工程投标策略外文翻译.docx

外文文献译文（3）3 作价技巧投标策略一经确定就具体反映到作价上，工程标价不同于预算造价，它的计算方法虽然也是以施工图预算为基础，但其它直接费，其它间接费，技术装备费和预算包干系数等项，则可根据工程情况，围绕预算造价上下浮动，它直接受市场供求，竞争对手所追求的利润水平影响是l种浮动价格。价格如何浮动都有一定的技巧，技巧的得法与否，在一定程度上可以决定工程的中标和盈利。因此，它是1个不可忽视的环节，下面是一些可供参考的作法。3.1消化标书3种作价预算人员在算标以前，必须首先认真分析招标文件，弄清承包人的报价范围，不能遗漏，找出需要询价的特殊材料与设备，及时调查价格，以免因盲目估价而失误，理出含糊不清的问题，让招标单位解答;弄清各项技术要求，以便确定施工方案。总之，要全面吃透标书内容，以便采取对策，避免算标失误.算标时要准确计算工程量，并核实相应基价，成本计算要接近实际，在确定各种费率时充分考虑企业管理水平，技术特长使各项单价和总价合理浮动。一般作价时最好作出3个标，即高标，中标和低标。高标是依据预算定额和取费标准及有关规定，并考虑材料价格在一定时期内浮动情况计算的标价;低标是承担该项工程不至亏损最低标价，中标是介于二者之间考虑了一定利润的标价。有了这3种价格，企业在报价时，才能做到心中有数，既不使自己亏本，又能处于有利地位而选择报价。3.2掌握工程规律标价合理浮动报价时具体选择该用高标，中标还是低标?这要分析工程对象本身的性质和特点，因工程制宜，一般说，建筑产品价格上涨时期，报价可高些;同一时期内海港、码头、 本论文由无忧论文网特约提供，提供论文代写，代写论文，代写毕业论文，代写职称论文，论文发表，代写硕士论文相关核心搜索。特殊构筑物报价可高，房屋建筑工程报价宜低;技术密集型工程报价可高，劳务密集型工程报价可低一些，小型工程报价可高，大型工程报价可低;急需工程报价可高，非急需工程报价可低等等。3.3在同一工程中可采用不平衡单价法在不提高总标价的前提下，在同一工程中可采用不平衡单价法。即对能先拿到钱的项目(如土方，基础等)的单价可订得高些，有利于资金周转，存款也有利息;对后期的项目(如粉刷，电气，油漆等)单价可适当降低;图纸有错误，估计今后会修改的项目，单价可提高;工程内容说明不清楚的单价可降低，以利于以后索赔等。3.4有策略地进行报价平衡初步算出的标价，究竟具有多大竞争力，这还是个捉摸不定的间题，为此，还必须在此标价基础上，用多种方法，从多种角度对标价进行平衡，如用类比的方法，可以把工程的全部人工费、材料费、机械费、间接费分别汇总计算出各种费用占 无忧论文网总价的比例，或算出每平方米造价和类似工程相比较，从中发现问题。用分析方法，可以分析费用的各个组成部分，看看哪些地方留有余地或余地过大，可以下调，哪些地方偏紧还应增加。或是事先商定1个让价系数，以便在投标时随机应变，调整报价。审计应在规划设计阶段同步介入。传统的基建工程审计往往是在竣工后进行 ,这种事后审计无法对基建维修工程进行全程监督 ,致使工程在事前、 事中的管理混乱 ,给承包商早在招标前就运用各种策略创造机会 ,而策略一旦成功 ,又很难甚至无法在结算时改变 ,决算审计无异于亡羊补牢 ,最终造成超计划、 超预算、投资失控 ,严重影响单位的经济承受能力 ,给国家财产造成损失。审计在规划设计阶段提前介入 ,有利于深入了解工程设计的完善情况、 地质状况、 工程概预算、 资金渠道、 平均造价以及中标企业的资信情况 ,设计不周全、 地质状况不清楚 ,可充分咨询专家意见 ,促进图纸完善、 地质状况明了 ,同时对工程预算的准确性、 施工招投标的合理性及合规性进行分析评价 ,及时发现问题、 纠正问题 ,尽可能杜绝承包方的“ 伏笔 ” ,为客观、 公平办理决算审计创造条件。建立内审部门先期审计制度。先期审计制度 ,即对工程项目的竣工结算通过先期内部审计 ,核定初步的工程造价 ,然后将核定的工程造价连同相关的结算资料、 图纸等送交国家或社会审计部门进行终审。虽然这一制度运用于工程结算审计 ,但笔者认为可将这一制度扩展到工程招投标或预算阶段。即由内审部门对设计图纸、 地质状况、 预算工程量计算、 材料价格、 定额标准的套用、 施工企业的取费标准及资质等级等进行认真细致的审查 ,初步核定工程预算价 ,然后将核定的工程造价及有关资料交国家或社会审计部门进行预算审计确认。对于承包商的确定 ,因为标的保密性不强 ,竞标单位在资质等条件基本相同的情况下 ,可采用明标抽签的方式确定中标单位. 深入施工现场 ,进行跟踪审计。在施工过程中 ,审计人员应不定期地深入现场进行考察 ,特别是对隐蔽工程和变更设计部分进行跟踪检查 ,并在变更单上签证确认 ,确保工程量真实地反映在决算中。监督施工环节 ,及时发现问题和解决项目管理中存在的问题 ,保证工程质量 ,防止偷工减料 ,以次充好。通过这种跟踪监督 ,确保材料标号、 材料质地符合工程要求 ,从而保证工程质量 ,保证“值 ” 有所“物 ” 。也可以经常组织有关人员进行市场调查 ,随时掌握市场变化情况 ,防止利用材料价差攫取额外利润。综上所述，报价策略和作价技巧，对于企业具有战略意义，关系到企业的前途和命运，因而企业要灵活运用定性分析和定量分析相结合的科学决策方法，制订出正确的报价策略和价方案，以提高企业中标概率，提高企业经济效益。外文文献原文（3）3 the skill ofbidding strategy upon the identification of specific reflect to pricing, price differs from engineering budget cost, it is calculated as the construction drawing budget as basis, but other and direct cost, other indirect costs, technical equipment cost and budget contract coefficient, it can be based on the engineering case, floating up and down around the budget cost, it is directly affected by the market supply and demand, competitors are pursuing profits level effect of l floating price. how to price floating have certain skills, skills well or not, in a certain extent can decide successful projects and profit. therefore, it is one of 1should not be ignored, here is some reference methods.3.1 3digestive tender pricebudget staff in the calculation of standard previously, must first be careful analysis of the bidding documents, clarify the contractor price range, not omission, find the need to request the special material and equipment prices, timely investigation, so as to avoid blind valuation and errors, the ambiguity problem, make unit of invite public bidding to answer; understand the technical requirements, in order to determine the construction scheme. in short, to fully grasp the tender content, in order to take measures to avoid mistakes, is standard . numerical standard to accurate calculation, and verify the corresponding price, cost calculations to be closer to the actual, in identifying rate considering the enterprise management level, technical expertise so that the unit price and total price reasonable floating. general pricing is best made3 standard, namely the high standard, the bid and low bid. high standard is based on the budget quota and fee standards and the relevant provisions, and consider the material prices in a certain period of time the floating calculated price; low standard is to undertake the project to a loss of lowest bid price, bidding is between the two sides to consider a certain profit price. with this3 kinds of prices, enterprises in the quotation, to know the score, neither to make their own money, but also in a good position and the choice of quotation.3.2master of engineering price reasonable floating rulewhen quoting the specific choice of the high standard, the low standard? it to analyze the properties and characteristics of engineering object itself, because the project system, generally speaking, the price of construction product to rise period, can offer higher; the same period the harbour, dock, of special offers, with papers in this thesis, write, write a graduation thesis, on behalf of the titles of papers, published papers, master s thesis related core search. special structures can offer high, housing construction engineering bidding should be low; technology-intensive project quotation can be high, labor intensive project quoted price may be lower, small project quotation can be high, large project quoted price may be low; be badly in need of project quotation can be high, a much-needed project can offer low etc.3.3 in the same project, using unbalanced price methodin does not improve the overall price under the premise, in the same project, using unbalanced price method. that is to get the money of the project (such as the earth, basis) unit for histep, is conducive to the turnover of funds, deposit also has interest; on the latter part of the project (such as painting, electrical, paint ) unit price can be reduced appropriately; drawings are wrong, the estimated future will modify the project, the price can be improved project description is not clear; the cost can be reduced, in order to facilitate later claim.3.4strategies to price equilibriumpreliminary calculated price, how big competition, this was a uncertain problem, for this, must also be in this catalogue basis, using a variety of methods, from various angles of price equilibrium, as in the use of the method of analogy, can put all the works labor cost, material cost, mechanical cost, indirect costs were aggregated calculate various expense accounts for the thesis net worry-free price ratio, or calculate the cost of construction per square metre and similar engineering are compared, find out problems. using analysis method, analysis of the costs of the various components can have a look, which place to leave adequate leeway or room is too big, can downregulate tight, which should also be increased. or was agreed in advance1let the price factor, in order to bid adjust to changing circumstances, adjust the quote. the audit should be in the planning and design stage synchronous intervention. the traditional capital construction project audit is often in the completion, this post audit to capital repair project supervise the process, cause project in advance, the management of confusion, to the contractor in the solicitation ago using a variety of strategies to create opportunities and strategies for success, once again, it is difficult or even impossible to change in the settlement, settlement the audit is tantamount to mend, eventually causing super plan, budget, investment control, serious impact on unit economic capacity, damage to state property. audit in the planning and design stage of early intervention, is conducive to the in-depth understanding of engineering design the perfect condition, geological condition, project budget, capital channel, average cost and the bid-winning enterprises credit, poorly designed, geological condition is not clear, can fully consulting experts, to promote the drawings, geological condition and perfect, while the engineering the accuracy of the budget, construction bidding of rationality and compliance analysis and evaluation, found problems in a timely manner, to correct the problem, as far as possible eliminate contractor foreshadowing, objective, fair and create conditions for budget and final accounts audit. establish internal audit department audit system in advance. advanced audit system, namely the project completion settlement through advanced internal audit, approved the initial cost of the project, and then approved by the project cost together with associated billing information, drawings sent to the state or social audit departments of the. although this system used in the audit of the project, but the author thinks that this can be extended to a system of project bidding or budget stage. from the internal audit department of design drawings, geological condition, the budget of engineering quantity calculation, material price, quota standards apply, the construction enterprise fee standards and qualification levels are carefully examined, initially approved project budget price, and then approved by the project cost and related information to the state or social auditing departments budget audit confirmation. for contractor identified, because the underlying secrecy, bidding units in qualification under condition of the same, can use the prescribed standard by means of determining the winning unit. in-depth construction site, tracking audit. during the construction process, the auditor should periodically in-depth site visits, especially for the concealed works and change the design of track inspection, and changes in the