食用菌深加工可行性研究报告2.doc

englishman, william low. he suggested that a double railway tunnel should be built. this would solve the problem of ventilation, for if a train entered this tunnel, it would draw in fresh air behind it. forty-two years later a tunnel was actually begun. if, at the time, the british had not feared invasion, it would have been completed. recently, there has again been great interest in the idea of a channel tunnel. if it is built, it will connect britain to europe for the first time in history.lesson65 jumbo versus the police 小象对警察last christmas, the circus owner, jimmy gates, decided to take some presents to a childrens hospital. dressed up as father christmas and accompanied by a guard of honour of six pretty girls, he set off down the main street of the city riding a baby elephant called jumbo. he, should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing. a policeman approached jimmy and told him he ought to have gone along a side-street as jumbo was holding up the traffic. though jimmy agreed to go at once, jumbo refused to move. fifteen policemen had to push very hard to get him off the main street. the police had a difficult time, but they were most amused. jumbo must weigh a few tons, said a policeman afterwards, so it was fortunate that we didnt have to carry him. of course, we should arrest him, but as he has a good record, we shall let him off this time.lesson66 sweet as honey! 像蜜一样甜！the hatheld puffin is a modern aero-plane, but its designer, mr john wimpenny, is finding it difficult to get it off the ground. the reason for this is that this plane is also a bicycle. its pilot has to pedal hard to get it into the air. after mr wimpenny had the plane built, it was tested thoroughly. in 1961, it was the first man-powered aircraft to fly half a mile. while being flown by a champion amateur cyclist in 1963, the plane crashed on an airfield. since then, mr wimpenny has had it rebuilt. he has had the length of the wings increased so that they now measure 93 feet-almost as long as those of a dakota. many people have shown interest in this new and unusual sport. but though air cyclists may learn how to fly over short distances, and may, eventually, even get across the english channel, it is doubtful whether they will ever cycle across the atlantic.lesson67 volcanoes 火山haroun tazieff the polish scientist, has spent his life-time studying active volcanoes and deep caves in all parts of the world. in 1948, he went to lake kivu in the congo to observe a new volcano which he later named kituro. tazieff was able to set up his camp very close to the volcano while it was erupting violently. though he managed to take a number of brilliant photographs, he could not stay near the volcano for very long. he noticed that a river of liquid rock was coming towards him. it threatened to surround him completely, but tazieff managed to escape just in time. he waited until the volcano became quiet and he was able to return two days later. this time, he managed to climb into the mouth of kituro so that he could take photographs and measure temperatures. tazieff has often risked his life in this way. he has been able to tell us more about active volcanoes than any man alive. lesson68 persistent 纠缠不休i crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me. it was no use pretending that i had not seen him, so i waved to him. i never enjoy meeting bert dykes. he never has anything to do. no matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you. i had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.hullo, bert, i said. fancy meeting you here !hullo, elizabeth, bert answered. i was just wondering how to spend the morning-until i saw you. youre not busy doing anything, are you ? no, not at all, i answered. im going to. .would you mind my coming with you ? he asked, before i had finished speaking. not at all, i lied, but im going to the dentist. then ill come with you, he answered. theres always plenty to read in the waiting room !lesson69 but not murder! 并非谋杀！i was being tested for a driving licence for the third time. i had been asked to drive in heavy traffic and had done so successfully. after having been instructed to drive out of town, i began to acquire confidence. sure that i had passed, i was almost beginning to enjoy my test. the examiner must have been pleased with my performance, for he smiled and said, just one more thing, mr eames. let us suppose that a child suddenly crosses the road in front of you. as soon as i tap on the window, i want the car to be stopped immediately. i continued driving and after some time, the examiner tapped loudly. though the sound could be heard clearly, it took me a long time to react. i suddenly pressed the brake pedal hard and we were both thrown forward. the examiner looked at me sadly. mr eames, he said, in a mournful voice, you have just killed that child ! lesson70 red for danger 危险的红色during a bullfight, a drunk suddenly wandered into the middle of the ring. the crowd began to shout, but the drunk was unaware of the danger. the bull was busy with the matador at the time, but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk who was shouting rude remarks and waving a red cap. apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk. the crowd suddenly grew quiet. the drunk, however, seemed quite sure of himself. when the bull got close to him, he clumsily stepped aside to let it pass. the crowd broke into cheers and the drunk bowed. by this time, however, three men had come into the ring and they quickly dragged the drunk to safety. even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before once more turning its attention to the matador.lesson71 a famous clock 一个著名的大钟when you visit london, one of the first things you will see is big ben, the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the b.b.c. if the houses of parliament had hot been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected. big ben takes its name from sir benjamin hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new houses of parliament were being built. it is not only of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well. officials from greenwich observatory have the clock checked twice a day. on the b.b.c. you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower. big ben has rarely gone wrong. once, however, it failed to give the correct time. a painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down ! lesson72 a car called bluebird “蓝鸟”汽车the great racing driver, sir malcolm campbell, was the first man to drive at over 300 miles per hour. he set up a new world record in september 1935 at bonneville salt flats, utah. bluebird, the car he was driving, had been specially built for him. it was over 30 feet in length and had a 2500 horse-power engine. although campbell reached a speed of over 304 miles per hour, he had great difficulty in controlling the car because a tyre burst during the first run. after his attempt, campbell was disappointed to learn that his average speed had been 299 miles per hour. however, a few days later, he was told that a mistake had been made. his average speed had been 301 miles per hour. since that time, racing drivers have reached speeds of over 400 miles an hour. following his fathers footsteps many years later, sir malcolms son, donald, also set up a world record. like his father, he was driving a car called bluebird.lesson73 the record-holder 纪录保持者little boys who play truant from school are unimaginative. a quiet days fishing, or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again, is usually as far as they get. they have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1600 miles. he hitch- hiked to dover and, towards evening, went into a boat to find somewhere to sleep. when he woke up next morning, he discovered that the boat had, in the meantime, travelled to calais. no one noticed the boy as he crept off. from there, he hitch-hiked to paris in a lorry. the driver gave him a few biscuits and a cup of coffee and left him just outside the city. the next car the boy stopped did not take him into the centre of paris as he hoped it would, but to perpignan on the french-spanish border. there he was picked up by a policeman and sent back to england by the local authorities. he has surely set up a record for the thousands of boys who dream of evading school.lesson74 out of the limelight 舞台之外an ancient bus stopped by a dry river bed and a party of famous actors and actresses got off. dressed in dark glasses and old clothes, they had taken special precautions so that no one should recognize them. but as they soon discovered, disguises can sometimes be too perfect.this is a wonderful place for a picnic, said gloria gleam. it couldnt be better, gloria, brinksley meers agreed. no newspaper men, no film fans! why dont we come more often ? meanwhile, two other actors, rockwall slinger and merlin greeves, had carried two large food baskets to a shady spot under some trees. when they had all made themselves comfortable, a stranger appeared. he looked very angry. now you gut out of here, all of you! he shouted: im sheriff here. do you see that notice ? it says no camping-in case you cant read ! look, sheriff, said rockwall, dont be too hard on us. im rockwall slinger and this is merlin greeves. oh, is it ? said the sheriff with a sneer. well, im brinksley meers, and my other name is gloria gleam. now you get out of here fast !lesson75 sos 呼救信号when a light passenger plane flew off course some time ago, it crashed in the mountains and its pilot was killed. the only passengers, a young woman and her two baby daughters, were unhurt. it was the middle of winter. snow lay thick on the ground. the woman knew that the nearest village was miles away. when it grew dark. she turned a suitcase into a bed and put the children inside it, covering them with all the clothes she could find. during the night, it got terribly cold. the woman kept as near as she could to the children and even tried to get into the case herself, but it was too small. early ,next morning she heard planes passing overhead and wondered how she could send a signal. then she had an idea. she stamped out the letters sos in the snow. fortunately, a pilot saw the signal and sent a message by radio to the nearest town. it was not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors of the plane crash.lesson76 april fools day 愚人节to end our special news bulletin, said the voice of the television announcer, we are taking you to the macaroni fields of calabria. macaroni has been grown in this area for over six hundred years. two of the leading growers, giuseppe moldova and ricardo brabante, tell me that they have been expecting a splendid crop this year and harvesting has begun earlier than usual. here you can see two workers who, between them,食用菌深加工项目可研报告第一章 总 论一、项目概况1、项目名称：食用菌工厂化栽培示范项目2、建设单位：3、项目建设性质：新建4、项目建设规模及内容：建培养房900平方米，培养架3000平方米。购制冷机25台，锅炉1台，灭菌锅4个，接种箱20台，以及装袋机、搅拌机、粉碎机等生产设备。年产杏鲍茹24万公斤，草茹9万公斤。5、建设总投资：项目建设总投资205.5万元，其中固定资产投资192.2万元，流动资金投资13.3万元。资金来源渠道为：拟申请财政拔款150万元，建设单位自筹55.50万元。6、经济效益：投产后年销售收入255万元，年利润78.68万元，缴纳所得税后年净利润52.72万元。项目财务内部收益率33.37%，财务净现值218.91%(ic=10%),投资回收期3.89年，投资净利润率38.29%。项目经济效益好，抗风险能力强。二、项目建设背景和必要性近年来，全球食用菌产业的发展速度很快，每年以7-10%的速度增长，而我国年增长速度更是高达20%左右，并保持良好的增长态势。由于食用菌尤其是食药兼用的菌类具有高蛋白、低脂肪、高维生素、低热量的特点，含有丰富的无机盐类和可食性纤维素，富含氨基酸、真菌多糖、微量元素等营养成分，对提高人体免疫力、防癌抗癌、抗衰老等具有明显的食疗价值。食用菌不但营养丰富，而且味道鲜美。它符合联合国粮农组织倡导的二十一世纪天然、营养、健康的保健食品要求，因而倍受人们的青睐。食用菌作为国际公认的健康食品，在国内外市场极为畅销，每吨售价达400010000元人民币，价格看好，效益可观。有人预测21世纪的食品重点是保健食品和功能食品，而食用菌正是保健食品的佼佼者，它无疑具有广阔的发展前途。目前发达国家年人均占有蘑菇量已达20公斤，而我国仅5公斤。随着人们生活水平和科学膳食意识的不断提高，食用菌市场发展潜力很大。因此，开发食用菌产业具有广阔的市场前景和良好的经济效益。晋城市发展食用菌生产具有得天独厚的优势：一是晋城市适合种植食用菌的栽培材料十分丰富。目前大量栽培食用菌的基质主要以富含木质素和纤维素的农作物副产品为主，如稻草、木屑、玉米秆、玉米芯、甘蔗叶、甘蔗渣等，作为糖业大省的广西每年生产的甘蔗渣多达60万吨，而且还有大量的其他经济植物副产品（茎、叶、荚、壳）和加工下脚料（渣、饼）没有得到有效的利用；二是广西气候条件好，地处亚热带湿润气候区域，年平均气温16-23，高、中、低温型食用菌品种都能种植。目前，我区栽培食用菌品种比较单一，主要是常见的香菇、木耳、双孢蘑菇、平菇等，数量不到10种，栽培季节也主要集中在秋、冬季，高温季节栽培的品种更加少，难以做到常年均衡供应。工厂化周年栽培食用菌是近年来迅速发展起来的现代化食用菌生产技术，其特点为工厂化周年生产，实行环境控制智能化，生产操作自动化，产品质量标准化。周年生产使周年供应成为可能，尤其是反季节生产，使人们在一年四季都可吃到新鲜菇类食品，从而提高经济效益。杏鲍菇不但营养丰富，味如杏仁及鲍鱼，而且产量较高。一般纯棉籽皮或棉籽皮与木屑混合料，生物效率可达80%左右。杏鲍菇属低温性品种，出菇温度为1318。该品种在国内外市场极为畅销，目前盐渍菇8000元/吨。如进行工厂化生产，周年供货，鲜菇价格在10000元/吨左右。草菇肉质肥嫩，味道鲜美，风味独特，深受消费者喜爱，但因受常规栽培方法和技术管理所限而发展速度较慢。如采用工厂化技术栽培，可使草茹产量大幅提高。因此，项目拟充分利用我区丰富的农付产品，建设“食用菌工厂化栽培示范项目”，进行规范化、规模化、工厂化周年生产食用菌。项目的建设对促进我区成为食用菌发达大省，把食用菌作为创汇农业、城市“菜篮子工程”、扶贫产业、农民发财致富的途径，对促进我区食用菌生产健康持续发展具有重在意义。三、初步可行性研究报告编制的依据和研究范围（一）可行性研究报告编制的依据1、投资项目可行性研究指南（试用版）；2、建设部和国家计委1993年颁布的建设项目经济评价方法和参数；3、国家对西部大开发的有关政策；4、建设单位提供的有关资料；（二）可行性研究的范围本项目主要进行项目的技术和经济可行性分析，项目研究内容主要包括：项目建设背景和必要性、市场预测分析、建设规模、场址选择、建设条件、技术方案、环境保护、投资估算、资金筹措、经济效益测算和评价等。 四、初步可行性研究结论及建议本项目经调查研究、分析后认为：1、本项目建设符合国家的产业政策方向，适合本地自然条件，有利于开发地方优质品种，通过工厂化、产业化生产，实现农业生产的高产和高效。2、经过测算，本项目总投资205.50万元，其中：固定资产投资192.20万元，流动资金投资13.30万元。建成投产后，年增加销售收入255万元，项目为农业生产项目，按国家规定免税征销售税金，年利润总额78.68万元，所得税前财务内部收益率为47.31%，财务净现值为363.95万元,投资回收期为3.12年；税后财务内部收益率为33.37%，财务净现值为218.91万元,投资回收期为3.89年，项目的财务效益很好，经济效益显著。综上所述，本项目在技术上可行，经济上比较合理，财务效益和国民经济效益均符合有关可行性报告编制要求，条件具备，项目可以兴建。建议各级主管部门尽快批准项目建设，落实建设资金，以便尽快组织实施。 第二章 市场分析及预测一、我国食用菌产销情况我国是食用菌生产大国，每年生产600多万吨各种食用菌，这极大地丰富了人民的物质生活。但品种主要集中蘑菇、香菇、木耳、平菇等全国各地普遍栽培的几种食用菌上，而且生产主要集中在秋、冬季节。现在逐渐增加了灵芝、竹荪、鸡腿菇、杏鲍菇、杨树菇、大球盖菇、阿魏菇等20多种，品种达30余种，但在高温的夏季，采用传统技术大部分食用菌还无法生产，栽培的品种更少。我国食用菌产品主要靠内销，食用菌历来作为高端食品出现在人们的餐桌上，通常只有逢年过节才有机会吃上。近年来，随着人们收入水平的迅速提高，消费能力迅速增强，但由于生产能力不足，价格仍居高不下。目前我国人均年占有量仅5公斤，不及发达国家的四分之一。通过工厂化生产，将有助于食用菌产量的迅速提高，人们购买新鲜食用菌更加便易，需求量和消费量也将明显增加。我国食用菌产品的出口主要是干菇、鲜菇和盐渍菇，其中以鲜菇出口效益最高，如山东久发集团的鲜双孢菇出口效益达几千万元。二、世界各国食用菌产销情况在全球范围内，食用菌的生产主要集中在亚洲和欧美。日本是亚洲的食用菌生产大国，1990年食用菌总产值（除双孢菇外）达2769亿日元。日本的食用菌栽培技术和设备先进，已实现生产的园艺化和机械化，部分产品实现了周年生产周年供应。在国际市场上，日本香菇由于质量上乘每吨卖价达2.8-3.2万美元，比我国香菇的每吨0.8-1.2万美元高出近2倍。韩国也是亚洲主要的食用菌生产国，利用稻草作为栽培原料年产平茹3万吨，蘑菇2万吨。韩国香茹在国际上也很有竞争力，是日本的主要竞争对手，年出口约450吨。在欧洲，法国是最大的食用菌生产国。双孢菇年产量20-22万吨（鲜），产量仅次于美国，居世界第二位，是德国和欧洲蘑菇的供应基地。法国还建有欧洲最大的蘑菇菌种生产中心，生产谷粒菌种，销售到各个国家。荷兰的蘑菇栽培技术非常先进，已经实现了机械采菇，蘑菇产量15万吨左右。荷兰还建有蘑菇堆肥中心，向国外出口蘑菇堆肥。英国是欧洲的主要蘑菇生产国，大小菇场约500个年产量12万吨左右，主要用于本国市场。德国的蘑菇产量约5万吨。不足部分主要从荷兰、法国和中国进口。三、杏鲍菇市场分析杏鲍菇是我国食用菌家族中的新秀，由于其质地脆嫩，具有一股淡淡的杏仁香味，适合保鲜、加工和烹调，深受消费者欢迎。 近年来，杏鲍菇栽培在我国发展速度较快，栽培数量每年成倍增长，栽培地区已从南方扩展到北方各省，栽培技术不断完善。 目前，我国杏鲍菇的市场主要有两个方面：国内市场：国内市场的消费量在逐年增加，以各大高档饭店鲜菇消费为主。由于杏鲍菇价格较高，要真正进入普通百姓家庭，还需要3-5年时间。日本市场：近两年来，日本杏鲍菇市场需求猛增，产品供不应求，这极大地刺激我国杏鲍菇生产和基地的形成。杏鲍菇出口日本主要有三个产品：a保鲜杏鲍菇出口：通过空运或保鲜香菇拼柜海运出口。b盐渍菇出口：将杏鲍菇加工成盐水菇出口日本。c清水菇罐头出口：将切片后的杏鲍菇加工成清水罐头出口日本。 预计今后几年内杏鲍菇的价格会有所下降，但下降幅度不会太大，产地收购价基本保持在6元/公斤（反季节及工厂化生产除外）。但这并不影响栽培者的效益，因为随着栽培技术不断提高近年内杏鲍菇的生产成本肯定会有所降低。四、草茹市场分析中国是草菇的生产消费大国，此外，日本、泰国、越南、马来西亚等国草菇的栽培也很普遍。过去我国的草菇生产区主要集中在广东、浙江、福建等南方沿海各省。近20年来，我国的草菇生产有了很大的发展，北方各省利用麦秸、棉子皮、种过其它蘑菇的菌糠进行草菇栽培，创造了适合北方气候特点的多科栽培模式。草菇产品的销售主要有2个方面：一个是加工成盐渍去皮草菇出口日本等，这种产品多年来在国际市场上畅销不衰。草菇的另一个销售市场是内销，草菇的国内销售市场潜力巨大。广州果菜公司就在广州江南蔬菜批发市场附近，建了广州最大的草菇批发市场（长堤草菇交易市场）。随著人们生活水平的不断提高，草菇罐头在北方的销量也逐年增加。第三章 场址选择和建设条件项目拟选在南宁华侨投资区，该区是省级经济开发区，享受南宁市人民政府赋予的部分职权，由南宁华侨投资区经济开发总公司和广西农业科学院生物技术研究所共同投资兴建。项目建设条件分析如下：1、交通条件：华侨投资区距南宁市49公理，省道邕色公路横贯全境，市政柏油硬化道路东接水（任）南（宁）高速公路，辖区内路网发达，交通极为便利。2、水电条件：华侨区内已形成日供水4万立方米的能力，有11万伏和3.5万伏变电站各1座，并且铺设了雨、污水管网，实现雨、污水分流。区内生活、加工用水电充足，排污方便。3、通讯条件：华侨区内设有邮电支局，现有5800门程控电话容量，实现了国内外长途电话和数据通讯。4、技术条件：广西农业科学院生物技术研究所是专业从事农业微生物、食用菌等研究为主的科学研究机构。研究所的食用菌研究开发中心主要从事食用菌和药用菌的遗传育种、繁殖、提纯复壮、引进试种、栽培技术、深加工技术、菌种保存、微生物分类鉴定、生理生化测定等方面的研究和生产技术开发。中心有中高级研究人员10名，从事生物技术、食用菌产业化研究多年，对各种野生食、药用菌种的分离和选育技术有着丰富的经验，每年都举办多期食、药用菌培训班。现有20多种常见菇种的菌株100多个品种，年产菌种30万袋（瓶）以上。菌种厂建筑总面积1000m2，栽培试验场和生产场地地5000m2，菌种培养室300m2，有实验室、接种室、菌种培养室和灭菌锅、超净工作台等完备的实验设施和设备。近几年来研究所对鸡腿蘑、大球盖菇、杨树菇、杏鲍菇、长根菇等野生食用菌进行驯化栽培研究，并栽培成功，在南宁地区及我区各地有着广泛的群众基础，以良好的菌种质量和信誉获得广大用户的好评，培养了一批食用菌生产专业户。第四章 建设规模及建设内容一、建设规模建工厂化食用菌厂一座，年产杏鲍茹24万公斤，草茹9万公斤。二、建设内容（一）土建工程1、建培养房900平方米。其中杏鲍茹培养出茹房500平方米，草茹培养出茹房400平方米。2、建培养架3000平方米，为铁架结构。3、建生产场地1000平方米，包括800平方米的混凝土地面和水池设施以及200平方米的钢架大棚。4、修建道路、围墙等附属设施。（二）仪器设备购置项目需购置的主要仪器设备为制冷机25台、装袋机1台、搅拌机1台、粉碎机1台、灭菌锅4个、接种箱20个。第五章、技术方案一、总体思路1、杏鲍菇可以在11月翌年2月利用自然温度进行栽培生产，3月10月利用冷库可以实现周年栽培生产。2、草菇是高温菇种，在5月9月利用自然温度，10月翌年4月利用加温设施实现周年栽培生产。3、培养基配方中添加稻草粉、谷壳、甘蔗渣、甘蔗叶、玉米芯、玉米粒、玉米秆、花生壳、花生藤、剑麻叶及农作物的加工下脚料（如木暑渣）等，筛选出适合我区当地材料的培养基配方。4、通过不同材料的栽培料配方的含水量、ph值、持水性、透气性、灭菌时间、接种量的大小、菌丝萌发的快慢、接种成功率和产量的高低等，形成科学的生产技术。5、对菇房内影响菇类生长的各种温、光、气、湿等条件进行控制，以实现高产稳产。二、技术路线稻草粉、甘蔗渣等 温度、湿度 / 栽培料配制装袋灭菌冷却接种发菌管理出菇管理 /甘蔗叶、玉米芯等 光照、通气采收鲜销或加工三、技术目标1、技术指标(1)草菇生物学效率30、杏鲍菇生物学效率80以上。(2)工厂化栽培每天生产草菇300kg，生产杏鲍菇800kg。2、工厂化栽培进行23种珍稀菇种、每天都有鲜菇出产的周年栽培。对一些自然条件下不能周年栽培的菇类进行规模化、工厂化栽培，主要解决菇房内影响菇类生长的各种温、光、气、湿条件，以实现周年栽培。3、选用栽培食用菌的适宜配方主要解决利用我区的农作物副产品如蔗渣等栽培一些食用菌生长发育所需要的营养，并协调处理培养料的吸水、保水及通气问题。4、总结出适合于我区的食用菌工厂管理技术。为工厂化生产示范推广提供保证。 第六章 环境保护、劳动安全一、设计依据(1)建设项目环境保护管理条例（1998年11月29日中华人民共和国国务院令第253号）；(2)建设项目环境保护设计规定（1987年3月20日国环字1987.002号国家计委、国务院环境保护委员会）；(3)广西壮族自治区环境保护条例1999年3月26日广西壮族自治区人大常委会公告（九届第九号）；(4)地表水环境质量标准ghzbi1999；(5)农田灌溉水质标准gb508492；(6)恶臭污染物排放标准gb1455493；(7)工业企业厂界噪声标准gb1234890；(8)山西农业环保管理条例。二、污染源本项目的污染源主要是用来培育食用菌的培养基。三、环保措施和方案经培育食用菌后的培养基料是很好的农业生产肥料,可以直接用于农作物施肥。四、环境保护标准污水：ph69，bods150mg/升，codcr150mg/升，悬浮物300mg/升 。五、劳动安全与卫生1、本项目在生产过程中虽然没有产生有害物质和有害气体，但总的原则是“安全第一，预防为主”，保护工作人员的身体健康、正常生活和生产。2、在总体布置上，建筑物之间的间距均按国家防火规定要求合理布置，各区设备置消防给水管道设施，室内设置泡沫灭火器。为避免触电、机械事故发生，电器设备的金属外壳要做接地保护，配电系统采用零保护，机械传动部分要加罩保护，其余各项设备均采用安全保护。并建立严格的规章制度，严格按操作规程进行操作，防止意外事故的发生。3、生产管理人员按规定配备工作及劳保用品，员工上岗前要进行安全知识培训。4、搞好安全卫生，为职工创造良好的生产劳动条件，对提高劳动者的积极性，提高产品质量，增加经济效益等都有积极作用，故在安全卫生方面，要按照劳动法、食品卫生法等有关法规、完善各种安全卫生制度，从根本上保障职工的安全与健康。 第七章 组织机构和人力资源管理一、经营管理食用菌厂实行独立核算，自主经