外文翻译----大跨度空间钢结构应用发展分析.docx

中英文翻译大跨度空间钢结构应用发展分析近年来，由于现代技术的支撑和新型材料的加盟，网架、网壳、管桁结构等大跨空间钢结构获得了广泛应用。然而，要保证大跨空间钢结构得以健康发展，还必须加快一系列空间结构行业标准的制定，加强钢结构企业资质认证与管理，提升大跨空间钢结构的设计、制作、安装水平。 上世纪60年代网架在我国开始获得应用以来，到8090年代大、中、小跨度的网架几乎已遍及各地。以1990年北京亚运会为例，兴建的场馆中有7个馆采用了网架、网壳结构。在此期间机械、汽车、化工、轻工等行业先后兴建许多大面积工业厂房，也大量采用了多种形式的大跨空间钢结构。近年来兴建的大型公共建筑大多采用了钢管杆件直接汇交的管桁结构，它们外型丰富、结构轻巧、传力简捷、制作安装方便、经济效果好，是当前应用较多的一种结构体系。 据专家介绍，在大跨度空间结构中引入现代预应力技术，不仅使结构体形更为丰富而且也使其先进性、合理性、经济性得到充分展示。通过适当配置拉索，使结构获得新的中间弹性支点或使结构产生与外载作用反向的内力和挠度而卸载，前者即为斜拉结构体系，后者则为预应力结构体系。这一类“杂交”结构体系改善了原结构的受力状态，降低内力峰值，增强结构刚度，技术经济效果明显提高。目前我国已在80余项大跨空间钢结构工程中应用了预应力技术。 弓式支架结构是我国科技人员研制开发的一种新型预应力空间钢结构，它具有传力明确、自重较轻、施工快捷以及可拆卸的特点，既可用于永久性建筑也可用于可拆卸的临时性建筑，还具有应用于开启式屋盖结构的可能。目前许多高校对索托结构、索网结构等以高强钢索与钢材为主承重结构的预应力钢结构新体系，正在进行理论研究，积极准备工程实践，可以预期新型的预应力大跨空间钢结构不久将涌现在各类建筑中。 结构新材料的应用进一步推动了大跨空间钢结构的发展。在普通碳素钢获得大量应用的同时，不锈钢、铝合金、膜材也在许多大跨度建筑中获得了应用。国际上已有许多专业生产公司建成了较多的铝合金结构。我国天津大学、同济大学、上海现代设计集团、中国建筑科学研究院等已开始进行基础性研究和工程实践，积极进行产品研制、开发。不锈钢材料(含铬量12%的铁基耐蚀合金)是随着对装饰与防腐要求的提高而在空间结构中获得应用的，它集装饰、受力、防腐于一体的特点倍受青睐。鉴于目前不锈钢材料的价格远高于普通钢材，近年来一些单位已研制成功在普通碳素钢管基础上外包不锈钢皮而形成的复合技术，开发出不锈钢复合钢管网架，并进行了一些工程实践。既保持了不锈钢与普通碳素钢的优点，又大幅度降低造价，取得了较好的技术经济效果。 膜结构是当前我国正在兴起的一种空间结构，其中应用较多的是张力膜结构。这是一种以玻璃纤维织物或聚酯纤维织物为基层，以聚四氟乙烯或pvc为涂层的膜材与不同类型的支承体系间的组合，而其支承体系可为索支柱或索杆结构，它们常在膜材获得预应力后协同工作。支承体系也可采用杆系结构，如空间桁架、网壳等，即刚性骨架支承张力膜结构。因此膜结构的支承体系仍属各类空间钢结构的范畴。膜结构的兴起为空间钢结构的应用与发展提供了更广阔的空间。 计算技术的进步为大跨空间钢结构的发展也创造了有利条件。近年来计算技术有了长足的进步，许多单位研制开发了商品化专用设计程序，它们都是建立在理论研究与大量工程实践的基础上而推向市场的。它们一般都具有完善的前后处理功能，可在微机上进行复杂的空间网格结构设计。有的软件除用于空间网格结构外，也可用于索、杆、梁体系的设计分析。这些程序的推出为大跨空间钢结构设计提供了有效手段，也为大跨空间钢结构的推广应用创造了有利条件。其中不少软件曾在国内许多大型空间钢结构工程的设计中发挥重要作用。 在大跨空间钢结构获得迅猛发展之际，强化质量管理，加快制定行业标准，提升企业管理水平提到了重要议事日程。目前与大跨空间钢结构相关的规程、规范已逐步趋于完善。如钢结构设计规范，经过修改后将进一步完善，使管桁等大跨空间钢结构的设计更有依据。网壳结构技术规程的编制将使网壳结构的设计与施工建立在更为可靠的基础上。其他各类规程、规范和标准等正在制定或逐步完善之中。 目前我国从事大跨钢结构制作的企业技术装备、技术水平和人员技术素质良莠不齐，有些不具备设计、施工资质的企业，以不正当的手段、低廉的价格活跃在建筑市场，扰乱了正常的市场竞争秩序。由他们承建的工程往往留下质量隐患，一遇突发情况常易酿成重大工程事故。为此有关主管部门必须加强审查、审核，从事大跨钢结构设计、制作安装的企业必须具有国家技术监督部门资质论证机构发放的资质证书，建立健全企业的质量保证体系，对产品形成的每一道环节都能有效地进行质量控制；有关人员则必须进行相关考核并具有上岗证书。 随着理论研究的深入和工程实践的大量增加，我国科技人员必将进一步研制开发出适应我国大跨空间钢结构需要的新体系、新技术、新材料，更充分地体现大跨度空间结构的先进性、经济性与合理性，促使我国大跨空间钢结构更积极、健康发展，更好地为我国经济建设服务。the application and development of large-span steel structuresin recent years, because of modern technology and new materials to support the accession, the network, shell and tube truss structure of large-span space steel structure has been applied widely. however, to ensure that the large-span space steel structure can develop in a healthy, we must also accelerate a range of spatial structure of the development of industry standards, steel enterprises to enhance quality certification and management, and enhance long-span space steel structure design, manufacture, installation level. on the 1960 grid in china since the application was started, to the 80-90s large, small-span truss has almost spread throughout the country. 1990 beijing asian games as an example, the construction of the stadium is used seven museum of the network, network shell structure. in the meantime machinery, automobiles, chemicals, light industry has built many large industrial plants also extensively used a variety of large-span steel structure. in recent years, the construction of large public buildings are mostly used steel pole pieces directly jointing tube truss structure, their appearance rich, structure light, the transfer simple, manufacture and installation convenience and economic effects, and is currently used in the structural system. according to experts, the large-span space structure prestressed introduction of modern technology, not only helped shape the structure but also enrich their advanced nature, reasonable, economical full display. through the appropriate allocation of cable, so that the new structure be flexible fulcrum in the middle or outside and the structure contains reverse role of internal forces and deflection and unloading, namely, the former cable structure, which is prestressed structures. this kind of hybrid system to improve the structure of the original structure of the state by force, lower peak internal forces, enhance structural rigidity, technical and economic results improved markedly. at present, china has more than 80 large-span steel structure engineering application of prestressed technology. bow stand structure is chinese scientists developed a new type of space prestressed steel, it has a clear edge chuan, forces lighter, faster construction and removable feature can be used for permanent construction can also be used for removable temporary construction, also has applied to open-roof structure possible. currently, many colleges and universities right soto structure, cable network structure with high-strength steel wire with the main load-bearing structure of the new system of prestressed steel ongoing theoretical research, actively preparing for engineering practice, it is expected that a new type of large-span prestressed steel space will soon emerge in various buildings. structure of the new material to further promote the large-span steel space development. ordinary carbon steel in a large number of applications received at the same time, stainless steel, aluminum alloy, the films are also many large-span building is the application. there are already many international professional production company built a larger alloy structure. chinas tianjin university, tongji university, shanghai modern design group, china architectural science research institute has begun to conduct basic research and engineering practice, a positive product research and development. stainless steel materials (chromium content containing 12% of the corrosion resistance of fe-based alloy), with the right decorations and preservation requirements of the increase in space guitar obtain application structure, which combines decorative, force, the integration of anti-corrosion characteristics of good graces. given the current price of the stainless steel material much higher than ordinary steel, in recent years a number of units have been successfully developed in ordinary carbon steel pipes on the basis of outsourcing stainless steel skin and the formation of composite technology, developed stainless steel clad pipe network, and a number of engineering practice. to maintain a common carbon stainless steel with the advantage of also substantially lower its costs and achieved a better technical and economic results. membrane structure of the current rise of china is a spatial structure, which is the application of more tension membrane structure. this is a glass fiber fabric or polyester fabrics for the grass - a teflon or pvc coating to the membrane with different types of support systems for the combination, and the supporting system for cable-pillar or cable-bar structure, they often receive prestressed membrane after work together. support system can be applied bar structures, such as space truss, shell, etc. rigid skeleton supporting tension membrane structure. therefore membrane structure of the supporting system is still room for all types of steel structure of the area. the rise of membrane structure steel for the space application and development will provide a broader space. technology advances in space for the large-span steel structure of the development also create favorable conditions. in recent years computing technology have made great progress, many units developed a commercialization exclusive design procedures they are based on theoretical research with the large number of projects on the basis of practice and push the market. they generally have sound before and after processing, the computer complex on the space grid structure design. some of the software except for the space grid structure, but also for the cable, rods and beams system design and analysis. these procedures for the introduction of large-span steel structure design an effective means for the large-span space steel structure of the application to create favorable conditions. many software in the domestic steel structure of many large space in the design play an important role. in the long span steel structure was rapidly develop, enhance quality control, speed up the formulation of industry standards, improve enterprise management level referred to the important agenda item. with the current inter-steel space-related protocols specification has been gradually toward perfect. if steel design code, as amended, will further improve, such as possession of large-span truss space steel structure based on the design more. shell technical specification will enable the establishment of the network shell structure design and construction of the establishment of a more reliable basis. other types of order, norms and standards are being developed or among gradually improve. currently engaged in the production of large-span structure of the enterprise technology equipment, technical level and quality of technical staff sizes, some do not have the design and construction quality of enterprises, by improper means, the low prices are active in the construction market. disrupted the normal order of market competition. from the construction projects they often stay hidden quality problem