木地板知识大全.doc

here and there: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped. at that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates. the officers got out and the prisoner stood to attention and saluted as they passed. when they had gone, the driver of the car came towards him. the man obviously wanted to talk. he was rather elderly with grey hair and clear blue eyes. the prisoner felt sorry for him, but there was nothing else he could do. as the man came near, the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow. then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he could. ？fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea. though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen, it is now known that many of these monsters which have at times been sighted are simply strange fish. occasionally, unusual creatures are washed to the shore, but they are rarely caught out at sea. some time ago, however, a peculiar fish was caught near madagascar. a small fishing-boat was carried miles out to sea by the powerful fish as it pulled on the line. realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made every effort not to damage it in any way. when it was eventually brought to shore, it was found to be over thirteen feet long. it had a head like a horse, big blue eyes, shining silver skin, and a bright red tail, the fish, which has since been sent to a museum where it is being examined by a scientist, is called an oarfish. such creatures have rarely been seen alive by man as they live at a depth of six hundred feet.lesson83 after the elections 大选之后the former prime minister, wentworth lane, was defeated in the recent elections. he is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad. my friend, crawley, has always been a fanatical opponent of lanes radical progressive party. after the elections, crawley went to the former prime ministers house. when he asked if lane lived there, the policeman on duty told him that since his defeat, the ex-prime minister had gone abroad. on the following day, crawley went to the house again. the same policeman was just walking slowly past the entrance, when crawley asked the same question. though a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer. the day after, crawley went to the house once more and asked exactly the same question. this time, the policeman lost his temper. i told you yesterday and the day before yesterday, he shouted, lane was defeated in the elections. he has retired from political life and gone to live i know, answered crawley, but i love to hear you say it lesson84 on strike 罢工busmen have decided to go on strike next week. the strike is due to begin on tuesday. no one knows how long it will last. the busmen have stated that the strike will continue until general agreement is reached about pay and working conditions. most people believe that the strike will last for at least a week. many owners of private cars are going to offer free rides to people on their way to work. this will relieve pressure on the trains to some extent. meanwhile, a number of university students have volunteered to drive buses while the strike lasts. all the young men are expert drivers, but before they drive any of the buses, they will have to pass a special test. the students are going to take the test in two days time. even so, people are going to find it difficult to get to work. but so far, the public has expressed its gratitude to the students in letters to the press. only one or two people have objected that the students will drive too fast!lesson85 never too old to learn 活到老学到老i have just received a letter from my old school informing me that my former head- master, page, will be retiring next week. pupils of the school, old and new, will be sending him a present to mark the occasion. all those who have contributed towards the gift will sign their names in a large album which will be sent to the headmasters home. we shall all remember page for his patience and understanding and for the kindly encouragement he gave us when we went so unwillingly to school. a great many former pupils will be attending a farewell dinner in his next thursday. it is a curious coincidence that the day before his retirement, page will have been teaching for a total of forty years. after he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening. for him, this will be an entirely new hobby. but this does not matter, for, as he has often remarked, one is never too old to learn. lesson86 out of control 失控as the man tried to swing the speed-boat round, the steering-wheel came away in his hands. he waved desperately to his companion, who had been water-skiing for the last fifteen minutes. both men had hardly had time to realize what was happening when they were thrown violent1y into the sea. the speed-boat had struck a buoy, but it continued to move very quickly across the water. both men had just begun to swim towards the shore. they noticed with dismay that the speed-boat was moving in a circle. it now came straight towards them at tremendous speed. in less than a minute, it roared past them only a few feet away. after it had passed, they swam on as quickly as they could because they knew that the boat would soon return. they had just had enough time to swim out of danger when the boat again completed a circle. on this occasion, however, it had slowed down considerably. before long, the noise dropped completely and the boat began to drift gently across the water.lesson87 a perfect alibi 极好的不在犯罪现场的证据at the time the murder was committed, i was travelling on the 8.0 oclock train to london, said the man.do you always catch such an early train asked the inspector.of course i do, answered the man. i must be at work at 10.0 oclock. my employer will confirm that i was there on time. would a later train get you to work on time? asked the inspector.i suppose it would, but i never catch a later train.at what time did you arrive at the station? eight. i bought a paper and waited for the train.and you didnt notice anything unusual. i suggest, said the inspector, that you are not telling the truth. i suggest that you did not catch the 8.0 oclock train, but that you caught the 8.25 which would still get you to work on time. you see, on the morning of the murder, the 8.0 oclock train did not run at all. it broke down at station and was taken off the line.lesson88 trapped in a mine 困在矿井里six men have been trapped in a mine for seventeen hours. if they are not brought to the surface soon they may lose their lives. however, rescue operations are proving difficult. if explosives are used, vibrations will cause the roof of the mine to collapse. rescue workers are therefore drilling a hole on the north side of the mine. they intend to bring the men up in a special capsule. if there had not been a hard layer of rock beneath the soil, they would have completed the job in a few hours. as it is, they have been drilling for sixteen hours and they still have a long way to go. meanwhile, a microphone, which was lowered into the mine two hours ago, has enabled the men to keep in touch with the closest relatives. though they are running out of food and drink, the men are cheerful and confident that they will get out soon. they have been told that rescue operations are progressing smoothly. if they knew how difficult it was to drill through the hard rock, they would lose heart. lesson89 a slip of the tongue 口误people will do anything to see a free show-even if it is a bad one. when the news got round that a variety show would be presented at our local cinema by the p. and u. bird seed company, we all rushed to see it. we had to queue for hours to get in and there must have been several hundred people present just before the show began. unfortunately, the show was one of the dullest we have ever seen. those who failed to get in need not have felt disappointed as many of the artistes who should have appeared did not come. the only funny things we heard that evening came from the advertiser at the beginning of the. he was obviously very nervous and for some minutes stood awkwardly before the microphone. as soon as he opened his mouth, everyone burst out laughing. we all know what the poor man should have said, but what he actually said was: this is seed bird company. good ladies, evening and gentlemen!lesson90 for supper ？ 晚餐吃什么？though brazil is one of the richest countries in the world, much of it has not yet been developed. it was mainly for this reason that the brazilian government decided to have a new city built 600 miles north-west of rio de janeiro. designed by the great architect costa, the new city, brasilia, replaced rio de janeiro as the capital of in 1960. brasilia has been carefully planned for modern living. its wide roads, which can take fourteen lanes of traffic, have been keptaway from living areas. children do not have to cross busy streets to go to school. housewives can visit-shopping on foot, for in these specially designed living areas, cars are unnecessary. at first, the government had great difficulty in persuading people to leave rio and to settle in brasilia. since 1960, however, the population has been growing all the time. brasilia has quickly established itself as the capital of the country. the idea to have the capital moved so far inland will have a great effect on the future of brazil.lesson91 three men in a basket 三人同篮a pilot noticed a balloon which seemed to be making for a royal air force station nearby. he informed the station at once, but no one there was able to explain the mystery. the officer in the control tower was very angry when he heard the news, because balloons can be a great danger to aircraft. he said that someone might by spying on the station and the pilot was ordered to keep track of the strange object. the pilot managed to circle the balloon for some time. he could make out three men in a basket under it and one of them was holding field-glasses. when the balloon was over the station, the pilot saw one of the men taking photographs. soon afterwards, the balloon began to descend and it landed near an airfield. the police were called in, but they could not arrest anyone, for the basket contained two members of parliament and the commanding officer of the station! as the commanding officer explained later, one half of the station did not know what the other half was! lesson92 asking for trouble 自找麻烦it must have been about two in the morning when i returned home. i tried to wake up my wife by ringing the door-bell, but she was fast asleep, so i got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. i was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, i dont think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.i looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when i saw a policeman. i immediately regretted answering in the way i did, but i said, i enjoy cleaning windows at night.so do i, answered the policeman in the same tone. excuse me interrupting you. i hate to interrupt a man when hes busy working, but would you mind coming with me to the well, id prefer to stay here, i said. you see, ive forgotten my key. he called.my key, i shouted. fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards me.lesson93 a noble gift 崇高的礼物one of the most famous monuments in the world, the statue of liberty, was presented to the united states of america in the nineteenth century by the people of france. the great statue, which was designed by the sculptor august bartholdi, took ten years to complete. the 木地板知识训练第一章一、木地板结构分类在琳琅满目的地板装饰材料中，木地板是人们首选的地板材料。由于木地板是由天然的木质材料加工而成的，它具有独特的质感和纹理，迎合了人们回归自然、追求质朴的心理，因此倍受消费者的青睐。1、 按木地板的结构和材料来分，可以归纳为五大类。第一类：实木地板实木地板是用天然材料-木材，不经过任何粘贴处理，用机械设备加工而成的，该地板的特点是保持天然材料-木材的性能。实木地板常见的有平口地板，企口地板，指接地板、集成指接地板。第二类 实木复合地板实木符合地板是总称，实际上它又可分为多层实木复合地板，三层复合地板。该类地板的特点是尺寸稳定性较好。 多层实木复合地板地板的结构是以多层实木胶合板为基材，在其基础材料上覆贴一定厚度的珍贵材薄片镶拼板或刨切单板为面板，通过合成树脂胶-脲醛树脂或酚醛树脂胶热压而成，再用机械设备加工成地板。 三层实木复合地板地板结构就象“三明治”一样，即表层采用优质珍贵硬木规格板条的镶拼板，中心层的基材采用软质的速生材，底板采用速生杨木或中硬杂木。第三类 强化木地板强化木地板的学名为浸渍纸层压木质地板。它也有三层结构，表层是含有耐磨材料的三聚氰胺树脂浸渍装饰纸，芯层为中、高密度纤维板或刨花板，底层为浸渍酚醛树脂的平衡纸。三层通过合成树脂胶热压而成。此类地板的特点是耐磨性与尺寸稳定性较好。第四类 竹地板 此类地板虽然采用的材料是竹材，但竹材也属于植物类，具有纤维素、木素等成分。因此，历来人们把竹材放到木材学中。所以其材料虽然不是木材，但也归在木地板行列中。竹材的特点是耐磨，经过防虫、防腐处理加工而成，颜色有漂白和碳化两种。 竹木复合地板。此类地板表面层和底层都是竹材，中间为软质木材，通常采用杉木。该类结构的地板不易变形。第五类 软木地板软木地板实际上不是用木材加工成的地板而是以栓皮栎树的树皮为原料，经过粉碎、热压而成板材，再通过机械设备加工成地板。这种板材外形类似于软质厚木板，特点是轻、软、足感好。2、按地板功能分类可分家用型地板、商用型地板、室内地板、室外地板、低温地面采暖地板、运动场馆地板等六大类地板。1、 家用型地板适用与室内的居室、该地板耐磨性与防水性可要求低些。2、 商用型地板特点是室内，由于客流量大，因此用于商场等公共场所地板，对其耐磨性要求高。3、 室内地板用于室外的地板，必须做防水、防腐处理后才能用于室外。4、 低温地面采暖地板低温地面采暖地板是通过埋设于地板下的加热管，把地板加热到表面温度为18-30。为此，该地板特点必须能长期经受一定温度的烘烤。烘烤后既能把热量传到室内又不会使地板变形以及油漆老化。因此适宜于低温地面采暖地板有专用的地面采暖多层实木地板，也有特种强化木地板。5、 运动场馆地板运动场馆地板的特点是耐磨、弹性好、抗震性强。为此，常用的地板为实木地板、实木复合地板，在铺设时有特殊要求。二、实木地板特点及分类（1） 实木地板是木材直接加工而成，所以它具有木材典型的优点： 绿色环保家装材料，而且有的木材本身具有益于健康的芳香酊，地板铺设地面还能不断地散发出安神的清香味。 实木地板质朴、自然，具有回归大自然的感觉。典型、庄重、美丽而自然的花纹。 实木地板能调节室内温度和湿度。据室内测试表明，在2cm厚的木地板房间内，冬天能升温3，颇有冬暖夏凉之感。 脚感舒适，弹性真实。木材是由无数个细胞组成，细胞又由细胞壁、细胞腔等部分组成。因此加工成的实木地板，它具有任何其他材料无法比拟的脚感和弹性。为此，体育场所、舞池、练功房、舞台皆采用实木地板作为地面装饰材料。任何建材都达不到此效果的。 实木地板具有绝缘性，对电、热的传导性极小。因此，它可用于要求绝缘性高的计算机房等场地，变电站。 实木地板易于胶结，用胶或钉、螺丝及榫头都很容易牢固地相互联接，所以实木地板的铺装可采用直接粘贴法，也可以用龙骨铺设法。2、实木地板缺点： 实木地板由于木材具有吸湿性，随天气变化和大气湿度的高低而吸收或释放水分，因而实木地板的板坯虽经过高温、湿、干燥处理，还会有少量的湿胀干缩现象出现。 木材具有变异性，同一种木材的性质，可能因产地和立地条件不同，其材质的色泽有很大差异。因此，实木地板在色泽上的差异是自然现象，不应该有过分的挑剔。三、实木地板种类分类实木地板分类方法 很多，按结构、材种、涂饰、榫槽数量等方法分类。1、 根据加工外形不同分类2、 根据材种不同分类3、 按涂装分类（素板、漆板）漆板又分为uv漆与pu漆版，uv漆板是采用紫外光固化，经过uv漆加工的地板光洁度高，耐磨、无污染。漆板按漆面的亮度又可分为亚光漆与亮漆，亚光漆装饰的地板板面无亮度、较柔和、不刺眼。4、 按地板的榫槽分类可分为单企口实木地板与双企口实木地板5、 按规格尺寸分类大板、标板、非标板6、 按实木地板结构分类地板有平口地板、企口地板、指接实木地板、集成指接实木地板。第二章明明白白买实木地板面对琳琅满目的地面装饰材料中，喜欢实木地板的人总能数落出一大堆优点来：典雅、美观、温馨、脚感舒适、保温吸音等。但是由于木地板本身的质量问题，或消费者在购买时只注重追求表面、或在铺设中出现问题，或在使用中保养不当，而引起对木地板的质量争议，为避免这些问题发生，消费者在选购时首先要心中有数，做一个明明白白的消费者。一、 目前实木地板在使用中常遇到的问题有：1、 实木地板干缩引起的地板间缝隙增大或因湿胀引起地板起拱或瓦弯。2、 地板本身翘曲变形3、 地板表面油漆剥落以上三种现象既有地板质量问题，也有铺设问题，还有维护保养问题。为此，要选购到你称心如意的实木地板，要从实木地板的材种，外观质量、规格、尺寸公差和油漆质量等方面考察。二、确定实木地板材种实木地板的材种繁多，既有国产材，也有进口材，既有珍贵材，也有普通材，既有深色材，也有浅色材。由于材种不同，颜色、纹理均不同，所以在选择材种时，要根据自己的经济实力来参考挑选高、中、低三、装饰的格调实木地板虽然与任何装饰格调都能和谐相配，但按美学的观点来说，在装饰中颜色必须避免头重脚轻的感觉。四、 尽量挑选材性稳定的树种材性特点是指经干燥处理的实木地板能克服受环境干、湿度的影响不产生明显的缩胀现象。但是，木材是天然的材料，在干燥处理中，不可能达到百分之百符合标准。为此，尽可能选材性稳定的实木地板。五、选实木地板适当的尺寸目前市场供应的实木地板，规格尺寸偏宽，偏长，如91012518、9109518等。其实实木地板宜短不宜长，宜窄不宜宽，应选小于6009018，实木地板尺寸越小、抗变形能力就越强，而且地板变形量分散在每块地板，不集中在一块地板上，为此，视觉就不明显。要想选长、宽、大地板，安好比较气派，最好选择指接实木地板。指接实木地板是很多小的实木地板粘接在一块而成的。它把变形的应力分散在每一小块上。所以最不易变形的地板。六、选含水率达标的实木地板含水率是影响实木地板铺设是否变形的一个至关重要因素。通常情况下含水率应该与当地的平均含水率相一致。含水率过高或过低，地板在环境湿度变化时均会产生不同程度的尺寸变化。我国地域辽阔，不同的地区温度、湿度变化较大，尤其是南方地区多雨，湿度大，要求实木地板含水率偏高，若在北方地区，季节干燥、多风多雨，要求实木地板含水率偏低。包装箱中的实木地板与当地平均含水率相差2%的范围内，此产品的含水率合格。七、选加工精度好的实木地板在新购的实木地板包装箱中取10片地板置于平整的地面上，进行拼装，拼装后用手摸，眼看其加工精度，几何尺寸。八、选油漆质量无论是采用uv漆的地板，无论是亮度漆或亚光漆地板，挑选时，均应观其表面漆膜是否均匀、丰满、关节、无漏漆、无小鼓泡、无孔眼、其中尤其要指出的是耐磨性，因地板用于地面，必须油漆能耐磨的。但这里也必须提醒一句，油漆的耐磨性，不能与强化地板性能指标相比，强化是三氧化二铝，因两者的原材料不同，测试方法也不同。九、铺设质量铺设实木地板是第二个关键，为了避免出现事故后相互推诿，必须坚持买哪家地板请哪家铺装，通常地板一经铺设就与地板质量无关。因此，在铺设前应做到：首先验收地板数量、规格、颜色、质量，验收合格签字后，才能铺设。批号、材种等确认后简练地介绍铺设方法，进一步确定铺设方案。实木地板对生产企业是产品，但对消费者来说，还不能直接使用，数量众多的单块地板只有通过工人铺设，才能使地板成为能完整使用的产品。铺设技术的好坏，直接影响产品木地板的质量，因此，铺设虽然是最后一道工序，但是至关重要的，它即可使用地板优等性延续，也可是稍差的地板质量提高等级，为此每个企业在市场营销中应重视铺设技术与管理，屡见不鲜的实例，使实木地板生产企业和经销商都深知，强调铺设的重要性亦是促销地板销售的最好途径之一，铺设实木地板好坏影响甚广，铺设完一户就是本企业的样板间，广告橱窗，免费的形象广告。而且在居民小区，在同事间会品头论足，互相传递，一传十，十传百达到几何级数递增效果，因此营销人员一定要与施工人员密切联系，使铺设工人深知其工作的好环直接影响企业的形象，要树立铺好一家影响百家的观念，千万不要造成一粒老鼠屎坏了一锅汤的不良效果。十、铺设前注意事项地板质是由两部分组成。1 地板质量 品种 规格 数量检查认可2 铺设方法 铺设质量 步骤认可十一、铺设前遇到下列五种情况不宜铺1. 墙面漏湿 地面不干 不铺2. 混合施工 不铺3. 强制使用劣质辅料 不铺4. 工期过急 无法实施工序 不铺5. 要求地板无色差，绝对水平 不铺十二、注意维护地板质量问题原因是由三方面引起，即地板质量 铺设质量 维护 因此消费者必须心中明白维护的重要性，注意如下主要事项。1. 地板切忌泡水，因此在清洁地板时不能用滴水的拖把擦洗2. 室内湿度大于100时应通风排湿，室内湿度40%时应采取加湿装置，为此地板铺设后的居室，注意常开门窗。第三章实木地板消费中的误导一、对品质的误区许多消费者在购买实木地板时，由于不了解木材的特性，品质，只一味地按照直接的意愿以设想中质量上剩的实木地板标准来选购，结果常常花钱不少，效果不佳的尴尬局面，甚至满肚子怨气无处出。为此有几个消费误区，必须向大家提醒。 1、地板追求长而宽2、买方与铺设两家分离3、过分追求色差，纹理一致实木地板是天然的木制品，同一棵树由于种植的地点不同，阳光照射不同，湿度不同等自然环境不同，其色泽就不同，更进一步说，若同一棵树锯剖下来的木材，由于剖锯的位置不同颜色深浅不同，木材纹理不同边材色浅，心材色深，故实木地板客观存在色差和花纹不均匀的现象，这是自然现象，也是回归自然的重要特征之一。为此在gb/t15036-2001新的实木地板国家标准中,对色差不作任何要求.二、铺设时加细木工板在细木工板中板材质量好坏含水率高低看不见,不能保证质量,直接影响地板质量。三、过分追求名贵材重好比柚木四、只重购买不重铺设实木地板的铺设方法多种 有直接粘贴法 龙骨铺设法 龙骨二次铺设法等坚持五个不铺，带来质量问题，引起苦恼。第四章木材的构造和识别一、木材优点实木地板是由木材加工而成，树木伐到位后剥去树皮，坎除枝丫后的树木可成为加工木地板的原材料。而树木是一种天然生长的机体，由于生长的气候，土壤条件等外在因素，它的结构，性质不仅因树种而不同，即使是同一树种，同一株的不同部位亦会有差异为此我们在木地板生产加工过程和铺设中必须了解和掌握木材的结构。性质和变异规律木材是由无数细胞组成。木材细胞的形状大小不一，再加上受自然生长条件的限制，不同种类木材之间差别很大。木材与其金属材料比较，还是有它固有的优缺点：1、 木材具有天然的色泽和美丽的花纹，且容易着色，和油漆，但是由于各种木材的结构粗细不同性能不同，漆出的效果也不同。2、 木材具有较高的强重比，它的强度和质量的比值较高，大于一般的钢铁。3、 木材具有绝缘性，对电热的传导性极小，因此用木材加工的地板，既有保温性能，有具有绝缘性。4、 木材既有一定硬度，又具有一定的可塑性。因材容易接受各种刀削和其他方式的机戒加工5、 木材易于连接，用胶或钉，螺丝及榫都很容易牢固地相互连接。6、 木材可用人工培植抚育，使其不断生长，取之不尽，用之不竭二木材具有上述优点，但从利用上看还有不少缺点。木材具有吸湿性，随季节变化和环境的相对湿度的高低而吸收或散发水分，造成木材膨胀或收缩，这种性质使得木材在干燥过程中容易发生开裂翘曲改变木材原来的形状和尺寸规格影响木材的使用价值，加工成实木地板成品后，由于处理不当，木材的缺陷也会显现。木材具有各向异性和变异性，组织不均匀性。木材易受生物菌腐蚀产生腐朽变色破坏木材组织，降低木使用价值。树木生长比较慢，直径有限且大小不一并且有天然的缺陷和结疤，斜纹理，变曲以及形状不规则等缺陷。但随著科技消除进步，可以通过各种措施减小甚至消除木材的缺点，如采取人工干燥可以加速木材的干燥过程。并使木材通过防腐技术，可以使用年限。木材通过加工技术可以克服木材的异向性，使木材强度趋于一致。三木材的分类按树种类别分为针叶林和阔叶林1、 针叶材：特点是树木形状像针一般就把它们的木材叫针叶材。又由于这类木材中没有导管，在树木横切面上看不见导管和管孔所以又叫无孔材，如（红松云杉冷杉落叶等树种的木材统称针叶材）阔叶材：特点是树叶扁平状，一般就把它们的木材叫阔叶材，在木材横切面上可见导管的导孔所以又叫孔材，如（栎木水曲柳桦木榆木桤木 柞木）按木质软硬分为硬阔叶林软阔叶材（1）硬阔叶材：桦木榆木柚木 二翅豆 坤甸铁樟等（2） 软阔叶材：杨木椴木杉木等四、木材的水分木材是一种毛细多孔材料，在木材中的大小不同，长短不一的孔隙中存在水分容积重强度，干缩与湿胀以及木材的耐久性，液体的渗透性，传热性，都有不同程度的影响。因此木材水分在地板加工过程中和使用是一个至关重要的问题。木材的含水状态水分是木材活细胞的组成部分，木材含水以下有三种形式： 自由水呈游离子状态，存在