养一支技术管理队伍。2.1.4 项目投资概算本项目总投资300万元。2.2 建设目标2.2.1 新建在项目区内营造1000亩核桃示范林，当年造林成活率达95%以上，三年后保存率为100%；2.2.2 技术培训通过建立示范基地，成立核桃协会，开展技术培训和科技推广，培养一支技术管理队伍，进一步带动和促进整个项目区及其周边地区核桃产业的发展，提高项目区林农的科技意识及生产经营水平。2.2.3 水土保持示范林建设采取改土整地、林粮结构调整、薄坡瘦地种草等水保措施，达到有效地改善项目区内水土流失现状，改善区域的生态环境，提高荒山，坡地和差田的经济效益。2.3 建设内容2.3.1 规模及布局按照相对集中连片，便于示范推广的原则，该项目分布于大堰乡复兴村，项目造林总规模为1000亩，营造核桃示范林，对陡坡地进行改土，林下栽植多年生牧草或矮杆农作物。2.3.2 项目建设进度安排2010年秋季完成营造250亩采穗圃基地；2011年完成造林400亩，成立核桃协会；2012年完成造林350亩，对历年造林成效进行检查整改，开展技术培训，进行示范推广，全面完成示范基地建设，充分发挥基地示范效应。2.4 普及推广规划2.4.1 培训对项目参与工作人员开展培训，组织考察学习，培训对象以专业技术人员和林农为主，培训内容为核桃造林技术及管理方法。2.4.2 宣传推广将示范林的技术及管理经验印成小册子和宣传资料，对农民及周边辐射区发送，进行宣传推广。2.4.3 总结研讨在20112012年，组织项目参与人、相关专家，对项目实施成效和经验开展总结研讨。2012年底组织项目竣工验收。3、项目建设方案3.1 树种选择根据项目区立地条件及气候特征，确定项目造林树种，全部选用核桃嫁接苗，以本地品质优良的品种为主，也可引进经过引种实验表现性状优良的品种。我们主要选用以下的早实品种：香玲：坚果卵圆形，基部平，坚果重12.6g，壳面刻沟浅，光滑美妯，浅黄色。壳厚0.9mm左右，易取整仁。核仁充实、饱满、色浅，味香而不涩，品质上等，出仁率65.4%。早实丰产性能好，大小年明显。嫁接苗定植第二年开始结果，侧花芽比率81.7%，坐果率60%左右，双果较多，雄先型。适应性较强，成果期产量较高。鲁核1号：山东省果树研究所实生选种育成，早实品种，果材兼用型。坚果圆锥形，浅黄色，果顶尖，果基平圆，壳面光滑，缝合线稍凸，结合紧密不易开裂，壳有一定的强度，耐清洗、漂白及运输。单果重1.2g；壳厚1.2mm，可取整仁，出仁率55.0%，脂肪含量67.3%，蛋白质含量17.5%，内种皮浅黄色，无涩味，核仁饱满，有香味。树姿直立，生长快，幼龄树3年生干径平均生长2.3cm，树高年平均生长2.5m；母树新梢长23.3cm，粗0.79cm，胸径生长量1.35cm；以生长果枝结果为主，丰产潜力大，稳产性强。雄先型，8月下旬果实成熟，11月上旬落叶。丰辉： 山东果树所杂交育种，棱形树势较旺，直立，树冠圆柱形，9年生树高4.7m，冠幅3m。分枝力强，为1：5，雄先型，中熟品种，侧花芽比例80%，区试园最高株产4.65kg，平均每平方米冠幅投影面积产核仁264g。坚果中等偏小，在肥水充足时可达13.5g。平均出仁率54%，壳薄可取全仁。壳面较光滑，坚果长椭圆形。核仁充实饱满，品质极佳。抗病性强。辽核1号：辽宁经济林所杂交育种，树势较旺，较直立，树冠圆柱形。分枝力1：3.8，雄先型，晚熟品种，侧花芽比例79%，每果枝平均座果数1.67，平均单个仁重5.93g。区试园最高株产4.4kg，平均每平方米冠幅投影面积产核仁188g。坚果中等大小，壳面光滑，出仁率53.85%，核仁色浅。抗病性强。3.2 主要造林技术要点3.2.1 种苗准备苗木是完成果园建设一项重要的工作，它不仅需要掌握所需苗木的来源、数量，更重要的是应保证苗木质量，将直接关系到项目成败与经济效益。苗木质量除要求品种优良纯正外，还要求苗木生根发达，侧根完整，无病虫害，分枝力强，容易形成花芽，抗逆性强，符合国家苗木质量标准级以上的种苗，苗木培育应遵循就近的原则。3.2.2 整地高标准整地是核桃今后高产、稳产、优质的保障，核桃园地应选择向阳、背风、土层深厚又疏松肥沃，湿润又排水良好的沙质土或壤土为主，在定植前一个月沿等高线大穴整地，株行距为54m，植穴规格为808060cm,每坑用5025kg有机肥和25kg人粪尿与本土拌匀后，再覆盖表土层，留待一个月后定植。3.2.3 定植定植在春季或秋季进行，核桃苗根系发达，在运输和定植过程中应注意保护根系，定植时先将种苗定植在表土层内，然后再将苗向上轻提，使其根系舒展，忌根系直接接触底肥，再分层覆土，踩紧踩实，定植后浇足定根水，对干旱地区应覆膜保墒。核桃树体较大，定植密度较低，为防止水土流失，前期可在地下种植多年生牧草，如紫花苜蓿，黑麦草、矮杆农作物等，以草养地，以肥促产。3.2.4 抚育管理3.2.4.1 土壤管理核桃的土壤管理，前期以促进幼树生长发育为主，应及时松土，清除树体周围的杂草，松土可在每年夏、秋两季各进行一次，其深度为1015cm,夏季可浅些，秋季则深些，注意不宜伤根。3.2.4.2 施肥合理施肥是保证核桃树体生长发育正常和达到高产稳产的重要措施，核桃树生长较快，每年要从土壤中吸收大量的养分，尤其是进入产果期后，如果土壤供肥不足，会影响树体生长，产量下降，幼树在结果前，年施肥量（有效成分）为氮（n）肥50g,磷（p）钾（k）肥各10g,进入结果期后，应视其产量和树势，适当增加施肥量，应适当增加磷肥和钾肥的用量。整地时放入基肥，以农家肥为主，追肥每年进行2次，第一次是在核桃开花前或展叶初期进行，以氮肥为主，应占全年追肥量的50%，第二次追肥在幼果发育期（67月份）进行，施肥方法以环状施肥为主，沿滴水线下施肥。3.2.4.3 水在定植时就灌足定根水，后期灌水应根据气候、土壤及水源条件而定，项目区降雨较为充沛，但年降雨量分布不均，多春旱，所以在春秋时节应结合施肥灌水。3.2.4.4 整形修剪整形修剪应把握“因树修剪，随枝作形，有形不死、无形不乱”的原则。在1.21.5米处定干，可采用疏散分层形和自然开心形，幼树应轻剪，以培养树形为主，结果期应控制营养枝和结果枝的比例，保证丰产稳产，防止大小年。3.2.4.5 管护核桃园区应加强管护，防止人畜破坏，随时观察，及时防病治虫，主要虫害有核桃举肢蛾、核桃长足象、核桃扁叶甲，云斑天牛等，病害主要有核桃黑斑病、根腐病、炭疽病、枝枯病等，应进行综合防治。4、组织管理和保障措施4.1 质量管理为保证项目实施的质量，必须加强质量技术监督，从规划设计、整地、种苗到栽植等一系列活动，每个环节都要有专人负责，必须建立严格的监督机制。4.2 建立有效的运行机制本项目的推广示范工作，涉及面广，必须建立有效的运营机制，才能保证项目的顺利实施。项目实施区的乡镇、村组都要有严格的责权范围，建立目标责任制，必须层层落实责任，形成层层负责、人人有责的管理机制。4.3 加强技术培训本项目旨在建立产业示范基地，进行科技示范推广，通过项目的实施，要充分体现科技的显现度，应举办各类培训班，加强推广应用技术培训，把科技应用到生产中去，让参与项目的各类人员，熟练掌握技术成果的要点和施工程序，保障项目的顺利实施。4.4 资料管理项目实施涉及的各项技术资料，要分门别类建档，形成完善的技术档案，以备分析、检查、验收。4.5 资金管理项目实施，经费必须保障，可结合我区正在实施的其他工程项目，统筹安排，上级补助点，自己筹一点，多渠道筹集资金，保障项目的实施，对于项目经费，要按照专项资金的管理要求，必须实行专款专用，单独核算，严格按照项目工程经费管理办法开支，严格审计制度。4.6 组织检查，确保质量为保证本项目的顺利实施，圆满完成项目建设任务，必须组织有关林业专家和经济、生态工程建设方面的专家对项目实施情况进行检查、研讨，总结经验教训，及时解决问题，确保项目建设质量。5、效益分析通过核桃生产基地建设项目的实施，增加有林地面积1850亩，将发挥森林的蓄水、保土、保肥、净化空气、调节气候等多种功效，尤其是采取了水保措施，对于拦截地表径流，减少水土流失，改善区域生态环境发挥积极的任用。营建1000亩核桃林，形成示范基地，将产生较大的经济效益和社会效益，带动我乡的干果业生产，促进干果加工业的发展，对解决劳动就业具有不可忽视的作用，核桃投产后，平均按每株年产核桃10kg计算，平均每亩按33株计算，年产量可达305.25吨，市场单价按2万元/吨计算，年产值在610.5万元以上，这对于增加农民收入、开拓税源都是极为可观的。综上所述，从其今后的经济效益，社会效益和生态效益分析来看，该项目的实施是切实可行的。- 11 -at one point we were so high that we found ourselves cycling through clouds. then we began going down the hills. it was great fun especially as it gradually became much warmer. in the valleys colourful butterflies flew around us and we saw many yaks and sheep eating green grass. at this point we had to change our caps, coats,gloves and trousers for t-shirts and shorts. in the early evening we always stop to make camp.we put up our tent and then we eat. after supper wang wei put her head down on her pillow and went to sleep but i stayed awake. at midnight the sky became clearer and the stars grew brighter. it was so quiet. there was almost no windonly the flames of our fire for company. as i lay beneath the stars i thought about how far we had already travelled. we will reach dali in yunnan province soon, where our cousins dao wei and yu hang will join us. we can hardly wait to see them!part 6 the end of our jouneycambodia was in many ways similar to laos, although it has twice the population. at another inn, we talked with a teacher who told us that half of the people in her country couldnt read or write. her village couldnt even afford to build a school, so she had to teach outside under a large tent. when we said goodbye, we all felt very lucky to have studied in college.back on the road, we passed between many hills and forests. then we came to the plains and entered phnom penh,the capital of cambodia. in many ways it looked like vientiane and ho chi minh city; it also had wide streets with trees in rows and old french houses.unlike vientiane, ships could travel the mekong river here.in the center of the city we visited the palace and a beautiful white elephant. it can only be seen outside the palace on special days. we ate an early supper and went to see a great temple with floors made of sliver.the next morning our group slept late. we were very tired from the long bike ride the day before. cycling in the hills had been diffcuilt.now our couins had the chance to make jokes about wangwei and me. perhaps,they said,they were the strong ones!we had lunch at a nice outdoor cafe,then rode out of the city.two days later we crossed the border into vietnam. we began to see many more people,but i wasnt surprised .i read in an atlas before our trip that vietnam has almost seven times the population of cambodia. we met a farmer who gave us directions and told us that he grows a new rice crop four times every year so he can feed more people.he also told us that the northern part of his country has many mountains and it is much cooler than here in the south,where it is flat.although the flat delta made it easier for us to cycle.we got warm very quickly.so we drank lots of water and ate lots of bananas.soon the delta separated into nine smaller rivers.two days later,after we had passed thousands of rice fields,we came to the sea. we were tired but also in high spirits:our dream to cycle along the mekong river had finally come true.unit 4a night the earth didt sleep strange things were happening in the countriside of northest hebei.for there days the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell.farmers noticed that the well walls had deep cracks in them. a smelly gas came out of the cracks. in the farmeryards,the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat.mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide.fish jumped out of their bowls and ponds.at about 3:00am on july 28,1976,some people saw bright lights in the sky.the sound of the planes could be heard outside the city,who thought little of these events,were asleep as usual that night. at3:42 am everything began to shake.it seemed as if the world was at an end!eleven kilometres directly below the city the greast earthquake of 20th century had begun. it was felt in beijing,which is more thantwo hundred kilometres away. one-third of the nation felt it .a huge crack that was eight kilometres long and thirty metres wide cut across houses,roads and canals.steam burst from holes in the ground. hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt. in fifteen terrible seconds a large lay in ruins.the suffering of the people was extreme. tow-thirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake.thounds of families were killed and many chidren were left without parents. the number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.but how could the survivors believe it was natural?everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed. all of the citys hospitals,75%of its factories and buildings and 90%of its homes were gone. bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves. no wind, however,could below they away. two dams and most of the bridges also fell or were not safe for travelling. the railway tracks were now useless pieces of steel. tens of thousands of cows would never give milk again. half a million pigs and millions of chickens were dead. sand now filled the wells instead of water. people were shocked. then later that afternoon,another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook tangshan. s