细胞常见信号通路图片合集.doc

NGF信号通路 (2004-8-16) TGFbeta信号转导 (2004-8-16) 细胞凋亡信号 (2004-8-16) 线粒体输入信号 (2004-8-16) ROS信号 (2004-8-16) Toll-Like受体家族 (2004-8-16) Toll-Like受体 (2004-8-16) actin肌丝 (2004-8-16) Wnt/LRP6信号 (2004-8-16) WNT信号转导 (2004-8-16) WestNile西尼罗河病毒 (2004-8-16) VitaminC维生素C在大脑中的作用 (2004-8-16) 视觉信号转导 (2004-8-16) VEGF，低氧 (2004-8-16) TSP-1诱导细胞凋亡 (2004-8-16) Trka信号转导 (2004-8-16) dbpb调节mRNA (2004-8-16) CARM1甲基化 (2004-8-16) CREB转录因子 (2004-8-16) TPO信号通路 (2004-8-16) Toll-Like受体 (2004-8-16) TNFR2信号通路 (2004-8-16) TNFR1信号通路 (2004-8-16) TNF/Stress相关信号 (2004-8-16) IGF-1受体 (2004-8-16) 共刺激信号 (2004-8-16) Th1/Th2细胞分化 (2004-8-16) TGFbeta信号转导 (2004-8-16) 端粒、端粒酶与衰老 (2004-8-16) TACI和BCMA调节B细胞免疫 (2004-8-16) T辅助细胞的表面受体 (2004-8-16) T细胞受体信号通路 (2004-8-16) T细胞受体和CD3复合物 (2004-8-16) Cardiolipin的合成 (2004-8-16) Synaptic突触连接中的蛋白 (2004-8-16) HSP在应激中的调节的作用 (2004-8-16) Stat3信号通路 (2004-8-16) SREBP控制脂质合成 (2004-8-16) 酪氨酸激酶的调节 (2004-8-16) SonicHedgehog(SHH)受体ptc1调节细胞周期 (2004-8-16) SonicHedgehog(Shh)信号 (2004-8-16) SODD/TNFR1信号 (2004-8-16) AKT/mTOR在骨骼肌肥大中的作用 (2004-8-16) G蛋白信号转导 (2004-8-16) 肝细胞生长因子受体信号 (2004-8-16) IL1受体信号转导 (2004-8-16) acetyl从线粒体到胞浆过程 (2004-8-16) 趋化因子chemokine在T细胞极化中的选择性表 (2004-8-16) SARS冠状病毒蛋白酶 (2004-8-16) Parkin在泛素-蛋白酶体中的作用 (2004-8-16) nicotinicacetylcholine受体在凋亡中的作用 (2004-8-16) 线粒体在细胞凋亡中的作用 (2004-8-16) MEF2D在T细胞凋亡中的作用 (2004-8-16) Erk5和神经元生存 (2004-8-16) ERBB2信号转导 (2004-8-16) GPCRs调节EGF受体 (2004-8-16) BRCA1调节肿瘤敏感性 (2004-8-16) Rho细胞运动的信号 (2004-8-16) Leptin能逆转胰岛素抵抗 (2004-8-16) 转录因子DREAM调节疼敏感 (2004-8-16) PML调节转录 (2004-8-16) p27调节细胞周期 (2004-8-16) MAPK信号调节 (2004-8-16) 细胞因子调节造血细胞分化 (2004-8-16) eIF4e和p70S6激酶调节 (2004-8-16) eIF2调节 (2004-8-16) 谷氨酸受体调节ck1/cdk5 (2004-8-16) plk3在细胞周期中的作用 (2004-8-1) BAD磷酸化调节 (2004-8-1) Reelin信号通路 (2004-8-1) RB肿瘤抑制和DNA破坏 (2004-8-1) NK细胞介导的细胞毒作用 (2004-8-1) Ras信号通路 (2004-8-1) Rac1细胞运动信号 (2004-8-1) PTEN依赖的细胞生长抑制和细胞凋亡 (2004-8-1) notch信号通路 (2004-8-1) 蛋白激酶A（PKA）在中心粒中的作用 (2004-8-1) 蛋白酶体Proteasome复合物 (2004-8-1) Prion朊病毒的信号通路 (2004-8-1) 早老素Presenilin在notch和wnt信号中的作用 (2004-8-1) mRNA的poly(A)形成 (2004-8-1) 淀粉样蛋白前体信号 (2004-8-1) PKC抑制myosin磷酸化 (2004-8-1) 磷脂酶C（PLC）信号 (2004-8-1) 巨噬细胞Pertussistoxin不敏感的CCR5信号通 (2004-8-1) Pelp1调节雌激素受体的活性 (2004-8-1) PDGF信号通路 (2004-8-1) p53信号通路 (2004-8-1) p38MAPK信号通路 (2004-8-1) Nrf2是氧化应激基本表达的关键基因 (2004-8-1) OX40信号通路 (2004-8-1) hTerc转录调节活性图 (2004-8-1) hTert转录因子的调节作用 (2004-8-1) AIF在细胞凋亡中的作用 (2004-8-1) Omega氧化通路 (2004-8-1) 核受体在脂质代谢和毒性中的作用 (2004-8-1) NK细胞中NO2依赖的IL-12信号通路 (2004-8-1) TOR信号通路 (2004-8-1) NO信号通路 (2004-8-1) NF-kB信号转导通路 (2004-8-1) NFAT与心肌肥厚的示意图 (2004-8-1) 神经营养素及其表面分子 (2004-8-1) 神经肽VIP和PACAP防止活化T细胞凋亡图 (2004-8-1) 神经生长因子信号图 (2004-8-1) 线虫和哺乳动物的MAPK信号比较 (2004-7-17) 细胞内信号总论 (2004-7-17) 细胞凋亡信号通路 (2004-7-17) MAPK级联通路 (2004-7-17) MAPK信号通路图 (2004-7-17) BCR信号通路 (2004-7-17) 蛋白质乙酰化示意图 (2004-7-17) wnt信号通路 (2004-7-17) 胰岛素受体信号通路 (2004-7-17) 细胞周期在G2/M期的调控机理图 (2004-7-17) 细胞周期G1/S检查点调控机理图 (2004-7-17) Jak-STAT关系总表 (2004-7-17) Jak/STAT信号 (2004-7-17) TGFbeta信号 (2004-7-17) NFkappaB信号 (2004-7-17) p38MAPK信号通路 (2004-7-17) SAPK/JNK信号级联通路 (2004-7-17) 从G蛋白偶联受体到MAPK (2004-7-17) MAPK级联信号图 (2004-7-17) eIF-4E和p70S6激酶调控蛋白质翻译 (2004-7-17) eif2蛋白质翻译 (2004-7-17) 蛋白质翻译示意图 (2004-7-17) 线粒体凋亡通路 (2004-7-17) 死亡受体信号通路 (2004-7-17) 凋亡抑制通路 (2004-7-17) 细胞凋亡综合示意图 (2004-7-17) Akt/Pkb信号通路 (2004-7-17) MAPK/ERK信号通路 (2004-7-17) 哺乳动物MAPK信号通路 (2004-7-17) Pitx2多步调节基因转录 (2004-7-17) IGF-1R导致BAD磷酸化的多个凋亡路径 (2004-7-17) 多重耐药因子 (2004-7-17) mTOR信号通路 (2004-7-17) Msp/Ron受体信号通路 (2004-7-17) 单核细胞和其表面分子 (2004-7-17) 线粒体的肉毒碱转移酶（CPT）系统 (2004-7-17) METS影响巨噬细胞的分化 (2004-7-17) Anandamide，内源性大麻醇的代谢 (2004-7-17) 黑色素细胞（Melanocyte）发育和信号 (2004-7-17) DNA甲基化导致转录抑制的机理图 (2004-7-17) 蛋白质的核输入信号图 (2004-7-17) PPARa调节过氧化物酶体的增殖 (2004-7-17) 对乙氨基酚（Acetaminophen）的活性和毒性机 (2004-7-17) mCalpain在细胞运动中的作用 (2004-7-17) MAPK信号图 (2004-7-17) MAPK抑制SMRT活化 (2004-7-17) 苹果酸和天门冬酸间的转化 (2004-7-17) 低密度脂蛋白（LDL）在动脉粥样硬化中的作用 (2004-7-17) LIS1基因在神经细胞的发育和迁移中的作用图 (2004-7-17) Pyk2与Mapk相连的信号通路 (2004-7-17) galactose代谢通路 (2004-7-17) Lectin诱导补体的通路 (2004-7-17) Lck和Fyn在TCR活化中的作用 (2004-7-17) 乳酸合成图 (2004-7-17) Keratinocyte分化图 (2004-7-17) 离子通道在心血管内皮细胞中的作用 (2004-7-17) 离子通道和佛波脂（PhorbalEsters）信号 (2004-7-17) 内源性Prothrombin激活通路 (2004-7-17) Ribosome内化通路 (2004-7-17) 整合素（Integrin）信号通路 (2004-7-17) 胰岛素（Insulin）信号通路 (2004-7-17) MatrixMetalloproteinases (2004-7-17) 组氨酸去乙酰化抑制剂抑制Huntington病 (2004-7-17) Gleevec诱导细胞增殖 (2004-7-17) Ras和Rho在细胞周期的G1/S转换中的作用 (2004-7-17) DR3，4，5受体诱导细胞凋亡 (2004-7-17) AKT调控Gsk3图 (2004-7-17) IL-7信号转导 (2004-7-17) IL22可溶性受体信号转导图 (2004-7-17) IL-2活化T细胞图 (2004-7-17) IL12和Stat4依赖的TH1细胞发育信号通路 (2004-7-17) IL-10信号通路 (2004-7-17) IL6信号通路 (2004-7-17) IL5信号通路 (2004-7-17) IL4信号通路 (2004-7-17) IL3信号通路 (2004-7-17) IL2信号通路 (2004-7-17) IL18信号通路 (2004-7-17) IL17信号通路 (2004-7-17) IGF-1信号通路 (2004-7-17) IFNgamma信号通路 (2004-7-17) INF信号通路 (2004-7-17) 低氧诱导因子（HIF）在心血管中的作用 (2004-7-17) 低氧和P53在心血管系统中的作用 (2004-7-17) 人类巨细胞病毒和MAP信号通路 (2004-7-17) 孕酮如何促进卵细胞成熟？ (2004-7-17) Howdoessalmonellahijackacell (2004-7-17) Hop通路在心脏发育中的作用 (2004-7-17) HIV-INef:负性调节fas和TNF (2004-7-17) HIV-1防止宿主细胞耐受的机理 (2004-7-17) HIV诱导T细胞凋亡图 (2004-7-17) 血红素的伴侣分子 (2004-7-17) g-Secretase介导ErbB4信号通路 (2004-7-17) 生物激素信号 (2004-7-17) GranzymeA介导的凋亡信号通路 (2004-7-17) G蛋白偶联信号需要Tubby支持 (2004-7-17) 糖酵解通路 (2004-7-17) Ghrelin：食物吸收和能量平衡的调控者 (2004-7-17) PS1能产生beta淀粉样蛋白导致老年性痴呆 (2004-7-17) GATA3部分参与TH2细胞因子基因的表达 (2004-7-17) GABA受体的代谢图 (2004-7-17) FXR和LXR调节胆固醇代谢 (2004-7-17) SLRP在骨骼中的作用 (2004-7-17) 自由基诱导细胞凋亡信号 (2004-7-17) FOSB与药物成瘾 (2004-7-17) fMLP诱导趋化因子基因表达 (2004-7-17) Fibrinolysis通路 (2004-7-17) 糖酵解通路 (2004-7-17) FcEpsilonReceptorI信号 (2004-7-17) FAS信号通路 (2004-7-17) 外源性Prothrombin激活通路 (2004-7-17) 真核细胞蛋白质翻译示意图 (2004-7-17) 雌激素反应蛋白EFP控制乳腺癌细胞的细胞周期 (2004-7-17) EPO介导神经保护作用与NF-kB相关 (2004-7-17) Erythrocyte分化通路 (2004-7-17) Erk1/Erk2Mapk信号通路 (2004-7-17) Erk和PI-3K在细胞外间质中的作用 (2004-7-17) 内质网相关的蛋白质降解通路示意图 (2004-7-17) EPO售转导机制图 (2004-7-17) 血小板凝聚示意图 (2004-7-17) NDK动力学 (2004-7-17) 线粒体的电子传递链示意图 (2004-7-17) Eicosanoid代谢 (2004-7-17) EGF信号通路 (2004-7-17) calcineurin对Keratinocyte分化的影响 (2004-7-17) E2F1信号通路 (2004-7-17) MTA-3在雌激素不敏感性乳腺癌中下调 (2004-7-17) 双链RNA诱导基因表达示意图 (2004-7-17) Dicer信号通路（RNAi机理） (2004-7-17) CDK5在老年性痴呆中的调节作用 (2004-7-17) 树突状细胞调节TH1和TH2发育示意图 (2004-7-17) RAR和RXR被蛋白酶体降解通路 (2004-7-17) D4-GDI信号通路示意图 (2004-7-17) 细胞因子和炎症反应示意图 (2004-7-9) 细胞因子网络调控图 (2004-7-9) CFTR和beta2肾上腺素受体通路 (2004-7-9) Cyclin和细胞周期调控图 (2004-7-9) Ran核质循环转运图 (2004-7-9) CyclinE降解通路图 (2004-7-9) CXCR4信号通路图 (2004-7-9) CTL介导的免疫反应图 (2004-7-9) CTCF：第一个多价核因子 (2004-7-9) 皮质激素和心脏保护 (2004-7-9) 骨骼肌的成肌信号图 (2004-7-9) VitD调控基因表达信号图 (2004-7-9) 补体信号通路 (2004-7-9) 线粒体和过氧化物酶体中氧化的比较图 (2004-7-9) 经典的补体信号通路图 (2004-7-9) 心律失常的分子机制图 (2004-7-9) hSWI/SNFATP依赖的染色体重塑 (2004-7-9) 碳水化合物和cAMP调节ChREBP图 (2004-7-9) 分子伴侣调节干扰素信号图 (2004-7-9) Ceramide信号图 (2004-7-9) 局部急性感染的细胞与分子信号 (2004-7-9) 细胞与细胞粘附信号 (2004-7-9) 细胞周期G2/M调控点信号调节 (2004-7-9) 细胞周期G1/S调控点信号图 (2004-7-9) CDK调节DNA复制 (2004-7-9) cdc25和chk1在DNA破坏中的作用图 (2004-7-9) CD40L信号通路图 (2004-7-9) CCR3信号图 (2004-7-9) CBL下调EGF受体的信号转导图 (2004-7-9) 一些氨基酸的代谢通路图3 (2004-7-9) 一些氨基酸的代谢通路图2 (2004-7-9) 一些氨基酸的代谢通路图 (2004-7-9) Catabolicpathwayforasparagineandasp (2004-7-9) Caspase信号级联通路在细胞凋亡中的作用 (2004-7-9) CARM1和雌激素的信号转导调控 (2004-7-9) 抗氧自由基的心脏保护作用信号转导图 (2004-7-9) 乙肝病毒中的钙信号调控 (2004-7-9) 镉诱导巨噬细胞的DNA合成和增殖 (2004-7-9) Ca2+/CaM依赖的激活 (2004-7-9) B细胞活化机理图 (2004-6-9) BTG家族蛋白和细胞周期的调节 (2004-6-9) BRCA1作用机理 (2004-6-9) 骨重塑示意图 (2004-6-9) BotulinumToxin阻断神经递质释放示意图 (2004-6-9) 缬氨酸的生物合成图 (2004-6-9) Tryptophan在植物和细菌内的生物合成 (2004-6-9) 苏氨酸和蛋氨酸的体内合成示意图 (2004-6-9) sphingolipids生物合成 (2004-6-9) spermidine和spermine生物合成 (2004-6-9) 细菌体内合成脯氨酸的示意图 (2004-6-9) 苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸的生物合成 (2004-6-9) 神经递质的合成示意图 (2004-6-9) 赖氨酸生物合成图 (2004-6-9) 亮氨酸的体内生物合成图 (2004-6-9) 异亮氨酸的生物合成图 (2004-6-9) 甘氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成 (2004-6-9) Cysteine在哺乳动物中的合成图 (2004-6-9) Cysteine在细菌和植物内生物合成图 (2004-6-9) Chorismate在细菌和植物内的生物合成 (2004-6-9) Arginine在细菌内的生物合成 (2004-6-9) 生物活性肽诱导的通路 (2004-6-9) 脂肪酸的氧化通路 (2004-6-9) BCR信号通路示意图 (2004-6-9) SUMOylation基本机理 (2004-6-9) PPAR影响基因表达的基本信号机制图 (2004-6-9) B淋巴细胞表面分子示意图 (2004-6-9) B细胞生存信号通路 (2004-6-5) B细胞信号通路的复杂性 (2004-6-5) GPCR信号的衰减的机理 (2004-6-4) ATM信号通路 (2004-6-4) 阿斯匹林的抗凝机理 (2004-6-4) 细胞凋亡信号调节DNA片段化 (2004-6-4) 细胞凋亡DNA片段化与组织稳态的机理 (2004-6-4) 反义核酸的作用机理-RNApolymeraseIII (2004-6-4) 抗原递呈与处理信号图 (2004-6-4) Antigen依赖的B细胞激活 (2004-6-4) AnthraxToxinMechanismofAction (2004-6-4) 血管紧张素转换酶2调节心脏功能 (2004-6-4) AngiotensinII介导JNK信号通路的激活 (2004-6-4) AlternativeComplementPathway (2004-6-4) Alpha-synuclein和Parkin在怕金森病中的作用 (2004-6-4) ALK在心肌细胞中的功能图 (2004-6-4) AKT信号通路 (2004-6-4) AKAP95在有丝分裂中的作用图 (2004-6-4) Ahr信号转导图 (2004-6-4) Agrin突触后的功能图 (2004-6-4) ADP-Ribosylation因子 (2004-6-4) 淋巴细胞粘附分子信号图 (2004-6-4) AdhesionandDiapedesisofLymphocytes (2004-6-4) AdhesionandDiapedesisofGranulocytes (2004-6-4) 急性心肌梗死信号转导图 (2004-6-4) src蛋白质激活图 (2004-6-4) PKC与G蛋白耦联受体的关系 (2004-6-4) cAMP依赖的CSK抑制T细胞功能示意图 (2004-6-4) PKA功能示意图 (2004-6-4) 一氧化氮（NO）在心脏中的功能示意图 (2004-6-4) RelA在细胞核内乙酰化和去乙酰化 (2004-6-4) actin肌丝Mammalian cell motility requires actin polymerization in the direction of movement to change membrane shape and extend cytoplasm into lamellipodia. The polymerization of actin to drive cell movement also involves branching of actin filaments into a network oriented with the growing ends of the fibers near the cell membrane. Manipulation of this process helps bacteria like Salmonella gain entry into cells they infect. Two of the proteins involved in the formation of Y branches and in cell motility are Arp2 and Arp3, both members of a large multiprotein complex containing several other polypeptides as well. The Arp2/3 complex is localized at the Y branch junction and induces actin polymerization. Activity of this complex is regulated by multiple different cell surface receptor signaling systems, activating WASP, and Arp2/3 in turn to cause changes in cell shape and cell motility. Wasp and its cousin Wave-1 interact with the Arp2/3 complex through the p21 component of the complex. The crystal structure of the Arp2/3 complex has revealed further insights into the nature of how the complex works.Activation by Wave-1, another member of the WASP family, also induces actin alterations in response to Rac1 signals upstream. Wave-1 is held in an inactive complex in the cytosol that is activated to allow Wave-1 to associate with Arp2/3. While WASP is activated by interaction with Cdc42, Wave-1, is activated by interaction with Rac1 and Nck. Wave-1 activation by Rac1 and Nck releases Wave-1 with Hspc300 to activate actin Y branching and polymerization by Arp2/3. Different members of this gene family may produce different actin cytoskeletal architectures. The immunological defects associated with mutation of the WASP gene, the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome for which WASP was named, indicates the importance of this system for normal cellular function.Cory GO, Ridley AJ. Cell motility: braking WAVEs. Nature. 2002 Aug 15;418(6899):732-3. No abstract available. Eden, S., et al. (2002) Mechanism of regulation of WAVE1-induced actin nucleation by Rac1 and Nck. Nature 418(6899), 790-3 Falet H, Hoffmeister KM, Neujahr R, Hartwig JH. Normal Arp2/3 complex activation in platelets lacking WASp. Blood. 2002 Sep 15;100(6):2113-22. Kreishman-Deitrick M, Rosen MK, Kreishman-Deltrick M. Ignition of a cellular machine. Nat Cell Biol. 2002 Feb;4(2):E31-3. No abstract available. Machesky, L.M., Insall, R.H. (1998) Scar1 and the related Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, WASP, regulate the actin cytoskeleton through the Arp2/3 complex. Curr Biol 8(25), 1347-56 Robinson, R.C. et al. (2001) Crystal structure of Arp2/3 complex. Science 294(5547), 1679-84 Weeds A, Yeoh S. Structure. Action at the Y-branch. Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1660-1. No abstract available. Wnt/LRP6信号Wnt glycoproteins play a role in diverse processes during embryonic patterning in metazoa through interaction with frizzled-type seven-transmembrane-domain receptors (Frz) to stabilize b-catenin. LDL-receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), a Wnt co-receptor, is required for this interaction. Dikkopf (dkk) proteins are both positive and negative modulators of this signalingWNT信号转导WestNile西尼罗河病毒West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the Flaviviridae, a plus-stranded virus family that includes St. Louis encephalitis virus, Kunjin virus, yellow fever virus, Dengue virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. WNV was initially isolated in 1937 in the West Nile region of Uganda and has become prevalent in Africa, Asia, and Europe. WNV has rapidly spread across the United States through its insect host and causes neurological symptoms and encephalitis, which can result in paralysis or death. Since 1999 about 3700 cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection and 200 deaths have been recorded in United States. The viral capsid protein likely contributes to the WNV-associated deadly inflammation via apoptosis induced through the mitochondrial pathway. WNV particles (50 nm in diameter) consist of a dense core (viral protein C encapsidated virus RNA genome) surrounded by a membrane envelope (viral E and M proteins embedded in a lipid bilayer). The virus binds to a specific cell surface protein (not yet identified), an interaction thought to involve E protein with highly sulfated neperan sulfate (HSHS) residues that are present on the surfaces of many cells and enters the cell by a process similar to that of endocytosis. Once inside the cell, the genome RNA is released into the cytoplasm via endosomal release, a fusion process involving acidic pH induced conformation change in the E protein. The RNA genome serves as mRNA and is translated by ribosomes into ten mature viral proteins are produced via proteolytic cleavage, which include three structural components and seven different nonstructural components of the virus. These proteins assemble and transcribe complimentary minus strand RNAs from the genomic RNA. The complimentary minus strand RNA in turns serves as template for the synthesis of positive-stranded genomic RNAs. Once viral E, preM and C proteins have accumulated to sufficient level, they assemble with the genomic RNA to form progeny virions, which migrate to the cell surface where they are surrounded with lipid envelop and released.VitaminC维生素C在大脑中的作用Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) was first identified by virtue of the essential role it plays in collagen modification, preventing the nutritional deficiency scurvy. Vitamin C acts as a cofactor for hydroxylase enzymes that post-translationally modify collagen to increase the strength and elasticity of tissues. Vitamin C reduces the metal ion prosthetic groups of many enzymes, maintaining activity of enzymes, also acts as an anti-oxidant. Although the prevention of scurvy through modification of collagen may be the most obvious role for vitamin C, it is not necessarily the only role of vitamin C. Svct1 and Svct2 are ascorbate transporters for vitamin C import into tissues and into cells. Both of these transporters specifically transport reduced L-ascorbic acid against a concentration gradient using the intracellular sodium gradient to drive ascorbate transport. Svct1 is expressed in epithelial cells in the intestine, upregulated in cellular models for intestinal epithelium and appears to be responsible for the import of dietary vitamin C from the intestinal lumen. The vitamin C imported from the intestine is present in plasma at approximately 50 uM, almost exclusively in the reduced form, and is transported to tissues to play a variety of roles. Svct2 imports reduced ascorbate from the plasma into very active tissues like the brain. Deletion in mice of the gene for Svct2 revealed that ascorbate is required for normal development of the lungs and brain during pregnancy. A high concentration of vitamin C in neurons of the developing brain may help protect the developing brain from free radical damage. The oxidized form of ascorbate, dehydroascorbic acid, is transported into a variety of cells by the glucose transporter Glut-1. Glut-1, Glut-3 and Glut-4 can transport dehydroascorbate, but may not transport significant quantities of ascorbic acid in vivo.视觉信号转导信息来源：本站原创 生物谷网站 The signal transduction cascade responsible for sensing light in vertebrates is one of the best studied signal transduction processes, and is initiated by rhodopsin in rod cells, a member of the G-protein coupled receptor gene family. Rhodopsin remains the only GPCR whose structure has been resolved at high resolution. Rhodopsin in the discs of rod cells contains a bound 11-cis retinal chromophore, a small molecule derived from Vitamin A that acts as the light sensitive portion of